© 2011 pearson education, inc. f4/27/12 suburban challenges (ch. 13.4 – pp. 424-437)
TRANSCRIPT
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
F4/27/12
Suburban Challenges
(Ch. 13.4 – pp. 424-437)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
I. Urban Expansion• A. Annexation
– Process of legally adding land area to a city• Common in late 19th & early 20th C.
– Received better urban services
• Less common today – prefer local services
• B. Defining urban settlements • 1. The city – a legal entity
– Local gov’t system w/ fixed boundaries– Generally population has declined since 1950 – why?– Growth of central cities – city surrounded by suburbs
• 2. Urbanized areas – a continuously built-up area– Difficult to define– City and all contiguous built-up suburbs w/ specific density
(1K ppl./mi.)
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Urban Growth & Annexation over
time – Chicago
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I. Urban Expansion• B. Defining urban settlements (cont.)
• 3. Metropolitan areas – a functional area• Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs)
– Specific statistical area – cities of 50K or more & includes people in surrounding coutnies that work in city
» Based on counties – census data available» 366 MSAs as of 2009
– Similar to old standard metropolitan stat. area (SMSAs)– Micropolitan statistical areas (mSAs) – cities of 10K-50K
» US has 574– Core based statistical areas (CBSAs) – combo of MSAs &
mSAs– Combined statistical areas (CSAs) – many mSAs are tied to
MSAs – 124 in US– Primary census statistical areas (PCSAs) – CSA + remaining
MSAs & mSAs = PCSAs
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City, Urbanized Area, and MSA of St. Louis
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I. Urban Expansion• C. Local government fragmentation
• Little communication & coordination among local gov’t
• Council of government – cooperative agency of several local areas to oversee common planning (roads, etc.)
– Ex.: Consolidations of city and county governments – Indianapolis, Miami
– Ex.: Federations - Toronto
• D. Overlapping Metropolitan Areas• Combination of MSAs among regions
– Area belongs to several MSAs
• megalopolis – “great city” – Boston to Washington corridor (“Boswash”)
– Other ex: midwest – Chicago to Pittsburgh; CA to Tijuana; Ruhr valley (Ger.); Tokaido (Japan)
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II. Peripheral Model• Overview
• Created by Chauncey Harris (multiple nuclei)
• peripheral model – urban area w/ other nodes in surrounding suburban areas tied by beltway
• Edge cities – nodes of consumer or business services on beltway
– A. Density gradient– Number of houses diminish w/ distance from center of city
– B. Cost of suburban sprawl• Spread of development over surrounding area
– Need new roads & utilities, construction– Loss of agricultural land– greenbelts – rings of open space (common in Europe)– Smart growth – preservation of agricultural land w/ growth
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Density Gradient - Cleveland
Figure 13-23
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III. Suburban Segregation– A. Residential Segregation
• Areas often informally segregated due to costs– socio-economic segregation– zoning ordinances – prevent residential & commercial areas
– B. Suburbanization of Businesses • 1. Suburbanization of Retailing
– Growth of malls & shopping centers
• 2. Suburbanization of Factories & Offices– Attracted to larger spaces, cheaper lands, access to
highways
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Suburban Stress
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IV. Transportation and Suburbanization– A. Motor Vehicles
• 95+ % of all trips in US by car• Most traveling done during rush hour
– B. Public Transit• 1. Advantages of public transit
– Transit travelers take up less space
– Cheaper, less pollutant, more energy efficient than an automobile
– Suited to move large number of people to small area
• 2. Public transit in the United States– Used primarily for rush-hour workers to/from CBD
– esp. NYC, Bos, SF, DC, Chi, Phi
– Small cities have minimal use
– Most Americans prefer to commute by car
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Subway and Tram Lines in Brussels, Belgium
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The End.
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