© 2007 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights reserved. slide 1 john w. santrock socioemotional...

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Slide 1

John W. Santrock

Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

11


Slide 2

Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

• What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?

• What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

• How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?


Slide 3

The Self

• Initiative versus guilt

– Third of Erikson’s eight stages

– Initiative: enthusiasm for new activities; governed by conscience

– Guilt: results when children’s efforts result in failure or criticism

What Characterizes Young Children’s Socioemotional Development?


Slide 4

Moral Development

• Refers to rules and regulations about what people should do in interactions with other people

• Piaget extensively researched children; two distinct stages of how children think about morality



Slide 5

Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development


Heteronomous Morality

• 4 to 7 years of age• Justice and rules conceived of as unchangeable properties of world, removed from control of people

Autonomous Morality

• About 10 years of age and older• Child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and one should consider actor’s intentions as well as consequences


Slide 6

Imminent Justice

• Belief that if rule is broken, punishment will meted out immediately/automatically– Characteristic of heteronomous morality

– Autonomous morality: realize punishment is not inevitable

– Piaget: sophisticated thinking increases through give-and-take peer relations



Slide 7

Gender

• Social and psychological dimension of being female or male

– Gender role: set of expectations of how females or males should think, act, or feel

– Gender typing: process for acquiring thoughts, feelings, and behaviors considered appropriate for one’s gender in their culture



Slide 8

Biological Influences on Gender

• 46 chromosomes; 23rd pair• Sex hormones

– Estrogens: influence female physical sex characteristics, help regulate menstrual cycle

– Androgens: promote growth of male genitals and secondary characteristics; most important is testosterone



Slide 9

Gender Problems

• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): affects females, dislike typical-girl roles

• Androgen-insensitive male: male with feminine body

• Pelvic field defect: born with no penis

• Genital loss and sex assignment



Slide 10

The Evolutionary Psychology View

• Differing reproductive roles led to different evolutionary pressures– Males: multiple sexual partners for more

offspring; dispositions for competition, violence, and risk-taking

– Females: devote efforts to parenting and choose long-term mate who can provide



Slide 11

Social Influences

• Social role theory– Gender differences caused by contrasting

social roles of women and men

– Less power, status, and pay for women

– Women show more cooperation


Slide 12

Social Influences

• Psychoanalytic theory of gender– Preschool child sexually attracted to

opposite-sex parent

– At age 5 to 6, anxious feelings cause identification with same-sex parent

– Unconsciously adopts same-sex parent’s characteristics



Slide 13

Social Influences

• Social cognitive theory of gender– Gender develops through observation and

imitation, use of rewards and punishments

• Parental preferences for firstborn male

• Parental influences and behaviors



Slide 14

Social Influences

• Gender and peer influences– Gender plays important role– Gender composition of groups: prefer

same-sex groups by age 3, preference increases through age 12

– Group size: boys prefer organized group games, associate in larger groups


Slide 15

Social Influences

• Interaction in same-sex groups

– Boys in groups engage in rough-and-tumble play, competition

– Girls engage in collaborative discourse

– More time in same-sex groups linked to more gender-stereotyped behavior

What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?


Slide 16

Cognitive Influences on Gender

• Cognitive Developmental Theory•

– Gender-typed behavior occurs after gender constancy is developed

– Children prefer activities, objects, and attitudes consistent with this label



Slide 17

Cognitive Influences on Gender

• Gender Schema Theory– Children gradually develop schemas

of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture

– Gender schema: organizes world in terms of female and male



Slide 18

Parenting

• Socialization influenced by– Parenting styles– Sibling relationships– Context of family structure



Slide 19

Classification of Parenting StylesAuthoritative:

Parents encourage child’s independence but still set limits and controls on their actions; associated with child’s social competence

Authoritarian:Restrictive punitive style; associated

with children’s social incompetence

Indulgent:Parents highly involved with children and place very few

demands or controls on them; associated with children’s

social incompetence

Neglectful:Parent uninvolved in the child’s life; associated with

child’s social incompetence

Und

eman

ding

, un

cont

rolli

ngRejecting, unresponsive

Dem

andi

ng,

cont

rolli

ngAccepting, responsive

Classification of Parenting Styles


Slide 20

Sibling Relationships and Birth Order

• Sibling relationships– Can be both pleasant and aggressive

– Siblings treat children different than parents

– Extensive conflict linked to poor outcomes

– Birth order affects sibling relationships



Slide 21

Birth Order


Firstborns• More attention, pressure from parents• More adult-oriented, helpful, anxious, conforming, self-controlled

Later-borns• Parents less demanding, • More influences from older siblings• More variety in characteristics

Only Children

• Independent, self-centered, no control• Achievement-oriented, desirable personality


Slide 22

Peer Relations

• Peers:– individuals near same age or maturity level

– Help children learn reciprocity, fairness, justice

– Negative influences possible

How Are Peer Relations, Play, and Television Involved in Young Children’s Development?


Slide 23

Functions of Play

• Play: pleasurable activity engaged in for its own sake

• Functions – Health, tension release, master conflicts– Affiliation with peers– Cognitive development and exploration– Therapists and play therapy



Slide 24

Parten’s Categories of Play

OnlookerParallel

SolitaryUnoccupied Child not engaging in play as commonly

understood; might stand in one spot

AssociativeCooperative

Child plays alone, independently of others

Child watches other children play

Child plays separately from others, but in manner that mimics their playPlay that involves social interaction with little or no organizationPlay that involves social interaction in group with sense of organized activity



Slide 25

Types of Play

Pretense/Symbolic

Social

Practice

Sensorimotor Infants derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes

Games

Repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned

Occurs when child transforms physical environment into symbol

Involves social interactions with peers

Activities engaged in for pleasure; include rules



Slide 26

Television, Prosocial Behavior, and Aggression

• Aggression

• Prosocial behavior

• Cognitive development

• Achievement



Slide 27Educational TV Viewing and Boys’ GPA

Quartiles of child informative viewing at age 5

2.82

2.37

2.482.53

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.0

Mea

n hi

gh s

choo

l ove

rall

GP

A

Fig. 11.11

Amount and patterns of preschool TV viewing have a later impact on boys’ high school GPA

© 2007 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights reserved. slide 1 john w. santrock socioemotional...

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