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Staf Office – 8

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47:/ sizeof osbz<Gxq?! kvh<hMl<! Ogiju! nz<zK! kvuqek<kqe<! ntuqje! jhm<Mgtqz<!

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481/ yV! lixqbqz<! -Vk<kqjug<gh<hm<Mt<t! lkqh<hqe<! kvuqek<jk! lix<xqh<! hbe<hMk<Kl<!

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482/ wf<k!kvuqek<jkBl<!Sm<Mgqe<x!Sm<M!nghJepiyr;Rl;L!(Generic Pointer) weh<hMgqxK/!

483/ Rl;L khwpfs<! )Pointer Variables) nju! Sm<Ml<! lixqbqe<! kvuqek<OkiM! yk<kqVh<hK!

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484/ C++ olipqbqZt<t!nch<hjmg<!%x<Xgt<!tpy;iyfisg;!hbe<hMk<kq!dVuig<gh<hMgqe<xe/!

485/ lixqgtqz<! kvUgjt! -Vk<kq! jug<g! ,uz;L! Ljxgt<! dt<te/! )lkqh<hqVk<K! %x<X!

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486/ uqjsh<!hzjg!upqbig!kvUgjt!dt<tQmigh<!ohx!cin we<El<!ohiVt<!hbe<hMgqxK/!

487/ cs;sPl;Lj;jhiu! we<hK! nch<hjm! dt<tQm<Ms<sikelie! uqjsh<hzjgbqzqVf<K!

ohxh<hMl<!kvUgjtg<!Gxqg<gqe<xK/!

488/ cin! we<El<! ohiVjth<hx<xqb! nxquqh<Hgt<! istream.h! we<El<! kjzh<Hg<! Ogih<hqz<!

kvh<hm<Mt<te/!

489/ nch<hjm! dt<tQm<M?! outqbQm<Ms<! osbz<hiMgt<! istream.h, ostream.h! Ngqb! kjzh<Hg<!

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48:/ istream.h, ostream.h!Ngqb! -v{<ce<! he<Hg<%XgjtBl<! iostream.h! we<El<! kjzh<Hg<!

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492/ Kd;nrayp! ofxqBXk<kk<jkh<! hbe<hMk<kq?! yV! kjzh<Hg<Ogih<hqje! fqvzqz<! -j{k<Kg<!

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493/ Le<osbzq!ofxqBXk<kl<!#!we<e!GxqBme<!okimr<Gl</!

494/ >>!we<El<!osbz<Gxq!juT <h;g;G!)extraction)!nz<zK!juT ngWk;!)get from)!osbx<Gxq!

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495/ >>! osbz<Gxq?! keg<G! -mh<HxLt<t! kijvh<ohiVtqzqVf<K! kvU! lkqh<Hgjt! wMk<K?!

uzh<HxLt<t!lixqbqz<!-Vk<Kl</!

496/ cout we<hK!nch<hjm!outqbQm<Mk<!kijvg<oge!Le<ujvbXg<gh<hm<Mt<t!ohiVt<!NGl</!

497/ nch<hjm!outqbQm<Mk<kijv!jpiuf;fhl;rp!bigh<!hib<gqxK/!


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498/ <<!we<El<!osbz<Gxq!juT tpLg;G!)insertion)!nz<zK!juT jUk<!(put to)!osbz<Gxq!NGl</!

499/ <<! osbz<Gxq! keg<G! uzh<HxLt<t! yV! lixqbqe<! lkqh<jh! -mh<hg<gLt<t! ohiVtqz<! -Vk<kq!

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49:/ fqvjz!-bg<Gl<!ohiPK!main()!osbz<%X!kieigOu!osbz<hMk<kh<hMl</!

4:1/ lixqgt<?! osbz<%Xgt<?! kvuqer<gjt! nxquqh<hkx<G! mwptpg;Gf; $w;Wfs;!

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4:2/ yV!lixqjb!nxquqg<Gl<!ohiPOk!fqjeugl<!yKg<gh<hm<miz<!nf<k!nxquqh<H!tiuaiw!

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4:3/ nch<hjmk<!kvuqer<gtqz<!yV!lixqjb!nxquqg<Gl<!ohiPOk!epidtfk;!yKg<gh<hMgqxK/!

4:4/ Rl;L! -elixqgt<! nxquqg<gh<hMl<! OhiK! ujvbXg<gh<hMukqz<jz! )fqjeugl<!

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4:6/ kjpg;gpUj;J $w;W?! Ogijubqe<! uzh<HxLt<t! lkqh<jh! -mh<HxLt<t! yV! lixqbqz<!

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4::/ C++! olipqbqz<!%d;W! ujgbie! lmg<G! %x<Xgt<! dt<te/! nju! for(), while(), do-

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511/ yV!fqvzqz<!fhf<kje!nch<hjmbqzie!kQi<lieqh<H!fqvzqe<!OuXhGkqg<G!xUKiwj;jhty;!

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512/ if!%x<xieK!if!lx<Xl<!if-else!we!-Vucur<gtqz<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/!

513/ -v{<M!lix<X!upqgTt<!ye<jxk<!Oki<f<okMg<g!if-else!%x<X!dkUgqe<xK/!

514/ yV! lixqbqe<! lkqh<H! nch<hjmbqz<?! hz<OuX! gqjth<! hqiqUgtqz<! yV! gqjth<hqiquqZt<t!

gm<mjtk<!okiGqkqjb!fqjxOux<x!switch!%x<X!dkUgqe<xK/!

515/ yV! if-else!gm<mjt!njlh<hqx<Gt<!lx<oxiV! if!gm<mjt!njlf<kiz<!nK!gpd;dyhd! if

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516/ switch!%x<X!gqjthqiqh<Hg<!%x<X!weh<hMgqxK/!

517/ Gxqh<hqm<m! osbz<him<Mk<! okiGkq! fqjxOux<xh<hm<mUme<! switch! %x<jx! uqm<M! outqObx!

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518/ klf;Ffs;! yV! gm<mjtk<! okiGkqjb! Gxqh<hqm<! kmjugt<! kqVl<hk<! kqVl<h!

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519/ yV! lmg<Gk<! okiGkq! clw;gFjp?! fl;Lg;ghl;L $w;W! we! -V! hGkqgjtg<!

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521/ outqObxz<!Osikqh<H!lmg<gqx<G!wMk<Kg<gim<M!do-while()!lmg<giGl</!

522/ FjpU!Osikqh<H!lmg<gqx<G!wMk<Kg<gim<M!while()!lx<Xl<!for()!NGl</!

523/ yV!osbz<him<jm!Gxqh<hqm<m!kmjugt<!fqjxOux<Xukx<G!for()!lmg<G!dkUgqe<xK/!

524/ for! lmg<gqz<! fqhf<kje! hiqOsikqg<gh<hMukx<G! Le<hig! fl;Lg;ghl;L khwpapd;! lkqh<H!

lqGg<gh<hMl</!

525/ continue!%x<X!lmg<gqje!nMk<k!Spx<sqg<G!wMk<Ks<!osz<Zl</!

526/ Gxqh<hqm<m! slbk<kqz<! lmg<gqje! Lck<K! juh<hkx<G! )outqObx*! break! %x<X!

dkUgqe<xK/!

527/ yV! lmg<gqe<! dm<hGkqbqz<! lx<oxiV! lmg<G! njlBlieiz<! nK! gpd;dyhd klf;F!

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528/ dbi<fqjz!olipqbqz<!wMkh<hMl<!fqvz<!%yf;FwpKiw!(source program) weh<hMgqxK/!

529/ wf<kqv!olipqbqz<!ucuqz<!lix<xh<hm<m!fqvz<!,yf;FNfhg;G!weh<hMgqxK/!

52:/ &zg<GxqLjxbqzqVf<K! wf<kqvolipqg<G! lix<xl<! osb<Bl<! olipqohbi<h<H! fqvz<gt<!

epuy;ngah;g;gpfs;!weh<hMl</!

531/ -zg<G! Ogih<Hme<! Okjubie! Fizg! Ogih<Hgt<! okimi<HXk<kh<hm<M! ,af;F epiyf;

Nfhg;G!(executable) dVuig<gh<hMgqxK/!

532/ &zg<GxqLjx!dt<t!fqvzqe<!fQm<sqh<ohbi<!.cpp!

533/ -zg<G!Ogih<hqe<!fQm<sqh<ohbi<!.obj!

534/ -bg<Gfqjzg<!Ogih<hqe<!fQm<sqh<ohbi<!.exe!

535/ epuy;ngah;g;gp!olipqbqe<!-zg<g{k<jk!)gm<mjt!njlh<jh*!siqhii<g<gqxK/!

536/ hqjpbqz<zi!&zg<GxqLjxbqzqVf<Ok!,yf;Ff; Nfhg;G!(object file) dVuig<gh<hMgqxK/!

537/ dt<lmg<G?!outqlmg<G!-v{<Ml<!yOv!fl;Lg;ghl;L!lixqjb!juk<Kg<ogit<t!-bziK/!

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ghlk; - 4 nray;$Wfs;(Functions)

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538/ C++!olipqbqe<!gm<mjlh<Hg<!%Xgt<!nray;$Wfs;!NGl</!

539/ yV!fqvjzs<!osbz<hMk<Kukx<gie!okimg<gh<Ht<tq!main()!osbz<%X!NGl</!

53:/ osbz<%X!epuypd <!fQtk<jk!Gjxg<gqe<xe/!

541/ nray;$W!GxqLjx!lXhbeig<gk<kqx<G!dkUgqe<xe/!

542/ return %x<X!osbz<%xqe<!Lcjus<!Sm<MgqxK/!

543/ fqvzqz<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMukx<G!Le<hig!osbz<%X!nxquqg<gh<hMuK!nray;$W Kd;tbT!

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544/ yV!osbz<%xqje!nxquqg<Gl<!OhiKl<?!ujvbXg<Gl<!OhiKl<!Le<ucUme<!%cb!thh;g;GU!

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545/ osbz<%X!nxquqh<hqz<!Gxqh<hqmh<hMl<!osbZVHgt<!khjphp khwpfs;!weh<hMgqxe<xe/!


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crock

.in


546/ Le<ucuqz<!Gxqh<hqmh<hMl<!lixqgt<!ouXl<!,lk; czh;j;jpfshfNt!Gxqh<hqmh<hMgqe<xe/!

547/ osbz<%X! ujvbjxbqz<! Gxqh<hqmh<hMl<! ntHVg<gt<! Kiwahd msGUf;fs;! )formal

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548/ osbz<%X!njph<Hg<!%x<xqz<!Gxqh<hqmh<hMl<!ntHVg<gt<!nka;ahd msGUf;fs;!)actual

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549/ kjpg;G %yk;! njpk<kz<! Ljxbqz<?! Ljxbie! ntHVg<gtqz<! osb<bh<hMl<! lix<xr<gt<!

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54:/ Gxqh<H! &zl<! njpk<kzqz<! Ljxbie! ntHVg<gt<! olb<bie! ntHVg<gtqe<!

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551/ Gxqh<H! &zl<! njpk<kzqz<! Ljxbie! ntHVg<gt<! olb<bie! ntHVg<gtqe<!

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552/ Fwpg;G %yk;!njpk<kz<!Ljxbqz<?!Ljxbie!ntHVg<gtqz<!osb<bh<hMl<!wf<k!lix<xLl<!

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553/ yV!osbz<%xqe<!njph<Hg<!%x<xqz<!sqz!ntHVg<gjt!uqm<MuqmOui!nz<zK!ntHVg<gt<!

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554/ nka;ahd!ntHVg<gt<! -z<jzobeqz<?! Ljxbie!ntHVg<gt<! Le<eqbz<H! lkqh<Hgjt!

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555/ C++!olipqbqz<!Le<eqbz<hig!yV!osbz<%X!kqVh<hqbEh<Hl<!kvuqel<!int!NGl</!

556/ yV! Gxqh<H! -es<osbz<%xqe<! Ljxbie! ntHVg<gt<! wh<OhiKl<! Fwpg;G,d!

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557/ inline! osbz<%Xgt<! Ougligs<! osbz<hMl<?! Neiz<! nkqg! fqjeugk<jk!

wMk<Kg<ogit<Tl</!

558/ inline!osbz<%Xgt<!osbz<%xqje!hkqzqmz<!Ljxbqz<!osbz<hMgqe<xe/!

559/ tiunay;iy!we<hK!yV!lixqbqe<!n[gqbz<jhg<!Gxqg<gqe<xK/!

55:/ C++!olipqbqz<!ehd;F!ujgbie!ujvobz<jzgt<!dt<te/!

561/ cs;sik!lixqgt<!yV!okiGkqg<Gt<!ujvbXg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!

562/ yV!osbz<%xqe<!Ljxbie!ntHVg<gtqe<!ujvobz<jz!nray;$W!ujvobz<jz!ogi{<mju/!

563/ main()!osbz<%Xg<G!OlOz!nxquqg<gh<hMl<!lixq!Ogih<H!ujvobz<jz!ogi{<mju/!

564/ Nfhg;G!ujvobz<jz!ogi{<m!lixqbqe<!ujvobz<jz!nf<k!fqvzqe<!LPjlBl<!uqiqgqxK/!

565/ tiunay;iy! osbz<Gxq! yV! lixqbqe<! ljxf<K! gqmg<Gl<! ujvobz<jzjb!

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566/ ::!we<hK!tiunay;iy!kQi<lieqh<Hs<!osbz<Gxq!NGl</!

567/ olb<bie!ntHVg<gt<?!Ljxbie!ntHVg<gTme<!xd;Wf;F xd;W!we<x!nch<hjmbqz<!

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568/ n{q!)Array*!we<hK!jUtpf;fg;gl;l!kvuqel<!NGl</!


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crock

.in


569/ mzp! we<hK! yOv! kvuqek<jks<! Osi<f<k! lixqgtqe<! kqvm<M!NGl</n{qbqe<!dXh<Hgjt!

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571/ Gxqh<hqm<m!w{<{qg<jgbqz<!yOv!-e!dXh<Hgjtg<!ogi{<mK!xUghpkhd!n{q!NGl</!

572/ Gxqh<hqm<m! w{<{qg<jgbqz<?! yVhiqlie! n{qgjt! dXh<Hgtigg<! ogi{<mK! gyghpkhd!

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573/ n{qbqe<!dXh<oh{<{qg<jg!wh<OhiKl<!Neh;k!)Positive*!w{<{ig!-Vg<Gl</!

574/ n{qbqe<! yu<ouiV! dXh<jhBl<! n{qbqe<! ohbi<?! n{qbqz<! dXh<hqe<! ,l ,Ug;G!

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575/ n{qbqe<!fPnohl;L!wh<OhiKl<!1111!–z<!okimr<Gl</!

576/ Yi<! n{qbqZt<t! kvUgjt! WXLglig! nz<zK! -xr<GLglig! uiqjsh<hMk<Kuk!

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577/ svr<gt<! kjpg;GUf;fs;! )literals*! weUl<! njpg<gh<hMgqe<xe/! -ju! yVhiqlie! char!

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578/ yV!char!n{qjb!svlig!jgbit?!nke<!-Xkq!dXh<hig!\0 (null)!GxqBVjug<!Gxqh<hqm!

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579/ cin! %x<X?! oux<X! -jmoutq! nz<zK! fgi<k<kq! kqVl<hjz! svk<kqe<! =x<xig!

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57:/ svlkqh<hqe<! nr<glig! -jmoutqgjtBl<! wMk<Kg<ogit<t! stdio.h! Ogih<hqz<!

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581/ svk<kqe<!dt<tmg<gk<jk!kqjvbqz<!gim<m!,uz;L!upqLjxgt<!dt<te/!

582/ write()!we<hK!nch<hjm!outqbQm<Mk<kijvbie!ostream!–e<!dXh<hiGl</!

583/ svk<kqZt<t!wPk<Kg<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jgjbg<!gi{!strlen()!osbz<%X!dkUgqxK/!

584/ &zs<svk<jk!-zg<Gs<svk<kqz<!hcobMg<g!strcpy()!dkUgqxK/!

585/ -v{<Msvr<gjt! yh<hqm! strcpy()! dkUgqxK/! -v{<M! svr<gTl<! sll<! weqz<! 1! we<x!

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586/ ,Ughpkhd!n{q!we<hK!yVhiqlie!n{qgjt!dXh<Hgtitg<!ogi{<m!n{qbiGl</!

587/ -Vhiqlie! n{qbqe<! dXh<oh{<{qg<jg! fplf;if(row), neLf;iffspd <(column)

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588/ n{qbqe<!dXh<Hgt<!fqjeugk<kqz<!njhlh;r;rpahd!-Vh<hqmr<gtqz<!-Vk<kh<hMgqe<xe/!

589/ -Vhiqlie! n{qbqe<! fqjeugg<! ogit<ttU! dXh<Hgtqe<! w{<{qg<jgdXh<Hgtqe<! w{<{qg<jgdXh<Hgtqe<! w{<{qg<jgdXh<Hgtqe<! w{<{qg<jg! X! yV!yV!yV!yV!

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58:/ okimg<g!lkqh<HgOtiM!n{qjb!nxquqg<Gl<!OhiK!Kjy;!hiqliek<jk!Gxqh<hqm!Ou{<cb!

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592/ ruq;fspd;! n{q! we<hK! yV! -Vhiqlie! char! n{qbiGl</! -ke<! Kjy; Rl;nld;!

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593/ sq++!olipqbqe<!lqg!Lg<gqblie!h{<Hg<%X!,df;FO!we<hkiGl</!

594/ sq++ olipqjb!dVuig<gqb! O\e<!^<m<ovt^<m<vh<! kl<! olipqg<G!Lkzqz<!$m<cb! ohbi<!

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595/ kvUgjtBl<! nux<OxiM! okimi<Hjmb! osbz<%XgjtBl<! ye<xigs<! Osi<<k<Kjug<g!

,df;FO!(Class)!ujgosb<gqxK/!

596/ -eg<GP!juT cWg;Gfs;!(Data Members) ?!cWg;Gr;nray;$Wfs; (Member Functions)!

we!-Vujg!dXh<Hgjtg<!ogi{<mK/!

597/ kvU! dXh<Hgjt! gz;Gf;$Wfs<! (Attributes) we<Xl<! dXh<Hs<osbz<%Xgjt!

topKiwfs<!(Methods) we<Xl<?!njph<hK{<M/!

598/ -eg<GP!Ng<gqgt<?!npqh<hqgtNg<gqgt<?!npqh<hqgtNg<gqgt<?!npqh<hqgtNg<gqgt<?!npqh<hqgt<!wEl<!keqs<sqxh<hie!osbz<%XgjtBl<!ogi{<Mt<tK/!

599/ Yi<! -eg<GPuqe<! ujvbXh<H! ,df;FO mwptpg;G?! nray;$W tiuaiw! we! -V!

hGkqgjtg<!ogi{<Mt<tK/!

59:/ -eg<GPuqe<!dmx<hGkq!%d;W!n[gqbz<H!ujvbXh<hqgjtg<!(private, public, protected)

ogi{<Mt<tK/!

5:1/ -eg<GPuqe<!dXh<Hgt<!ohiKuig!Private we<Ox!gVkqg<ogit<Tl</!

5:2/ Private we!nxquqg<gh<hm<m!dXh<Hgjt!nf<k!-eg<GPg<Gt<Otkie<!n[gLcBl</!

5:3/ Protected we!nxquqg<gh<hm<m!dXh<Hgjt!nf<k!-eg<GPg<Gt<Tl<?!nke<!kVuqg<gh<hm<m!

-eg<GPg<Gt<Tl<!wMk<kit!LcBl</!

5:4/ Public we!nxquqg<gh<hm<m!dXh<Hgjt!nf<k!-eg<GPg<G!outqObBl<!wMk<kitLcBl</!

5:5/ kvUgjtBl<?! osbz<%XgjtBl<! ye<X! Osi<k<K! yx<jx! dVohiVtib<! gm<cjuh<hjk!

ciwnghjpahf;fk;!(Encapsulation) we<gqOxil</!

5:6/ sq++ olipqbqz<!-eg<GP!lixqgt<!nghUs;fs<! (Objects)!we<Xl<?!-eg<GPuqe<!rhd;WU!

(instance) we<Xl<!njpg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!

5:7/ -eg<GPuqe<!dXh<Hgjt!Gs;spr;nray;Fwp!(dot operator) &zl<!n[gzil</!

5:8/ Yi<! -eg<GPuqe<! private kvUgjt! nOk! -eg<GPuqe<! osbz<%XgTl<?! fm<Hs<!

osbz<%Xgt<!(friend functions) weh<hMl<!sqxh<Hs<osbz<%XgTOl!n[gLcBl</!

5:9/ -eg<GPuqe<! dXh<Hs<osbz<%Xgjt! ,df;FOTf;F cs;Ns>ntspNa! we!

-VLjxgtqz<!ujvbXg<gzil</!

5::/ -eg<GPUg<Gt<!ujvbXg<gh<hMl<!osbz<%Xgt<!inline osbz<%Xgjth<Ohiz<!-br<Gl</!

611/ dXh<Hs<osbz<%X!kqVh<hqbEl<Hl<!lkqh<H?!-eg<GPuqe<!nghUshfTk;!-Vg<gzil</!


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612/ yu<ouiV! ohiVt<! dVuig<gh<hMl<OhiKl<! dXh<Hs<osbz<%XgTg<Gk<! keqk<keq! fqjeu!

-ml<! yKg<gh<hMukqz<jz/! dXh<HlixqgTg<Gk<! Okjubie! fqjeug-ml<! lm<Ml<!

yu<ouiV!ohiVTg<Gl<ohiVTg<Gl<ohiVTg<Gl<ohiVTg<Gl<!keqk<keqOb!yKg<gh<hMgqxK/!

613/ static kvUdXh<H!nf<k!-eg<GPuqz<!Lkz<!ohiVt<!dVuig<gh<hMl<OhiK!lm<Ml<!1!we<x!

okimg<g!lkqh<jhohXl</!nke<hqxK!okimg<g!lkqh<hqVk<kh<hMukqz<jz/!

614/ static dXh<Hlixqbqe<!okimg<g!lkqh<H!-eg<GPUg<G!outqOb!-Vk<kh<hMgqxK/!

!

ghlk; - 7 gy;YUthf;fk; (Polymorphism)

!

615/ Polymorphism we<x! osiz<! hzucur<gt<! wEl<! ohiVjtk<kVgqe<xK/! (Poly-many,

Morph-shapes).!

616/ sq++! olipqbqz<! hz<ZVuig<gl<! nray;$W gzpkpFg;G?! nraw;Fwp gzpkpFg;G!

Ngqbux<xqe<!&zl<!fqjxOux<xh<hMgqxK/!

617/ gzpkpFg;G! (Overloading) we<hK! yOv! ohbi<! ye<Xg<GOlx<hm<m! ouu<OuX! ohiVjt!

d{i<k<Kujkg<!Gxqg<gqxK/!

618/ osb<kq! nz<zK! kvuqje! ye<Xg<G! Olx<hm<m! ucur<gtqz<! osbzig<guz<z! osbz<%xqe<!

kqxjeOb!nray;$W gzpkpFg;G!(Function Overloading) we<gqOxil</!

619/ osbz<%X! h{qlqGh<hqz<! ntHVg<ntHVg<ntHVg<ntHVg<gt<! w{<{qg<jg! nz<zK! kvuqer<gt<! nch<hjmbqzgt<! w{<{qg<jg! nz<zK! kvuqer<gt<! nch<hjmbqzgt<! w{<{qg<jg! nz<zK! kvuqer<gt<! nch<hjmbqzgt<! w{<{qg<jg! nz<zK! kvuqer<gt<! nch<hjmbqz<!

OuXhm<cVg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

61:/ nray;$W gzpkpFg;gpy;! fqvz<ohbi<h<hq?! kpfr;rpwe;j nghUj;jk;! (Best match) wEl<!

osbz<Fm<hk<jk!hqe<hx<XgqxK/!

621/ nraw;Fwp gzpkpFg;G! (Operator Overloading) we<hK! sq++! osbx<GxqgTg<Gg<! %Mkzie!

osbz<him<cje!ujvbXh<hkiGl</!

622/ yV! osbx<Gxqg<G! Hkqb! ohiVjt! upr<Gl<! osbz<Fm<hOl! nraw;Fwp gzpkpFg;G!

weh<hMgqxK/!

623/ h{qlqGh<Hs<!osb<b!Lcbik!osbx<Gxqgt<!*, . , :: , ?: , sizeof !

!

ghlk; - 8 Mf;fpfSk;> mopg;gpfSk; (Constructors & Destructors)

624/ Yi<!-eg<GPuqe<!sie<XV!)ohiVt<*!hbe<him<Mg<G!uVl<OhiK!Mf;fp!)Constructor*!wEl<!

sqxh<Hs<!osbx<%X!-bg<gh<hMgqxK/!-K!-eg<GPuqe<!ohbjvOb!ogi{<cVg<Gl</!

625/ -eg<GPh<ohiVtqe<! dXh<Hgtqz<! okimg<g! lkqh<hqVk<kUl<?! ohiVTg<G! fqjeugk<kqz<!

-ml<!yKg<gUl<!Mf;fp!dkUgqxK/!

626/ ntHVg<gt<!-z<zik!Ng<gq!jhdikT!Ng<gq!weh<hMgqxK/!

627/ upg<glig! kiejlU! Ng<gqgt<! epuy;ngah;g;gp cUthf;Fk;! Ng<gqgt<! weUl<!

Gxqh<hqmh<hMuK{<M/!

628/ hbei<! ujvbX! Ng<gqgt<! -z<zikOhiK! g{qh<ohixq! dVuig<Gl<! Ng<gq! epuy;ngah;g;gp!

dVuig<Gl<!Ng<gqgt<!NGl</!


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629/ WOkEl<! Yi<! dXh<Hs<osbz<%Xg<G! yV! ohiVjt! ntHVuig! nEh<hqjug<Gl<! OhiK!

efy; Mf;fp!(Copy Constructor) -bg<gh<hMgqxK/!

62:/ mopg;gp! (Destructor)!we<hK?!yV!ohiVjt!dVuig<Gl<!OhiK!Ng<gqbiz<!ohiVTg<oge!

yKg<gh<hMl<!fqjeugh<!hGkqjb!uqMuqg<Gl<!yV!osbz<%xiGl</!

631/ npqh<hqbqe<! ohbvieK?! ~! we<x! Le<oeim<Mg<GxqBme<! %cb! -eg<GPuqe<! ohbjvOb!

ogi{<cVg<Gl</!

632/ mopg;gp!osbZVHgjt!Wx<giK?!wf<k!lkqh<jhBl<!kqVh<hqbEh<hiK/!

633/ Yi<!-eg<GPh<!ohiVtqe<!hbe<hiM!LcUg<G!uVl<OhiK?!mopg;gp!kieigOu!-bg<gh<hMl</!

!

ghlk; - 9 kuGhpkk; (Inheritance)

634/ yV!ohiVt<Ofig<G!olipqbqe<!sg<kquib<f<k!h{<Hg<%X!kuGhpkk;!NGl</!

635/ kuGhpkk;!we<hK!Wx<geOu!-Vg<Gl<!-eg<GPg<gtqe<!)nch<hjm!-eg<GP!.!Base Class*!

nch<hjmbqz<!Hkqb!-eg<GPg<gjt!dVuig<Gl<!osbz<Ljx!NGl</!

636/ Yi<! -eg<GPuqzqVf<K! hqx! -eg<GPg<gt<! kVuqg<gh<hMlibqe<! nkje! jUtpf;fg;gl;l!

-eg<GP!)Derived Class*!we<gqOxil</!

637/ lvHiqlk<kqe<! hze<gt<! FwpKiw kWgadhf;fk<?! FwpKiw gfph;T?! ,ilKfj;jpd;

Kuz;ghbd;ik!ngqbe!NGl</!

638/ Yi<!-eg<GPju!lvHiqjlbigh<!ohx!Kf;fhw;Gs;sp!:!hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/!

639/ jUtpf;fg;gl;l! -eg<GP?! nch<hjm! -eg<GPuqe<! njek<Kh<! h{<HgjtBl<!

lvHiqjlbigh<!ohXgqxK/!

63:/ kVuqg<gh<hm<m! -eg<GPuqe<! ohiVt<gTl<?! dXh<hgTl<! nch<hjm! -eg<GPuqe<!

dXh<Hgjt!wh<OhiK?wh<hc!hbe<hMk<kqg<ogit<t!Ou{<Ml<!we<hK!mZfpay;G!weh<hMl</!

641/ nch<hjm!-eg<GPuqe<!dXh<hqje!n[g!::!osbz<Gxqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kzil</!

642/ private, public, protected we!%d;W!n[gqbz<H!ujvbXh<hqgt<!dt<te/!

643/ n[gqbz<H!ujvbXh<hqjb!fhz;Gepiyg;ghq;F!we<Xl<!%XgqOxil</!

644/ Le<eqbz<hie!gi{<Hfqjzh<hir<G!private NGl</!

645/ nch<hjm! -eg<GPuqe<! private dXh<Hgt<! kVuqg<gh<hm<m! -eg<GPuqz<! lvHiqjlbigh<!

ohxh<hMukqz<jz/!

646/ nch<hjm!-eGPuqe<!Mf;fpfs;!kVuqg<gh<hm<m!-eg<GPuqz<!lvHupq!ohxh<hMukqz<jz/!

647/ lvHiqll<!yVupqyVupqyVupqyVupq!lvHiqll<?!hzupqhzupqhzupqhzupq!lvHiqll<?!hzfqjzhzfqjzhzfqjzhzfqjz!lvHiqll<?!gzh<Hgzh<Hgzh<Hgzh<H!lvHiqll<?!hcLjxhcLjxhcLjxhcLjx!

lvHiqll<!we!hzujgh<hMl</!

648/ yOvobiV! -eg<GPju! nch<hjmbigg<! ogi{<M! kVuqg<gh<hm<m! -eg<GPju!

dVuig<GuK!xUtop!lvHiqll<!NGl</!

649/ ye<Xg<G! Olx<hm<m! nch<hjm! -eg<GPg<gtqzqVf<K! kVuqg<gh<hm<m! -eg<GPju!

dVuig<GuK!gytop!lvHiqll<!NGl</!

64:/ kVuqg<gh<hm<m! Yi<! -eg<GPju! nch<hjmbigg<! ogi{<M! -e<oeiV! kVuqg<gh<hm<m!

-eg<GPju!dVuig<GuK!gyepiy!lvHiqll<!NGl</!


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651/ Mf;fpfs;! lvHiqll<! ohx<x! -eg<GPg<gtqe<! uiqjsbqz<! -bg<gh<hMgqe<xe/)nkiuK!

nch<hjm!-eg<GPuqz<!okimr<gq!-Xkqbigk<!kVuqg<gh<hm<m!-eg<GP!ujvbqz<*/!

652/ lvHiqlk<kqz<?!mopg;gpfs;!Le<hqe<!uiqjsbqz<!-bg<gh<hMl</!

653/ hqx! -eg<GPg<gjt! kVuqh<hkx<gig! lm<Ml<! hbe<hMl<! -eg<GPg<gt<!!

mUt ,df;FOf;fs;!nz<zK!fUj;jpay; ,df;FOf;fs;!)Abstract Classes*!weh<hMgqe<xe/!

654/ fUj;jpay;!-eg<GPg<gjth<!hbe<hMk<kq!ohiVt<gjt!dVuig<g!LcbiK/!

655/ Yi<!nch<hjm!-eg<GP!private we<El<!n[gqbz<Hme<!kVuqg<gh<hMl<!OhiK?!nch<hjm!

-eg<GPuqe<! public lx<Xl<! protected dXh<Hgt<?! kVuqg<gh<hMl<! -eg<GPuqz<! private

dXh<HgtigOu!fqzUgqe<xe/!

656/ Yi<! nch<hjm! -eg<GP! protected we<El<! n[gqbz<Hme<! kVuqg<gh<hMl<! OhiK?!

nch<hjm!-eg<GPuqe<! public lx<Xl<! protected dXh<Hgt<?! kVuqg<gh<hMl<!-eg<GPuqz<!

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657/ Yi<!nch<hjm!-eg<GP!public we<El<!n[gqbz<Hme<!kVuqg<gh<hMl<! OhiK?!nch<hjm!

-eg<GPuqe<!protected dXh<Hgt<?!kVuqg<gh<hMl<!-eg<GPuqz<!protected dXh<HgtigUl<?!

public dXh<Hgt<!public dXh<HgtigUl<!fqzUgqe<xe/!

!

ghlk; - 10 rKjhaj;jpd; kPJ fzpg;nghwpapd; jhf;fk;

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658/ kguz<! okipqz<Fm<hk<kqe<! hze<! sikiv{! leqki<gjtBl<! ose<xjmbOu{<Moleqz<!

-j{h<hig<gl<?! uqjz! lzquie! g{q<h<ohixq?! ole<ohiVt<! Ngqb!%d;W! okipqz<Fm<hs<!

%Xgt<!Okju/!

659/ -e<jxb!g{qh<ohixqh<!hbe<hiMgtqz<!96%!nrhy;nrayhf;fk;!(word processing) NGl</!

65:/ kvUgjt!Oslqk<K!jug<gUl<?!Olzie<jl!osb<bUl<!dkUuK!juTf;fhg;gfk;!NGl</!

661/ g{qh<ohixq! lblig<gh<hm<m! Gpf<jkgtqe<! njxbqz<! hqe<eeq! -jsObiM! himg<%cb!

fNuhf;fp!uskqBt<t!siker<gt<!-ml<ohxg<%Ml</!

662/ ur<gqbqe<!g{g<gqzqVf<K!wf<k! Ofvk<kqZl<! wf<k!-mk<kqZl<! h{l<! wMk<Kg<ogit<t!ATM

(Automated Teller Machine) -bf<kqvr<gt<!dkUgqe<xe/!

663/ lg<gt<!uQm<czqVf<khcOb!-j{bk<kqe<!&zl<!ur<gqs<Osjugjt!Fgv!kpd;-tq;fpr;Nrit!

)e-Banking*!uib<h<htqk<Kt<tK/!

664/ kpd;-filr;nryT! )e-Shopping*! Ljxbqz<! wf<kh<ohiVjtBl<?! wf<k! fqXuek<kqe<!

ohiVjtBl<?!wu<utU!Ou{<MlieiZl<?!wf<k!-mk<kqzqVf<Kl<!uir<gLcBl</!

665/ g{qh<ohixq!upqbie!himh<hbqx<sqgt<!CBT (Computer Based Tutorial) weh<hMgqe<xe/!

666/ kpd;-fw;wy;! )e-learning*! Ljxbqz<! -j{bk<kqe<! upqOb! gz<uq! gx<Xh<! himr<gTl<?!

sie<xqkx<gTl<!ohxLcBl</!

667/ njhiy kUj;Jtk;! )Tele-medicine*! we<hK?! -j{bk<kqe<! &zl<! Osb<jlbqzqVf<K!

ogi{<Om!Ofibib<U!osb<ukiGl</!

!

!


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ghlk; - 11 jfty; njhopy;El;gk; rhh;e;;j Nritfs;;

(Information Technology Enabled Services – ITES)

668/ hz<OuX!Kjxgtqz<! Osjugtqe<!kvk<jk!Oll<hMk<kqg<ogit<th<! hbeiti<gTg<G!kguz<!

okipqz<Fm<hl<!dkUgqxK/!-kje!jfty; njhopy;El;gk; rhh;e;j Nritfs<!we<gqOxil</!

669/ Ohs<sqje!djvucuig!lix<x!bf;lh/Nghd;!we<x!sikel<!dkUgqxK/!

66:/ u{qgs<! osbzig<g! Hxk<kqxeQm<ml<?! Kclk<! kguz<! dVuig<gl<?! njsU,m<ml<?! leqkut!

Osjugt<!Ohie<xju!ITES z<!dt<t!hqx!OsjugtiGl</!

671/ BPO we<hke<!uqiquig<gl<!Business Process Outsourcing NGl</!

672/ Gxqh<hqm<!uicg<jgbiti<!Osjug<gig!okijzOhsq!nch<hjmbqz<!njlf<k!Osjuh<!hgqi<U!

miog;Gjtp ikak;!)Call Centre) weh<hMgqxK/!

673/ uicg<jgbiti<gTg<G! kguZl<?!dkuqs<OsjugjtBl<!miog;Gjtp ikaq;fs;!upr<gq!

uVgqe<xe</!

674/ juT Nkyhd;ik!we<hK!ITES z<!dt<t!yV!OsjubiGl</!

675/ hz<OuX! &zr<gtqzqVf<K! ohxh<hMl<! kvUgjt! kqvm<MuK?! nux<jx! g{qh<ohixqbqz<!

Oslqh<hK?!hqe<!osbzig<GuK!Ngqb!h{qgjt!dt<tmg<gqbK!juT Nkyhd;ik! )Data

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676/ toq;fp! (server) g{qh<ohixqgtqz<! Oslqk<K! jug<gh<hm<Mt<t! kvUk<ktr<gjt! hzVl<!

hgqi<f<K!ogit<t!LcgqxK/!

677/ ur<gqgk<Kjx! )Banking)?! fqkqbqbz<! Osju! )Financial Services)?! gih<hQM! )Insurance)!

Ngqbju!-j{f<K!BFSI we<X!njpg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!

678/ kUj;Jt ngah;g;ghtzk;! )Medical Transcription*! we<hK?! yV! lVk<Ku! Ofib<! Nb<uqe<!

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679/ lVk<Ku!ohbi<h<hiu{l<!%d;W!Lke<jlbie!hcfqjzgjtg<!ogi{<mK/!

67:/ fzpg;nghwp juthf;fk;! )Data Digitization*!we<hK!hqx!ucur<gtqz<!dt<t!kguz<gjtg<!

g{qh<ohixqbqz<!jgbit<ukx<Ogx<x!kguzib<!lix<xqbjlh<hkiGl</!

681/ jfty; Nrkf;fhg;G!)preservation*!we<hK!kguz<gjt!fQ{<m!gizl<!Oslqk<K!juh<hkiGl</!

!

Ghlk; - 12 fzpg;nghwp ed;ndwp (Computer Ethics)

!

682/ -v{<mil<!dzgh<Ohiiqe<!OhiK!ehh;ngh;l; nta;dh;!we<hui<!wPkqb!Fizqz<!Lke<Lkzig!

g{qh<ohixq!fe<oexqg<!Ogim<hiMgt<!hx<xqg<!Gxqh<hqm<Mt<tii</!

683/ g{qh<ohixq! hbeiti<gt<! g{qh<ohixqjb! kQr<G! w{<{k<Kme<! hbe<hMk<kqbjk! Nb<U!

osb<kui<!w^</Ni</J/-e<mi<Of]ejzs<!Osi<f<k!lhd; ghh;f;fh;!Nuii<!)2:71!gtqz<*/!

684/ ed;ndwp!we<hK!yPg<gk<kqe<!kvh<hiMgjtk<!kQi<lieqg<gqe<x!uqkqLjxgt<!nz<zK!s&gl<!

Wx<Xg<ogit<tg<!%cb!fmk<jkjbg<!Gxqh<hkiGl</!

685/ g{qh<ohixq! fe<oexq! hx<xqb! ohiKuie!upqgim<Mkz<gt<! osif<k! kvUgjt!hiKgik<kzosif<k! kvUgjt!hiKgik<kzosif<k! kvUgjt!hiKgik<kzosif<k! kvUgjt!hiKgik<kz<?!

g{qh<ohixq!Gx<xlg{qh<ohixq!Gx<xlg{qh<ohixq!Gx<xlg{qh<ohixq!Gx<xl<?!hiKgih<H!nv{<gjt!djmk<kzhiKgih<H!nv{<gjt!djmk<kzhiKgih<H!nv{<gjt!djmk<kzhiKgih<H!nv{<gjt!djmk<kz<!Ngqbe!NGl</!


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686/ kvUh<hiKgih<H! Neubg;! hiKgih<H?!nrhe;jg;! hiKgih<H?! gzpahsh;! hiKgih<H! we!&e<X!

ujggtqz<!osbz<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/!

687/ nrhe;j ghJfhg;G!we<hK?!nElkq!ohx<xui<gt<!lm<Ml<!g{qh<ohixq!Ljxjlg<Gt<!Fjpb!

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688/ gzpahsh; ghJfhg;G! we<hK?! g{qh<ohixq! LjxjljbBl<?! kvUgjtBl<! Ofi<jlbx<x!

nz<zK!gueg<Gjxuie!h{qbiti<gtqmlqVf<K!hiKgih<hjkg<!Gxqg<gqxK/!

689/ ym<Molik<k!g{qh<ohixqg<Gx<xr<gtqz<!91919191%!skuQk!Gx<xr<gt<!nf<k!fqXuek<kqx<Gt<OtOb!

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68:/ fzpg;nghwp Fw;wk;!)Computer Crime*!we<hK?!g{qh<ohixq!ole<ohiVt<?!kvUgt<!-ux<jx!

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!

----- & -----

Prepared By,

S.Ganesh Kumar, B.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.S.I.T.

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