© 2010 mcgraw-hill companies. all rights reserved. chapter 9
TRANSCRIPT
© 2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 9
© 2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
A drug which alters a person’s experiences or consciousness
Can cause intoxicationsA state in which sometimes unpredictable
physical and emotional changes occur.
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Habits that have gotten out of control, with a resulting negative effect on a persons health.
Addiction is the habitual use of a drug produced chemical changes in the user’s body.
Drug Addiction (four important characteristics)1. Compulsive desire2. Need to increase the dosage3. Harmful effects to the individual4. Harm to society
Drug Habituation (habit)
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ReinforcementCompulsion or CravingLoss of ControlEscalationNegative Consequences
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Often starts to bring pleasure or to avoid pain.Harmless or even beneficial if done in
moderationExamples of addictive behaviors:
GamblingCompulsive ExercisingWork AddictionSex and love addictionCompulsive buying or shoppingInternet addiction
Characteristics of people with addition
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Drugs are chemicals other than food that are intended to affect the structure or function of the bodyPrescription medicinesOver-the-counter substances
CaffeineTobaccoAlcohol
Illegal substancesThe Drug Tradition
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The APA’s Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – authoritative reference
AbuseAPA definition
Failure to fulfill major responsibilitiesDrug use in situations that are hazardous Drug related legal problemsDrug use despite persistent social or interpersonal
problemsPhysically dependent may or may not present
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Substance dependence1. Developing tolerance to the substance2. Experiencing withdrawal3. Taking in larger amounts4. Expressing a persistent desire to cut down5. Spending great deal of time obtaining6. Giving up or reducing important activities7. Continual usage even with recognition of
a problemDiagnosed with at least 3 or more
symptoms during a 12-month period
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All income and education levelsAll ethnic groupsAll agesYoung people are at a higher riskMales (Twice as likely)Troubled adolescentThrill-seekerDysfunctional familiesPeer group or family that acceptsLow Socioeconomical statusDating young
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ExperimentEscapeReliance Magnification of residence
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Psychological risksDifficulty in controlling impulsesStrong need for excitementFeelings of rejectionHostilityAggressionAnxietyMental illnessDual (co-occurring disorders)
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Social FactorsGrowing up in a family with drug abusePeer groupPoverty
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IntoxicationSide effectsUnknown Drug constituentsRisks associated with injection drug useLegal consequences
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Changes in Brain chemistry Drug factors:
Pharmacological properties Dose-Response function Time-action function Drug use history Method of use
User Factors Social Factors
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Chapter NinePsychoactive Drugs 17
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Opioids (narcotics)Natural or synthetic
Opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine,. Hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine, and fentanly
Induce euphoriaMethods of administration
Injection, snorting, sniffing or smokingSymptoms of overdose
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Central Nervous System DepressantsSlow down the overall activity of the CNSSedative-hypnoticsTypesEffects
Effects on the bodyMedical usesFrom use to abuseOverdosing
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Speed up the activity of the nervous or muscular systemCocaine
Methods of useEffectsAbuse and DependenceUse during pregnancy
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AmphetaminesEffects From use to abuse
State dependenceDependence
psychosisRitalinEphedrineCaffeine
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Cannabis SativaTHC (tetrahydrocannabinol)Short term effects and uses
DepersonalizationLong-term effects and uses
Respiratory damageDependence
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Altered state of consciousness, perceptions, feelings and thoughts
LSD, Mascaline, DMT, MDMA, Ketamine, PCP (angel dust), and certain mushroomsAltered states of consciousnessImpact on proprioception
SynesthiaFlashbacks
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Nearly all inhalants produce effects similar to those of anesthetics, slow down the bodies functions
Volatile solventsNitratesAnestheticsMethods of use
SniffingSnorting“Bagging”“Huffing”
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Drug researchDrugs, society, and familiesLegalizationDrug Testing
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Medication-assisted treatmentDrug substitution
Treatment centersSelf-help groups and peer counseling
AANA
Harm reduction strategiesCodependency
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Governmental attemptsAnti-drug education programsIndirect approaches
Young people’s self-esteemImprove academic skillsIncrease recreational opportunities
Direct approachesInformation about the adverse effectsPeer pressure resistance
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IssuesWhat are the risks involved?Is using the drug compatible with your goals?What are your ethical beliefs about drug use?What are the financial costs?Are you trying to solve deeper problem?
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Bored?Stressed?Shy or lonely?Feeling low on self-esteem?Depressed or anxious?Apathetic or lethargic?Searching for meaning?Afraid to say no?Still feeling peer pressure?
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Chapter 9