© 2014 pearson education, inc. figure 7.1. © 2014 pearson education, inc. figure 7.2 light energy...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.1. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.2 Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO 2 H 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070413/5697bfab1a28abf838c9b33d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.1
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Figure 7.2
Lightenergy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesisin chloroplasts
CO2 H2OCellular respiration
in mitochondria
Organicmolecules O2
ATP ATP powersmost cellular work
Heatenergy
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Figure 7.3
Reactants Products
Methane(reducing
agent)
Oxygen(oxidizing
agent)
Carbon dioxide Water
becomes reduced
becomes oxidized
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Figure 7.4
NAD
Nicotinamide(oxidized form)
Nicotinamide(reduced form)
Oxidation of NADH
Reduction of NAD
DehydrogenaseNADH
2[H] (from food)
2 e− 2 H
2 e− H
H
H
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Figure 7.4aNAD
Nicotinamide(oxidized form)
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Figure 7.4b
Nicotinamide(reduced form)
Oxidation of NADH
Reduction of NAD
DehydrogenaseNADH
2 e− 2 H
2 e− H
H
H 2[H] (from food)
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Figure 7.5
Explosiverelease
(a) Uncontrolled reaction (b) Cellular respiration
H2O
Fre
e en
erg
y, G
Fre
e en
erg
y, G
Electro
n tran
spo
rt
chain
Controlledrelease of
energy
H2O
2 H
2 e−
2 H 2 e−
ATP
ATP
ATP
½
½
½H2 O2 O2
O2
2 H
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Figure 7.6-1
Electronsvia NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
CYTOSOL
ATP
Substrate-level
MITOCHONDRION
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Figure 7.6-2
Electronsvia NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
Pyruvateoxidation
Acetyl CoA
Citricacidcycle
Electronsvia NADH and
FADH2
CYTOSOL
ATP
Substrate-level
ATP
Substrate-level
MITOCHONDRION
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Figure 7.6-3
Electronsvia NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate
Pyruvateoxidation
Acetyl CoA
Citricacidcycle
Electronsvia NADH and
FADH2
Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transport
andchemiosmosis
CYTOSOL
ATP
Substrate-level
ATP
Substrate-level
MITOCHONDRION
ATP
Oxidative
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Figure 7.7
Substrate
P
ADP
Product
ATP
Enzyme Enzyme
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Figure 7.8
Energy Investment Phase
Energy Payoff Phase
Net
Glucose
Glucose
2 ADP 2 P
4 ADP 4 P
2 NAD 4 e− 4 H
2 NAD 4 e− 4 H
4 ATP formed − 2 ATP used
2 ATP
4 ATP
used
formed
2 NADH 2 H
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
2 Pyruvate 2 H2O
2 NADH 2 H
2 ATP
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Figure 7.9a
Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
GlucoseATP
ADP
Glucose6-phosphate
Phosphogluco-isomerase
Hexokinase
12 3
4
ATP
ADP
Fructose6-phosphate
Phospho-fructokinase
Fructose1,6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
Isomerase
5
Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate (G3P)
Dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP)
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Figure 7.9aa-1
Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
Glucose
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Figure 7.9aa-2
Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
GlucoseGlucose
6-phosphateADP
ATP
Hexokinase
1
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Figure 7.9aa-3
Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
GlucoseGlucose
6-phosphateADP
ATP
Hexokinase
1
Fructose6-phosphate
Phosphogluco-isomerase
2
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Figure 7.9ab-1
Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
Fructose6-phosphate
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Figure 7.9ab-2
Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
Fructose6-phosphate
Phospho-fructokinase
3
Fructose1,6-bisphosphate
ATP
ADP
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Figure 7.9ab-3
Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase
Fructose6-phosphate
Phospho-fructokinase
3
Aldolase
Isomerase
4
5
Fructose1,6-bisphosphate
Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate (G3P)
ATP
ADP
Dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP)
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Figure 7.9b
Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
2 NADGlyceraldehyde
3-phosphate (G3P)
Triosephosphate
dehydrogenase
6
2 H
2 NADH
2
2 Pi
1,3-Bisphospho-glycerate
3-Phospho-glycerate
2-Phospho-glycerate
Phosphoenol-pyruvate (PEP)
Pyruvate
Phospho-glycerokinase
Phospho-glyceromutase
Enolase Pyruvatekinase
2 ADP 2 2 2 22 ADP
2 ATP2 H2O
2 ATP
91087
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Figure 7.9ba-1
Isomerase
4
Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate (G3P)
Dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP)
Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
Aldolase5
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Figure 7.9ba-2
Isomerase
Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate (G3P)
Dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP)
Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
2 NAD
Triosephosphate
dehydrogenase
2 H
2 NADH
2
1,3-Bisphospho-glycerate
2
Aldolase
Pi
5 6
4
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Figure 7.9ba-3
Isomerase
Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate (G3P)
Dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP)
Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
2 NAD
Triosephosphate
dehydrogenase
2 H
2 NADH
2
1,3-Bisphospho-glycerate
3-Phospho-glycerate
Phospho-glycerokinase
2 ADP
2 ATP
2
Aldolase
Pi
2
5 76
4
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Figure 7.9bb-1
3-Phospho-glycerate
Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
2
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Figure 7.9bb-2
83-Phospho-glycerate
Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
Phospho-glyceromutase
222
2 H2O
2-Phospho-glycerate
Phosphoenol-pyruvate (PEP)
Enolase
9
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Figure 7.9bb-3
3-Phospho-glycerate
Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase
2 ATP
Phospho-glyceromutase
22222 ADP
2 H2O
2-Phospho-glycerate
Phosphoenol-pyruvate (PEP)
Pyruvate
Enolase Pyruvatekinase
9108
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Figure 7.10
CYTOSOLPyruvate(from glycolysis,2 molecules per glucose)
CO2
CoANAD
NADH
MITOCHONDRION CoA
CoA
Acetyl CoA H
Citricacidcycle
FADH2
FAD
ADP Pi
ATP
NADH
3 NAD
3
3 H
2 CO2
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Figure 7.10a
CYTOSOLPyruvate(from glycolysis,2 molecules per glucose)
CO2
CoANAD
NADH
MITOCHONDRION CoAAcetyl CoA H
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Figure 7.10b
CoA
Citricacidcycle
FADH2
FAD
ADP Pi
ATP
NADH
3 NAD
3
3 H
2 CO2
CoAAcetyl CoA
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Figure 7.11-1
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetate
CoA-SH
Citrate
H2O
Isocitrate
Citricacidcycle
2
1
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Figure 7.11-2
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
H2O
Isocitrate
NADH
NAD
H
CO2
-Ketoglutarate
Citricacidcycle
3
1
CoA-SH
2
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Figure 7.11-3
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
H2O
Isocitrate
NADH
NAD
H
CO2
-Ketoglutarate
Citricacidcycle
CoA-SH
CO2NAD
NADH
HSuccinylCoA
4
1
3
CoA-SH
2
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Figure 7.11-4
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
H2O
Isocitrate
NADH
NAD
H
CO2
-Ketoglutarate
Citricacidcycle
CoA-SH
CO2NAD
NADH
H
ATP formation
SuccinylCoA
ADP
GDPGTP
Pi
ATP
Succinate
5
4
1
CoA-SH
3
CoA-SH
2
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Figure 7.11-5
Malate
Succinate
FAD
FADH2
Fumarate
H2O7
6
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
H2O
Isocitrate
NADH
NAD
H
CO2
-Ketoglutarate
Citricacidcycle
CoA-SH
CO2NAD
NADH
H
ATP formation
SuccinylCoA
ADP
GDPGTP
Pi
ATP
5
4
1
CoA-SH
3
CoA-SH
2
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Figure 7.11-6
NADH
NAD
H
8
Malate
Succinate
FAD
FADH2
Fumarate
H2O7
6
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
H2O
Isocitrate
NADH
NAD
H
CO2
-Ketoglutarate
Citricacidcycle
CoA-SH
CO2NAD
NADH
H
ATP formation
SuccinylCoA
ADP
GDPGTP
Pi
ATP
5
4
1
CoA-SH
3
CoA-SH
2
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Figure 7.11a
CoA-SH
Acetyl CoA
Start: Acetyl CoA adds itstwo-carbon group tooxaloacetate, producingcitrate; this is a highlyexergonic reaction.
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Isocitrate
H2O1
2
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Figure 7.11b
Isocitrate Redox reaction:Isocitrate is oxidized;NAD is reduced.
Redox reaction:After CO2 release, the resultingfour-carbon molecule is oxidized(reducing NAD), then madereactive by addition of CoA.
CO2 release
CO2 release
-Ketoglutarate
SuccinylCoA
NAD
NADH
H
CO2
CO2
CoA-SH
NAD
NADH
H
3
4
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Figure 7.11c
CoA-SH
Redox reaction:Succinate is oxidized;FAD is reduced.
Fumarate
Succinate
SuccinylCoA
ATP formation
ATP
ADP
GDPGTP
FAD
FADH2
Pi
5
6
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Figure 7.11d
Redox reaction:Malate is oxidized;NAD is reduced.
Fumarate
Malate
Oxaloacetate
H2O
NAD
H
NADH
7
8
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Figure 7.12
Multiproteincomplexes
(originally fromNADH or FADH2)
Fre
e en
erg
y (G
) re
lati
ve t
o O
2 (k
cal/
mo
l)
50
40
30
20
10
0
NADH
NAD
FADH2
FAD
2
2
e−
e−
FMN
Fe•S Fe•S
Q
III
IIICyt b
Cyt c1
Fe•S
Cyt cIV
Cyt a
Cyt a3
2 e−
O22 H ½
H2O
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Figure 7.12a
Multiproteincomplexes
Fre
e en
erg
y (G
) re
lati
ve t
o O
2 (k
cal/
mo
l)
50
40
30
20
10
NADH
NAD
FADH2
FAD
2
2
e−
e−
FMN
Fe•S Fe•S
Q
III
IIICyt b
Cyt c1
Fe•S
Cyt cIV
Cyt a
Cyt a3
2 e−
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Figure 7.12b
30
20
10
0
Cyt c1
Cyt cIV
Cyt a
Cyt a3
2 e−
Fre
e en
erg
y (G
) re
lati
ve t
o O
2 (k
cal/
mo
l)
(originally fromNADH or FADH2)
2 H ½ O2
H2O
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Figure 7.13
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
Rotor
Internal rod
Catalytic knob
StatorH
ATP
ADP
Pi
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Figure 7.14
Proteincomplexof electron carriers
H
HH
H
Q
I
II
III
FADH2 FAD
NADNADH
(carrying electronsfrom food)
Electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
ATPsynthase
H
ADP ATPPi
H2O2 H ½ O2
IV
Cyt c
1 2
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Figure 7.14a
Proteincomplexof electron carriers
H
Q
I
II
III
FADH2FAD
NADNADH
(carrying electronsfrom food)
Electron transport chain
H2O2 H ½ O2
Cyt c
1
IV
HH
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Figure 7.14b
ATPsynthase
Chemiosmosis2
H
H
ADP Pi
ATP
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Figure 7.15
Electron shuttlesspan membrane
CYTOSOL2 NADH
2 NADH
2 FADH2
or
2 NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose 2Pyruvate
Pyruvateoxidation
2 Acetyl CoA
Citricacidcycle
6 NADH 2 FADH2
Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transport
andchemiosmosis
about 26 or 28 ATP 2 ATP 2 ATP
About30 or 32 ATPMaximum per glucose:
MITOCHONDRION
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Figure 7.15a
Electron shuttlesspan membrane
2 NADH
2 FADH2
or
2 NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose 2Pyruvate
2 ATP
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Figure 7.15b
2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH2
Citricacidcycle
Pyruvateoxidation
2 Acetyl CoA
2 ATP
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Figure 7.15c
2 NADH
2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH2
2 FADH2
or
Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transport
andchemiosmosis
about 26 or 28 ATP
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Figure 7.15d
Maximum per glucose:About
30 or 32 ATP
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Figure 7.16
2 ADP 2 2 ATPPi
Glucose Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate
2 CO22 NADH
2 H
2 NAD
2 Ethanol
(a) Alcohol fermentation
2 Acetaldehyde
(b) Lactic acid fermentation
2 Lactate
2 NADH 2 H
2 NAD
2 Pyruvate
Glycolysis
2 ATP2 ADP 2 Pi
Glucose
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Figure 7.16a
2 ADP 2 2 ATPPi
Glucose Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate
2 CO22 NADH
2 H
2 NAD
2 Ethanol
(a) Alcohol fermentation
2 Acetaldehyde
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Figure 7.16b
2 ADP 2 2 ATPPi
Glucose Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate
2 NADH 2 H
2 NAD
(b) Lactic acid fermentation
2 Lactate
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Figure 7.17Glucose
CYTOSOLGlycolysis
Pyruvate
O2 present:
Aerobic cellular respiration
No O2 present:
Fermentation
Ethanol,lactate, or
other products
Acetyl CoA
Citricacidcycle
MITOCHONDRION
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Figure 7.18-1
Proteins
Aminoacids
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Fats
Glycerol Fattyacids
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Figure 7.18-2
Proteins
Aminoacids
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Glucose
Glycolysis
Glyceraldehyde 3-
Pyruvate
P
NH3
Fats
Glycerol Fattyacids
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Figure 7.18-3
Proteins
Aminoacids
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Glucose
Glycolysis
Glyceraldehyde 3-
Pyruvate
P
Acetyl CoA
NH3
Fats
Glycerol Fattyacids
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Figure 7.18-4
Proteins
Aminoacids
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Glucose
Glycolysis
Glyceraldehyde 3-
Pyruvate
P
Acetyl CoA
Citricacidcycle
NH3
Fats
Glycerol Fattyacids
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Figure 7.18-5
Proteins
Aminoacids
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Glucose
Glycolysis
Glyceraldehyde 3-
Pyruvate
P
Acetyl CoA
Citricacidcycle
NH3
Fats
Glycerol Fattyacids
Oxidativephosphorylation
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Figure 7.UN01
becomes oxidized(loses electron)
becomes reduced(gains electron)
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Figure 7.UN02
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
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Figure 7.UN03
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
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Figure 7.UN04
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Figure 7.UN05
Glycolysis (color-coded teal throughout the chapter)
Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle(color-coded salmon)
1.
Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport andchemiosmosis (color-coded violet)
2.
3.
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Figure 7.UN06
Glycolysis Pyruvateoxidation
Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation
ATP ATP ATP
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Figure 7.UN07
Glycolysis Pyruvateoxidation
Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation
ATP ATP ATP
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Figure 7.UN08
Glycolysis Pyruvateoxidation
Oxidativephosphorylation
ATP ATP ATP
Citricacidcycle
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Figure 7.UN09
Glycolysis Pyruvateoxidation
Citricacidcycle
Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transportand chemiosmosis
ATP ATP ATP
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Figure 7.UN10a
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Figure 7.UN10b
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Figure 7.UN11
Inputs
GlucoseGlycolysis
2 Pyruvate 2
Outputs
ATP NADH 2
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Figure 7.UN12
Inputs
2 Pyruvate 2 Acetyl CoA
2 OxaloacetateCitricacidcycle
Outputs
ATP
CO2
2
6 2
8 NADH
FADH2
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Figure 7.UN13a
Proteincomplexof electroncarriers
INTERMEMBRANESPACE
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX(carrying electrons from food)
NADH NAD
FADH2FAD
Cyt c
Q
I
II
III
IV
2 H ½O2 H2O
H
HH
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Figure 7.UN13b
INTER-MEMBRANESPACE
MITO-CHONDRIALMATRIX
ATPsynthase
ATPADP H
H
Pi
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Figure 7.UN14
Time
pH
dif
fere
nce
acro
ss m
emb
ran
e