adjusting to life chapter 1: human adjustment john w. santrock mcgraw-hill © 2006 by the...
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Adjusting to Life
Chapter 1:
Human AdjustmentJohn W. Santrock
McGraw-Hill © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Learning Goals - Chapter 1
1. Identify key concepts that provide a foundation for understanding adjustment
2. Describe factors related to subjective well-being
3. Characterize scientific foundations of the study of adjustment
4. Discuss resources for improving adjustment
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What Is Adjustment?
Growth involves learning, expanding your awareness, accepting new challenges, and coping effectively
Adjustment = psychological process of adapting to, coping with, and managing the problems, challenges, and demands of everyday life
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Contexts, Diversity, and Adjustment
Contexts refer to the historical, economic, social, and cultural factors and settings that influence us
Culture = behavior patterns, beliefs, and other products of a group of people, that are passed on from generation to generation
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Thinking Critically About Adjustment
Critical thinking involves thinking reflectively, productively, and evaluating the evidence
Being a critical thinker requires being:
–open-minded and curious
– intellectually careful
– skeptical
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Adjustment Strategies Involving Critical Thinking
1. Describe and interpret behavior carefully
2. Identify values and challenge assumptions about behavior
3. Examine influence of context and culture on behavior
4. Seek multiple points of view
5. Appreciate individual and group differences
6. Engage in self-reflection to improve self-knowledge
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SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING AND ADJUSTMENT
Are Rich People Happier?Who Is Happy?
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Subjective Well-Being
Subjective well-being is the scientific term for how people evaluate their lives in terms of their happiness and life satisfaction
Diener (2003) reported that college students in 41 countries rate life satisfaction and happiness as very important or extremely important
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Are Rich People Happier?
Extremely wealthy people are not happier than people who can only purchase what they need
Those who strive the most for wealth have lower subjective well-being than those who do not
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Who is Happy?
Characteristics of happy people:
–good social relationships
–mentally healthy and cope effectively with stress
–high levels of creativity, self-esteem, optimism, extraversion, and self-control
–good citizens at work
– spirituality and faith
–altruistic
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Happiness in College Students
Diener & Seligman (2001) found that compared to less happy college students, happy college students were:–highly social
–more extraverted
–had stronger romantic and social relationships
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1-12Adjustment Strategies
For Happiness and Life Satisfaction
1. Recognize that no single factor produces happiness
2. Develop good social relationships
3. Learn how to cope effectively with stress
4. Involve yourself in activities you enjoy and value
5. Develop purposefulness in your life
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1-13THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
TO ADJUSTMENT
Psychology and AdjustmentExperimental and Correlational ResearchBeing a Wise Consumer of Research Information
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Learning Goals
–What is psychology?
–What are the characteristics of scientific attitudes toward information?
–What characterizes experimental research? What characterizes correlational research?
–How can individuals become wise consumers of information about psychological and adjustment research?
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1-15Psychology and Adjustment
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Behavior = everything people do that can be directly observed
Mental processes = thoughts, feelings and motives that each person experiences privately
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Adopting a Scientific Attitude
Adopting a scientific attitude means:
– thinking critically
–being curious
–being skeptical
–being objective
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Experimental Research
Independent variable - manipulated, influential experimental factor
Dependent variable - factor that is measured to determine change in response to changes in independent variable
Experiment = procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant
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Experimental Research
Experimental group - group whose experience is manipulated
Control group - group treated like experimental group except does not receive manipulated factor
Random assignment - when researchers assign participants to experimental and control groups by chance
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1-19Random assignment and experimental
design
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Correlational Research
In correlational research, the goal is to describe the strength of relationship between two or more events or characteristics
Correlation does not equal causation
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1-21Being a Wise Consumer of
Research Information
Important to take responsibility for evaluating reports on psychological and adjustment research
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1-22Adjustment Strategies
for Understanding Adjustment Research
1. Distinguish between group results and individual needs
2. Don’t overgeneralize from a small sample
3. Look for answers beyond a single study
4. Don’t attribute causes where none have been found
5. Evaluate the source of the information
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1-23RESOURCES FOR
IMPROVING ADJUSTMENT
Mental Health ProfessionalsNational Support GroupsSelf-Help BooksThe Internet
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Mental Health Professionals
Clinical and counseling psychologists - evaluate and treat people with psychological problems
Psychiatrists - medical physicians specializing in treating abnormal behavior
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National Support Groups
National support groups are supportive, educational groups that address a single life problem or condition shared by their members
–participation is voluntary
–members typically serve as leaders
–professionals rarely have an active role in the groups’ activities
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Self-Help Books
Self-help books have become an important source of psychological advice for millions of Americans
High quality self-help books can benefit individuals with problems
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1-27Adjustment Strategies
For Selecting a Self-Help Book1. Select a book that makes realistic recommendations
2. Examine evidence reported in the book
3. Select a book that recognizes that a problem is caused by a number of factors and has alternative solutions
4. Select a book that focuses on one problem
5. Don’t be conned by slick writing
6. Check out author’s educational credentials
7. Be wary of authors who complain about the conventional knowledge of mental health experts
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The Internet
Mental health topics are among the most frequently searched topics on the Internet.
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1-29Adjustment Strategies
for Finding the Best Information on the Internet Involving Human Adjustment
1. Adjustment strategies for evaluating self-help books often apply to websites
2. Evaluate credibility of the website
3. Avoid websites that are purely commercial
4. Be wary about information from websites
5. Protect your privacy
6. The Internet is not a substitute for professional help
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Review - Learning Goal 4
–Where can people can find mental health professionals to help them adjust more effectively?
–How are national support groups involved in human adjustment?
–What role do self-help books play in human adjustment? What are some cautions in their use?
–How extensively do individuals use the Internet to obtain information about human adjustment?
–What are some cautions in using the Internet for mental health information?
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1-31Adjustment Strategies
for Writing to Improve Your Health
1. Write on issues and concerns; reveal your emotions
2. Just start writing without worrying about formalities
3. Write whenever and wherever you feel like writing
4. Keep your writing to yourself
5. Writing will help you see things in perspective