© 2010 pearson education, inc. the sun. © 2010 pearson education, inc. why was the sun’s energy...
TRANSCRIPT
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© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Sun
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© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why was the Sun’s energy source a major mystery?
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Is it on FIRE?
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Is it on FIRE?
Luminosity~ 10,000 years
Chemical energy content
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Is it on FIRE? … NO!
Luminosity~ 10,000 years
Chemical energy content
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Is it CONTRACTING?
Insert TCP 6e Chapter 14 opener
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Is it CONTRACTING?
Luminosity
Gravitational potential energy~ 25 million years
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© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Is it CONTRACTING? … NO!
Luminosity~ 10,000 years
Chemical energy content
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Why does the Sun shine?
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It can be powered by NUCLEAR ENERGY! (E = mc2)
Luminosity~ 10 billion years
Nuclear potential energy (core)
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Weight of upper layers compresses lower layers.
Insert TCP 6e Figure 14.1
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Gravitational equilibrium:
Energy supplied by fusion maintains the pressure that balances the inward crush of gravity.
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Gravitational contraction:
Provided the energy that heated the core as Sun was forming
Contraction stopped when fusion began.
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Radius:
6.9 108 m
(109 times Earth)
Mass:
2 1030 kg
(300,000 Earths)
Luminosity:
3.8 1026 watts
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What is the Sun’s structure?
Insert TCP 6e Figure 14.3
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Solar wind:
A flow of charged particles from the surface of the Sun
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Corona:
Outermost layer of solar atmosphere
~1 million K
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Chromosphere:
Middle layer of solar atmosphere
~ 104–105 K
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Photosphere:
Visible surface of Sun
~ 6000 K
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Convection Zone:
Energy transported upward by rising hot gas
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Radiation Zone:
Energy transported upward by photons
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Core:
Energy generated by nuclear fusion
~ 15 million K
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How does nuclear fusion occur in the Sun?
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Fission
Big nucleus splits into smaller pieces.
(Example: nuclear power plants)
Fusion
Small nuclei stick together to make a bigger one.
(Example: the Sun, stars)
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High temperatures enable nuclear fusion to happen in the core.
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The Sun releases energy by fusing four hydrogen nuclei into one helium nucleus.
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The proton–proton chain is how hydrogen fuses into helium in Sun.
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IN4 protons
OUT4He nucleus
2 gamma rays2 positrons2 neutrinos
Total mass is 0.7% lower.
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Convection (rising hot gas) takes energy to surface.
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Bright blobs on photosphere show where hot gas is reaching the surface.
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Neutrinos created during fusion fly directly through the Sun.
Observations of these solar neutrinos can tell us what’s happening in core.
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Solar neutrino problem:
Early searches for solar neutrinos failed to find the predicted number.
More recent observations find the right number of neutrinos, but some have changed form.
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What causes solar activity?
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Solar activity is like “weather”.
• Sunspots
• Solar flares
• Solar prominences
All these phenomena are related to magnetic fields.
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Sunspots
Are cooler than other parts of the Sun’s surface (4000 K)
Are regions with strong magnetic fields
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Zeeman Effect
We can measure magnetic fields in sunspots by observing the splitting of spectral lines.
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Loops of bright gas often connect sunspot pairs.
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Magnetic activity causes solar flares that send bursts of X rays and charged particles into space.
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Magnetic activity also causes solar prominences that erupt high above the Sun’s surface.
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Charged particles streaming from the Sun can disrupt electrical power grids and can disable communications satellites.
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How does solar activity vary with time?
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The number of sunspots rises and falls in an 11-year cycle.
Insert TCP 6e Figure 14.21a unannotated
Insert TCP 6e Figure 14.21b unannotated
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The sunspot cycle has something to do with winding and twisting of the Sun’s magnetic field.