Plan

Introduction

CHAPTER I. Written Translation1.1 The characteristic features of written translation1.2 Types of written translationCHAPTER II. Oral Translation2.1 The characteristic features of oral translation2.2 Types of oral translationCHAPTER III. Comparative analysis of written and oral types of translation3.1 Similarities and differences 3.2 Advantages and disadvantages

ConclusionReferencesAppendix

Introduction

When you stop and think about it, everything in life is translation. We translate our feelings into actions. When we put anything into words, we translate our thoughts. Every physical action is a translation from one state to another. Translating from one language into another is only the most obvious form of an activity which is perhaps the most common of all human activities.Translation in the formal sense deals with human language, the most common yet the most complex and hallowed of human functions. Language is what makes us who we are. Language can work miracles. Language can kill, and language can heal. Transmitting meaning from one language to another brings people together, helps them share each other’s culture, benefit from each other’s experience, and makes them aware of how much they all have in common.The word translation derives from the Latin translatio which itself comes from trans- and  fero, the supine form of which is latum, together meaning "to carry across" or "to bring)The process of turning an original or "source" text into a text in another language is called translation.Translation is a means of interlingual communication. The translator makes possible an exchange of information between the users of different languages by producing in the target language (TL or the translating language) a text which has an identical communicative value with the source (or original) text (ST).

The purpose of the present work is to define the basic characteristic features of written and oral types of translation.Objectives:

To give the definition to the notion “translation”;To characterize the types of written and oral translation;To find out the difference between written and oral translation;To define the basic characteristic features of written and oral types of translation

This course paper consists of three chapters. The first chapter describes the written translation, its types and main features. The second chapter describes oral translation, its types and main features. In the third chapter there is a comparative analysis of written and oral types of translation.

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CHAPTER I. Written Translation1.1 The characteristic features of written translation

Written translation is a reproduction of the content of the original text by means of the language of translation, in written form.Many people believe that translation is an easy thing and all we have to do is to change words from the source text into the equivalent words of a target text. However, this is not true since some phrases, if translated literally, would make no sense. Translation is a very complicated process which has to consider many factors - the genre and the style of the original text, the translator's competence, the timeline allocated to the project and many more. There is a great number of useful translation tips available online and offline, yet every translator has their own reliable methods and techniques, built on expertise and time. There are the essential translation tips that can come in handy for written translation.Written translation is completely different from any other type of translation. As a rule, there is no need to react instantly – translator can take his time, think, choose a better variant, use a dictionary, consult a specialist, etc. Like any other translation it should convey the meaning and the music of the source language. Also, you need to be very accurate with the language and give proper way to stylistic features.Required skills for the translator:

1. Professionalism: Ethics are very important in translation. You need to know when to preserve confidentiality, and when to refuse a job because you are not competent to do it, unlike this linguist.

2. Networking skills: People think translation is a solitary activity but in fact translators often work in virtual teams, revising each others' work or sharing big projects. Project managers have to manage big teams of translators. Freelancers have to meet and attract clients. People skills and playing well with others are a must!

3. Attention to detail: There's a bit of the pedant in all translators. If translator has ever ground your teeth when he sees a wrongly used apostrophe this profession might be for you! Translators need great revising and proofreading skills.

4. Flexibility/adaptability: Translation is a fast-changing profession and translators have to be prepared to pick up new skills and offer new services such as transcription, copywriting, post-editing.

5. Organisational skills: Translation is a very deadline-driven profession. You need to be able to meet deadlines and organise your time effectively. Initiative is important, too.

6. Writing skills: This is extremely important. Translators are professional writers. For this, you need to know your own language perfectly: grammar, vocabulary, style. Reading voraciously helps, and so will writing practice such as blogging, student journalism, creative writing. Even the little things like spelling are important. Spelling is really important for translators; bad spelling can give a really bad impression to clients.

7. General knowledge: General knowledge is very important for translators. It can help you pick up mistakes in texts. This translator watches the news every morning because current affairs may come up in the work.

8. Analytical skills: Translators are the best readers that a text will ever have. They need advanced analytical skills to understand how the source text works, so that they can reproduce this in their translation.

9. Research skills: Translators may get very different texts to translate from one day to the next and may have to pick up specialised vocabulary quickly. A translator learns where to find out about cereal and cylinder heads , fish and foot and mouth disease. People may find themselves 'phoning a friend' too!

10. Subject knowledge: Any skills you have can be turned into specialised subject knowledge to help you. It might be law, medicine or mechanics, but it could also be a personal hobby, such as a sport.

11. Curiosity: Curiosity is one of the best attributes you can have as a translator. It will help you to learn new skills, research unfamiliar subjects, look up unfamiliar words you come across, spot potential problems with translation jobs and really get to the heart of what your clients want.

12. Excellent knowledge of the foreign language: Translators need to be able to read widely and easily in your foreign language and understand not only what it says, but what it really means – not always the same thing! Lots of practice reading, watching TV and films, listening to radio in your foreign language(s) will help.

13. IT skills: Translation is a very IT-driven profession these days; translators use email and a wide range of general and specialised software for word processing, file formatting and translation memory retrieval. Software develops fast, and translators need to be able to keep up

14. Good cultural awareness: This is very important. Language isn't just about language but also culture. There's a big difference between the 'banlieue' [suburb] in France and 'suburbs' in the UK. In France the 'banlieue' are often associated with poverty, social housing and deprivation. Even though it's technically not the 'real' meaning, 'banlieue' might be better translated by 'inner city' in English.

15. Love of reading: Translators are professional writers who need to be able to write well. Wide reading is a must for developing really good writing style. Read good novels, good-quality journalism (great for your general knowledge too), history, popular science – the more, the merrier. Some translators even get paid for reading books for publishers and commenting on whether they would be worth translating.

A competent translator is not only bilingual but bicultural. A language is not merely a collection of words and of rules of grammar and syntax for generating sentences, but also a vast interconnecting system of connotations and cultural references whose mastery, writes linguist Mario Pei, "comes close to being a lifetime job." When performing multi-page written translations, the translator should work in contact with customers to ensure uniform terminology of the documents translated, and compile corporate glossaries for each customer. These glossaries ensure the consistency of translation and adherence to the terminology conventional for a customer company.The most important translation tips are as follows:

Translate meaning not words!Rely on your wits and savvy - it can prove to be helpful when translating a difficult textAsk a specialist or a native speaker to proofread your translation so that it sounds naturalNever accept a project which you know is not within your abilitiesSkills and translation expertise come with time - remember it!Language nuances do matter when making a professional translationA good translation is worth taking time for!The way documents are organized in one country may not be understood in anotherEmulate the original style of the author, be it humorous, wordy, with colloquial or scientific language, etc

1.2 Types of written translationWritten translation is divided into sub-categories depending on the genre of the text being translated such as literary and informative translation.

1)Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary texts, the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas, to inform the reader.Informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at achieving an aesthetic effect. Within each group further gradations can be made to bring out more specific problems in literary or informative translation.

A number of subdivisions can be also suggested for informative translations, though the principles of classification here are somewhat different. Here we may single out translations of scientific and technical texts, of newspaper materials, of official papers and some other types of texts such as public speeches, political and propaganda materials, advertisements, etc, which are, so to speak, intermediate, in that there is a certain balance between the expressive and referential functions, between reasoning and emotional appeal.Translation of scientific and technical materials has a most important role to play in our age of the revolutionary technical progress. There is hardly a translator today who has not to deal with technical matters. Even the "purely" literary translator often comes across highly technical stuff in works of fiction or even in poetry. An in-depth theoretical study of the specific features of technical translation is an urgent task of translation linguistics while training of technical translators is a major practical problem.In technical translation the main goal is to identify the situation described in the original. The predominance of the referential function is a great challenge to the translator who must have a good command of the technical terms and a sufficient understanding of the subject matter to be able to give an adequate description of the situation even if this is not fully achieved in the original. The technical translator is also expected to observe the stylistic requirements of scientific and technical materials to make text acceptable to the specialist. 2)Literary translation deals with fiction or poetry whose main function is to make an emotional and aesthetic effect upon the reader, which should be preserved in translation. Literary works fall into a number of genres, subdivided into that of prose, poetry and drama.It is a very responsible challenge to translate a literary text, which is a difficult and many-sided process. First and foremost, the translator should possess a large vocabulary in the original language. The notion of literary translation itself presupposes creative approach. At the same time, the translator is responsible for the quality of a translated literary text, and it is very important to preserve the message that the author tried to convey. The resulting text should correspond to the original as fully as possible.

CHAPTER II. Oral Translation2.1 The characteristic features of oral translation

Interpreting is the oral rendering of spoken or signed communication from one language into another.The difference, however, between written and oral translation consists in the fact that interpreting, i.e. oral translation is done "live" and - as the name suggests - orally. Interpreting is required for presentation, lectures and trainings, as well as in other situations where the Speaker and the Recipient do not communicate in the same language. Interpreting - simultaneous, consecutive and whispering - is considered to be the most difficult type of translation. To achieve great results in this domain, an interpreter is expected toa) have a high level of competence in different areas b) understand and critically analyse the translated informationc) know how to highlight the key elements in the textd) constantly enrich their professional vocabulary, etc. The personal features of an interpreter - such as a quick reaction, clear articulation, and bright mind - are also of great importance.An interpreter must be able to translate in both directions on the spot, without using dictionaries or other supplemental reference materials. Depending on the context, interpreters are often called upon to provide bidirectional conversions – that is, from language 1 into language 2 and from language 2 into language 1 – in the moment. Interpreters must have extraordinary listening abilities, especially for simultaneous interpreting. Simultaneous interpreters need to process and memorize the words that the source-language speaker is saying now, while simultaneously outputting in the target language the translation of words the speaker said 5-10 seconds ago. Interpreters must also possess excellent public speaking skills and the intellectual capacity to instantly transform idioms, colloquialisms and other culturally-specific references into analogous statements the target audience will understand. Interpreting, just like translation, is fundamentally the art of paraphrasing—the interpreter listens to a speaker in one language, grasps the content of what is being said, and then paraphrases his or her understanding of the meaning using the tools of the target language. However, just as you can not explain a thought to someone if you did not fully understand that thought, neither can you translate or interpret something without mastery of the subject matter being relayed.

The most essential interpretation tips are as follows:

In advance familiarize yourself with the topic of the speechNote down main points of the speech - it'll help you when interpretingTranslate and clarify the meaning of special terms and key words prior to interpreting

Establish friendly relations between you and the speaker at a consecutive translationRemember to pronounce words distinctly and clearlyProduce a brief summary at the end of the speech - it helps to clarify conclusionsReact quickly and be ready to work under pressureEnjoy what you are doing ..:-) there won't be a second chanceTransmit a clear message to the target audience

2.2 Types of oral translation

There are two types of interpreting - depending on the purpose, form and size of the target group:1) Consecutive interpreting which is most often provided during workshops and working meetings for smaller groups. During consecutive translation the Speaker, after a closed phrase makes a pause and the translator renders the meaning in the target language.Interpreting requirements – depending on the type of interpreting one is engaged in – can range from simple, general conversation, to highly technical exposes and discussions. In consecutive translation the translating starts after the original speech or some part of it has been completed. Here the interpreter's strategy and the final results depend, to a great extent, on the length of the segment to be translated. If the segment is just a sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech. As often as not, however, the interpreter is expected to translate a long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer. In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and keep them in mind until he begins his translation. To make this possible the interpreter has to take notes of the original messages, various systems of notation having been suggested for the purpose. The study of, and practice in, such notation is the integral part of the interpreter's training as are special exercises to develop his memory.Sometimes the interpreter is set a time limit to give his rendering, which means that he will have to reduce his translation considerably, selecting and reproducing the most important parts of the original and dispensing with the rest. This implies the ability to make a judgment on the relative value of various messages and to generalize or compress the received information. The interpreter must obviously be a good and quick-witted thinker.

2) Simultaneous interpreting (in other words: conference translation) where the interpreter performs the translation "live" - the interpreter renders the message in the target-language as quickly as he or she can formulate it from the source language, while the source-language speaker continuously speaks. This type of interpreting requires specialized equipment - the interpreter, sitting in a sound-proof booth, speaks into a microphone, while clearly seeing and hearing the source-language speaker via earphones. The recipients can see and hear the Speaker speaking in the original language, while simultaneous interpretation is rendered to the target-language listeners via their earphones. As this type of

translation is much more difficult and more demanding of the interpreter, there are always two interpreters who switch at the microphone. This type of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic problems, both of theoretical and practical nature. Simultaneous interpretation may be required for such things as business or professional conferences, training seminars, or presentations. A simultaneous interpretation longer than two hours requires at least two interpreters to allow for rest periods.Apart from these two types of interpreting - consecutive interpreting and simultaneous interpreting - there are also other types of interpreting services.One of such types is whispered interpreting (chuchotage, in French). Whispered interpreting consist usually in a situation, where the interpreter accompanies the target-language audience - one person or a small group - whilst whispering a simultaneous interpretation - both what is said to or around the audience and the messages given by the group that the interpreter is assisting. In other words - whispered interpreting is a comprehensive service allowing the Client to have full and undisturbed communication "with the foreign-language world around him". Whispered interpreting is usually assured for international business partners, tours or expert groups to ensure their full and free communication.Written text interpreting. Oral translation of a written text is called sight translation or translation-at-sight. In this case not spoken text is interpreted, instead, the source-language text is read from sheet and interpretation is given orally.

CHAPTER III. Comparative analysis of written and oral types of translation3.1 Similarities and differences

Similarities

Similarity Based on Principle As long as one views a translation as a transfer of idea and thought from SL to TL, then all kinds of translations bear the same principle; originality. Many statements are similar to Theodore Savory’s statement that a translation must give the words and the idea of original. More carefully, Newmark considers that the main aim of the translator is to produce as nearly as possible the same effect on his reader as was produced on the readers of the original. Newmark emphasizes as nearly as possible because there are difficulties to fully transfer cross culture meanings, stylistic language – poetry for instance, contexts where the source language belong to, and so forth. These statements imply that the job of both written translator and oral translator is only mediation between the SL texts to TL texts. The translator duty is only to transfer message, meaning of the SL into TL by producing the same effect of the SL to TL as nearly as possible even though to some extents of both written and oral text natures, there will be some difficulties in their respective translations. Similarity Based on Process Basically, both written and oral translation will take the same process. The translator first will face the original source, and then he will do the translation to the target language. While in written text, the translator gets the source written text, the interpreter listens to the speech that he will translate into speech also. Bassnet uses Nida’s model to illustrate the translation process as (1) Analysis, (2) transfer, (3) Restructuring. As the translator deals with the SL text, he does analysis on lexical meaning and syntactical structure of the text to catch the text content. The translator then transfers the text content he has understood to the target text by restructuring the content so that the content can be fully accepted and be understood in the target language. In the analysis stage, the translator will deal with verbal signs; either words, phrase, and clauses in written text or utterance and syllables in oral one. While the translator will catch non-verbal signs or supra-segmental elements such as punctuation, exclamation and question marks, full stop, comma and so on in written text, he will catch intonation, pitch, or gesture in oral text. Besides transferring verbal signs correctly, the translator should also be able to transfer those non-verbal signs to the target language. Transferring and restructuring both verbal and non verbal languages require not only a good understanding but also good knowledge background of both languages involved in the translation. He must also master the knowledge backgrounds of cultures belonging to both SL and TL and even science on certain texts to produce well accepted translations. Hence, Bell suggests three competences; ideal bilingual

competence, expertise, and communicative competence. A translator(interpreter) must master all these three competences at once along his translating process.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WRITTEN AND ORAL TRANSLATION

Even though both deal with putting texts into a different language, written translation and interpretation differ in various aspects. The most evident differences among others are:Recorded or notInterpreter interprets once and nobody will hear, read or analyse it again. Written translation, however, is recorded, it can be repeatedly read, amended, analysed, retranslated, etc.ToolsInterpreter’s tools are mainly the source text and his or her own knowledge, while it is also important to guess what the speaker might say next. Translator, however, can use various dictionaries, other texts on the same subject and also expert advice and instructions. As the time for contemplation is very scarce in the case of simultaneous interpreting, interpreters may fall into difficulties when trying to convey e.g. jokes or idioms, as the detection of equivalents may require more time that is available in the interpretation process.Time for contemplationSimultaneous and whispered interpreting leaves minimum time to think, one must react immediately when the speaker has begun a sentence. Consecutive interpreting offers a bit more time, for interpreting is slightly delayed. Written translation provides as much time as stipulated by the deadline, and, as a rule, translator has time to go over the translation.Team workThis only applies to simultaneous interpretation where each booth has two or three interpreters that help each other if necessary. Translators, however, mostly work alone, although they may consult with specialists, etc.Client feedbackIn case of interpretation client is present and able to comment after interpretation on the merits and drawbacks of specific interpretation. In the case of translation the feedback does not occur immediately, and it may happen that client gives no feedback at all.

3.2 Advantages and disadvantagesThe advantages of oral communicationThere are many advantages that come along with oral communication. Below are some of the most common advantages associated with this form of communication:

Oral communication makes way for instant feedback, unlike some other forms of communications which do not provide this. The instant feedback associated with oral communication allows for decisions to made very quickly without any delays.

Oral communication is one of the most effective means of communication. Oral communication is very easy and simple. Also it avoids time wasting. Another great advantage of the oral communication is the fact that it is very

good when it comes to the transmission of very private and confidential information. One can rely on oral communication safely transfer certain confidential information.

Oral communication can be a relatively cheaper means of communication than other means of communication since it can be achieved without the need of travelling to communicate with people outside the organization. A mere telephone call can be used instead of travelling.

Oral communication is particularly good when one wants to persuade or motivate people into doing something.

Oral communication can be quite flexible in the sense that one can easily identify his or her mistakes and correct them.

The disadvantages of oral communicationJust like everything in this world that has an advantage must also have a disadvantage, oral communication also has some disadvantages. They are as follows:

Unlike other means of communication, oral communication leaves behind no permanent record, which could later pose problems in the future.

Things such as background noise could interfere during the transmission of information and render the information ineffective.

Another disadvantage of the oral communication is the fact that if the speaker is not a good speaker then an effective transmission of information might not take place. A speaker that is not good would speak with little or no confidence and be unable to provide clear and concise speech.

The last but not least problem with oral communication is the fact that the receiver might misunderstand the information being transmitted.

Advantages of Written Communication One of the biggest advantages of written communication is the fact that it

allows for permanent records, which is something other means of communication such as oral communication do not have.

Written communication strengthens and clarifies a verbal message. Because it allows for permanent records, it is good for making references.

Written communication can be very useful as a defense during legal issues. Written communication is more reliable than oral communication. A written

and signed document carries more weight and validity than spoken words. Written communication is more precise than other means of communication. Written communication, because of its form can be stored for analysis to be

made in order for one to get a better understanding of the message it contains. The last but not least advantage of written communication is the fact that it

can be easily disseminated to recipients that are in different locations.Disadvantages of written communicationBelow are some of the disadvantages associated with the written communication:

Unlike other forms of communication, written communication can take a considerable amount of time to produce.

Written communication is sometimes limited to people who have sight. Blind people or the visually impaired, for instance cannot receive certain types of written communication. For example, a blind man cannot receive information from a poster or notice.

Written communications are also not flexible. It is a very rigid means of communication.

With written communication feedback is not immediate. Feedback is a very important thing in every organization, which is why a delay in receiving feedback can result in certain unfavorable issues such as slowing down the decision making process.

Poor writing skills can hamper the effectiveness of the written communication. If the writer cannot write effectively then there is a high likelihood that a lot of people are going to misunderstand the message being sent. This can be a very negative thing for any organization and can come with a great deal of severe ramifications.

Another disadvantage of the written communication is that it is time consuming and can be very expensive to produce and to disseminate.

Some illiterates or people who cannot read and write very well will have it pretty difficult getting and understanding the information or message contained within a written means of communication.

ConclusionOral and written translation play very important part in the world. The modern world is very various. Each country, each nation and its culture differ from each other; they possess the specific features which are interesting to other people. And at the same time the world at the present stage is very dynamic. Nowadays great value is paid to interaction between the countries: economic, political and cultural. Only due to multilateral rapprochement of the countries the creation of the world community on the equal rights for all nations and open international cooperation is possible. In realization of this important affair it is certainly impossible to dispense without the interpreter’s and translator’s services which becomes the peculiar bridge between the countries.During studying this work we tried to define the basic characteristic features of written and oral types of translation. We have done it by finding salvation to the following tasks:

1) We gave the definition to the notion “translation”;

2) We found out the difference between written and oral translation;

3) We characterized the types of written and oral translation;

4) We defined the basic characteristic features of written and oral types of

translation;

As we have known, there two types of translation: written and oral. As the names suggest, in written translation the source text is in written form, as is the target text. In oral translation or interpretation the interpreter listens to the oral presentation of the original and translates it as an oral message in TL. As a result, in the first case the Receptor of the translation can read it while in the second case he hears it.

References

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3) Komissarov V.N. Introducing modern Translation Studies. - Moscow, 2001.

4)http://www.homeenglish.ru/Articlestypesoftranslation\htm

5)http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/translation/articles/types.html

6)https://www.onehourtranslation.com/translation/blog/types-translation

7)http://nptel.ac.in/courses/109104050/lecture4/4_5.htm

8)https://www.alsintl.com/blog/translate-vs-interpret/