© 2012 pearson education, inc. powerpoint ® lecture slides prepared by patty bostwick-taylor,...

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides Prepared by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,Florence-Darlington Technical College

C H A P T E R1

The Human Body: An Orientation


The Human Body—An Orientation

Anatomy

•Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

Physiology

•Study of how the body and its parts work or function


Anatomy—Levels of Study

•Gross anatomy

•Large structures

•Easily observable

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.1

Mouth (oral cavity)Tongue

Esophagus

Liver

Gallbladder

Small intestineDuodenumJejunumlleum

Anus

Parotid gland

Salivary glandsSublingual glandSubmandibulargland

Pharynx

StomachPancreas(Spleen)

Large intestine

Descendingcolon

CecumSigmoid colonRectumAppendixAnal canal

Transversecolon

Ascendingcolon


Anatomy—Levels of Study

•Microscopic anatomy

•Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye

•Structures can only be viewed with a microscope

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.4c

Pyloricsphincter

Gastric pits

Surfaceepithelium

Mucousneck cells

Parietal cells

Gastricglands

Chief cells

Ga

str

ic p

itG

as

tric

gla

nd

(c)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.4d

Pepsinogen PepsinHCl

Parietal cells

Chief cells

Enteroendocrinecell

(d)


Organismal levelHuman organisms are made up of many organ systems.

Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely.

Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues.

Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules.

Smooth muscle cell

Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules.

Molecules

2

Atoms

1

Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells.

3

Smoothmuscletissue

Epithelialtissue

Smoothmuscletissue

Connectivetissue

Bloodvessel(organ)

4

5

Cardio–vascularsystem

6

Bloodvessels

Heart


Organ System Overview

•Integumentary

•Forms the external body covering

•Protects deeper tissue from injury

•Helps regulate body temperature

•Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2a

Skin

(a) Integumentary System

Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.



•Skeletal

•Protects and supports body organs

•Provides muscle attachment for movement

•Site of blood cell formation

•Stores minerals

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2b

(b) Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals.

Cartilages

Joint

Bones



•Muscular

•Produces movement

•Maintains posture

•Produces heat

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2c

(c) Muscular System

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat.

Skeletalmuscles



•Nervous

•Fast-acting control system

•Responds to internal and external change

•Activates muscles and glands

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2d

(d) Nervous System

Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Brain

Sensoryreceptor

Spinalcord

Nerves



•Endocrine

•Secretes regulatory hormones

•Growth

•Reproduction

•Metabolism

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2e

(e) Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells.

Ovary (female)

Testis (male)

Pancreas

Adrenal glands

Thymus gland

Thyroid gland(parathyroid glandson posterior aspect)

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland



•Cardiovascular

•Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart

•Oxygen

•Carbon dioxide

•Nutrients

•Wastes

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2f

(f) Cardiovascular System

Heart

Blood vessels transport blood,which carries oxygen, carbondioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.;the heart pumps blood.

Bloodvessels



•Lymphatic

•Returns fluids to blood vessels

•Cleanses the blood

•Involved in immunity

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2g

Picks up fluid leaked from bloodvessels and returns it to blood;disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity.

Lymph nodes

(g) Lymphatic System

Lymphatic vessels

Thoracic duct



•Respiratory

•Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

•Removes carbon dioxide

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2h

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Pharynx

(h) Respiratory System

Nasalcavity

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchus

Left lung



•Digestive

•Breaks down food

•Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

•Eliminates indigestible material as feces

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2i

Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Oral cavity

(i) Digestive System

Esophagus

Stomach

Smallintestine

Anus

Rectum

Largeintestine



•Urinary

•Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

•Maintains acid-base balance

•Regulates water and electrolytes

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2j

Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.

(j) Urinary System

Kidney

Ureter

Urinarybladder

Urethra


•Reproductive

•Produces offspring

•Testes produce sperm and male hormone

•Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones



Overall function of the reproductive system is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn.

(k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System

Prostategland

Penis

Seminalvesicles

Vasdeferens

Testis

Scrotum

Vagina

Ovary

Uterinetube

Mammaryglands(in breasts)

Uterus

Figure 1.2k–l


Necessary Life Functions

•Maintain boundaries

•Movement

•Locomotion

•Movement of substances

•Responsiveness

•Ability to sense changes and react

•Digestion

•Breakdown and absorption of nutrients



•Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body

•Break down complex molecules into smaller ones

•Build larger molecules from smaller ones

•Produces energy

•Regulated by hormones

•Excretion

•Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions

•Wastes may be removed in urine or feces



•Reproduction

•Occurs on cellular level or organismal level

•Produces future generation

•Growth

•Increases cell size and number of cells


Survival Needs

•Nutrients

•Chemicals for energy and cell building

•Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

•Oxygen

•Required for chemical reactions


Survival Needs

•Water

•60 to 80 percent of body weight

•Most abundant chemical in the human body

•Provides for metabolic reaction

•Stable body temperature

•37°C (98°F)

•Atmospheric pressure

•Must be appropriate for gas exchange


NutrientsHeart

Interstitial fluid

Blood

Food

Digestive systemTakes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)

Respiratory systemTakes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

Cardiovascular systemVia the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbondioxide to disposal organs

Urinary system Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes and excess ions

Feces Urine

Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid

O2

CO2

Integumentary systemProtects the body as a whole from the external environment

CO2O2

Figure 1.3


Homeostasis

•Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment

•A dynamic state of equilibrium

•Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life

•Homeostatic imbalance

•A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease


Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center.

Receptor

ControlCenter

Effector Receptor detects change.

Afferentpathway

Efferentpathway

IMBALANCE

VARIABLE (in homeostasis)

Stimulusproduceschange invariable.

Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector.

Responseof effector feedsback to reducethe effect ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostatic level.

1

2

3 4

5

IMBALANCE


IMBALANCE



1

IMBALANCE


Receptor Receptor detects change.

IMBALANCE Stimulusproduceschange invariable.

1

IMBALANCE

2




Receptor

ControlCenter

Receptor detects change.

Afferentpathway

IMBALANCE



1

3

IMBALANCE

2



Receptor

ControlCenter


Afferentpathway

Efferentpathway

IMBALANCE




1

3 4

IMBALANCE

2



Receptor

ControlCenter


Afferentpathway

Efferentpathway

IMBALANCE




Responseof effector feedsback to reducethe effect ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostatic level.

1

3 4

5

IMBALANCE

2


Maintaining Homeostasis

•The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems

•Receptor

•Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

•Sends information to control center


Maintaining Homeostasis

•Control center

•Determines set point

•Analyzes information

•Determines appropriate response

•Effector

•Provides a means for response to the stimulus


Feedback Mechanisms

•Negative feedback

•Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

•Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

•Works like a household thermostat


Feedback Mechanisms

•Positive feedback

•Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

•In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby


The Language of Anatomy

•Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

•Exact terms are used for

•Position

•Direction

•Regions

•Structures


Regional Terms

•Anterior body landmarks


Cervical

Umbilical

Pubic (genital)

PelvicInguinal(groin)

(a) Anterior/Ventral

KEY:

Deltoid

Digital

Lower limbCoxal (hip)

Patellar

Fibular

Pedal (foot)

Digital

Upper limb

Acromial

Brachial (arm)

Antecubital

Antebrachial

Carpal (wrist)

Manus (hand)

Crural (leg)

Tarsal (ankle)

Femoral (thigh)

CephalicFrontalOrbitalNasal

BuccalOral Mental

Thorax

Abdomen

Back (Dorsum)

ThoracicSternalAxillary

Abdominal

(forearm)

Figure 1.5a


Regional Terms

•Posterior body landmarks

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5b(b) Posterior/Dorsal

Gluteal

Sacral

Lumbar

Vertebral

Back (dorsal) Scapular

Cervical

CephalicOccipital (back of head) Acromial

Brachial (arm)

Olecranal

Antebrachial

Manus (hand)Digital

Femoral (thigh)

Popliteal

Sural (calf)

Fibular

Pedal (foot)Calcaneal

Plantar

Upper limb

KEY:

Thorax

Abdomen

Back (Dorsum)

(forearm)


Directional Terms

•Superior (cranial or cephalad): toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

•Inferior (caudal): away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below


Directional Terms

•Ventral (anterior): toward or at the front of the body; in front of

•Dorsal (posterior): toward or at the backside of the body; behind


Directional Terms

•Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

•Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

•Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure


Directional Terms

•Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk

•Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk


Directional Terms

•Superficial: toward or at the body surface

•Deep: away from the body surface; more internal


Body Planes and Sections

•A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts.

•A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts.

•A frontal, or coronal, section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts.

•A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts.


(a) Median (midsagittal)

Vertebralcolumn

(b) Frontal (coronal) plane

Rightlung Heart

Leftlung

(c) Transverse plane

Liver Aorta SpleenSpinalcord

Rectum Intestines Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneousfat layer

Stomach

Figure 1.6


Body Cavities

•Dorsal body cavity

•Cranial cavity houses the brain

•Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord

•Ventral body cavity

•Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and others

•Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs


Cranial cavity

Spinal cavity

Thoraciccavity

Diaphragm

Abdominalcavity

Pelviccavity

Ab

do

min

op

elvi

cca

vit

y

KEY:

Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavityFigure 1.7


Right upperquadrant(RUQ)

Right lowerquadrant(RLQ)

Left upperquadrant(LUQ)

Left lowerquadrant(LLQ)

Figure 1.8

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b

Righthypo-

chondriacregion

Epigastricregion

Rightlumbarregion

Umbilicalregion

Right iliac(inguinal)

region

Hypogastric(pubic)region

Left iliac(inguinal)

region

Leftlumbarregion

Lefthypo-

chondriacregion

(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

Liver

Gallbladder

Ascendingcolon of largeintestine

Small intestine

Cecum

Appendix

Diaphragm

Stomach

Transversecolon of largeintestine

Descendingcolon of largeintestine

Initial part ofsigmoid colon

Urinarybladder

© 2012 pearson education, inc. powerpoint ® lecture slides prepared by patty bostwick-taylor,...

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