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UN Working Group MeetingsKyoto, Japan 9 – 11 November 2009

T2 Ad Hoc Team ProposalT2 Ad Hoc Team Proposal

UN Working Group Meetings9 – 11 November 2009

Kyoto, Japan

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T2 Ad Hoc TeamT2 Ad Hoc Team

Team Leader – Marc Boolish (Energizer)

Team Members– Angie Crane: Altairnano– Gary Drew: Sanyo– Ronald Elder: Chrysler– George Kerchner: PRBA– Mike Sink: Saft

Drafted Team Member– Charlie Monahan: Panasonic

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ProposalsProposals

1. Mass loss table categories

2. Temperature transition time3. Maximum temperature4. Number of test cycles (clarification)5. No longer test time for large format

battery types

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Mass M of cell or battery

Mass loss limit

M < 1 g 0.5%1 g < M < 5 g 0.2%

M ≥ 5 g 0.1%

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Mass Loss Table CategoriesMass Loss Table CategoriesProposal 1


Mass loss limit

M < 1 g 0.5%1 g < M < 5 g 0.2%

M ≥ 5 g 0.1%

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There are many batteries that exceed 5 gSome types exceed 1 kgPer the Paris minutes, we were to review the categories and make proposal(s)– Focus on the middle category– Perform Lower Explosion Limit (LEL) calculations

Existing Mass Loss Limits

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Lithium Battery UniverseLithium Battery Universe

Natural Division

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Proposal 1

Example: There are 5 different battery offerings from these 6 companies that weigh 18 grams

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Lower Explosion LimitLower Explosion LimitReview Items

Volumes of:– Unit load devices (ULD’s)– Cargo holds

Battery weight in cargoLower explosion limits of electrolytesCalculations using Ideal Gas Law

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Proposal 1

LD-3

LD-8

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Weight Loss to Reach Lower Explosion LimitWeight Loss to Reach Lower Explosion Limit

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Proposal 1

Battery Type Energizer L92 AAA Lithium Height (mm) 44.5

Chemistry Lithium Iron Disulfide Diameter (mm) 10.5Battery Weight 7.6 grams Volume (m3) 3.85131E-06Battery Volume 3.85131E-06 cubic metersElectrolyte DME/Dioxolane mixtureLower Explosive Limit (LEL)* 1.90 %Molecular Weight Electrolyte* 78.97 g/mol

Electrolyte partial pressure at LEL 0.019367992 atmTotal Container Pressure at LEL 1.019367992 atm

Cargo Area Main Deck Forward Aft Bulk CompartmentEmpty Volume (m3) 259 63 21 22.6Void Volume (15% Volume) m3 38.85 9.45 3.15 3.39Battery Volume (85% Volume) m3 220.15 53.55 17.85 19.21Total batteries in shipment 57162396 13904367 4634789 4987916Total battery weight (kg) 434434.2093 105673.186 35224.39535 37908.1588Maximum permitted weight (kg) 41500 25175 9250 6750Total batteries at max weight 5460526 3312500 1217105 888158Volume batteries at max weight (m3) 21.03 12.76 4.687447389 3.420569716New Void Volume (m3)** 237.97 50.24 16.31255261 19.17943028Use Ideal Gas Law PV=nRT Total Pressure (P) (atm) 1.019367992 1.019367992 1.019367992 1.019367992Total Volume (V) (m3) 237.97 50.24 16.31 19.18R value (m3 x atm/mol x K) 0.00008205 0.00008205 0.00008205 0.00008205Temperature (21C) in K 294 294 294 294 Moles Electrolyte at LEL (n) 10056.03968 2123.130453 689.3297184 810.4771577Grams Electrolyte at LEL 794125.4535 167663.6119 54436.36786 64003.38115Grams per battery at LEL 0.145430204 0.05061543 0.044726097 0.072063066 Percentage of battery weight 1.91355531 0.6659925 0.588501274 0.948198239

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Proposal 1

Cargo Area Main DeckEmpty Volume (m3) 259Void Volume (15% Volume) m3 38.85Battery Volume (85% Volume) m3 220.15Total batteries in shipment 57,162,396Total battery weight (kg) 434,434.2093Maximum permitted weight (kg) 41,500Total batteries at max weight 5,460,526Volume batteries at max weight (m3) 21.03New Void Volume (m3)** 237.97Use Ideal Gas Law PV=nRT Total Pressure (P) (atm) 1.019367992Total Volume (V) (m3) 237.97R value (m3 x atm/mol x K) 0.00008205Temperature (21C) in K 294 Moles Electrolyte at LEL (n) 10,056.03968Grams Electrolyte at LEL 794,125.4535Grams per battery at LEL 0.145430204 Percentage of battery weight 1.91355531

7.6 g

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Chemistry Size

Weight Loss (%) of Every Cell to Reach LEL

Unit Load Devices 747C Cargo Hold

IATA AAF / US LD-26

IATA AKE / US LD-3 Main Deck Forward Aft

Bulk Compartment

LiMnO2Largest 355 g 0.63 0.83 2.17 0.75 0.66 1.07

Smallest 0.6 g 0.71 0.9 2.25 0.83 0.74 1.15

LiFeS2

Largest 32 g 0.56 0.73 1.91 0.67 0.58 0.94

Smallest 7.6 g 0.56 0.73 1.91 0.67 0.59 0.95

LiSOCl2

Largest 1 kg

Non-flammable electrolyte

Smallest7 g

LiSO2

Largest 3 kg

Smallest 8 g

Lithium Ion18650 Average 45.5 g 0.80 1.03 2.61 0.94 0.84 1.32

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Proposal 1

Every single cell in a maximum weight shipment would have to lose 1.91% weight to reach the LELEvery single cell in a maximum weight shipment would have to lose 1.91% weight to reach the LEL

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Mass Loss Table CategoriesMass Loss Table CategoriesPreferred Proposal


Mass loss limit

M < 1 g 0.5%1 g < M < 5 g 0.2%

M ≥ 5 g 0.1%


Mass loss limit

Any Size 0.25%

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Proposal 1

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Mass Loss Table CategoriesMass Loss Table Categories

Concerns expressed on 0.25% for batteries less than 1 g.

Largest cells have less issue with 0.1%.

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Proposal 1

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Mass Loss Table CategoriesMass Loss Table Categories


Mass loss limit

M < 1 g 0.5%

M ≥ 1 g 0.25%


Mass loss limit

M < 1 g 0.5%1 g ≤ M < 75 g 0.2%

M ≥ 75 g 0.1%

Alternate Consideration 1

Alternate Consideration 2

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Proposal 1

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Temperature Transition TimeTemperature Transition TimeProposal 2

Difficulty moving temperature chambers from hot to cold or reverseHeat / cold sinks – batteries in chambersMultiple chamber use Larger batteries and moving equipmentOperator exposure protectionActual temperature transition in airplanes– Closer to 1 hour in simulations

30 minutes 60 minutes

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Temperature Transition Time ExperimentTemperature Transition Time Experiment

Nalgene HDPE Bottle– Cold temperature extreme of -100°C– Melting point of 130 – 137°C

Bubble Wrap– Flash point above 260°C– Melting point = 93°C

Thermocouple placed inside bottle and ovenT2 test performed (no batteries)

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Proposal 2

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Temperature Transition Time ExperimentTemperature Transition Time Experiment

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Proposal 2

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Temperature Transition Time ExperimentTemperature Transition Time ExperimentClose-up of Each Cycle

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Proposal 2

60 minutes is much more realistic

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Maximum TemperatureMaximum TemperatureProposal 3

Avoids nuisance issues without significant change

Activation of thermal safety devices Distortion of battery cases/componentsElectrolyte boilingInsulating label damage.

75º C 70º C

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Cycle ClarificationCycle ClarificationProposal 4

Occasional confusion with test labs and regulators on 10 vs 11 cycles

Clarifying 10 cycles– No change or effect on test– Makes requirement perfectly clear for all readers

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Extra Exposure Time for Large CellsExtra Exposure Time for Large CellsProposal 5

Eliminate the requirement

Transport is identical for all batteries regardless of sizeNew UN Subcommittee definition (> 12 g) significantly narrows differences between large and small batteries. Longer test time– Two different shifts running each cycle– Dramatic additional cost

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T2 – If Proposals AcceptedT2 – If Proposals Accepted

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Thank You

ありがとうございます。

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-40°c 70°c °c un working group meetings kyoto, japan 9 – 11 november 2009 t2 ad hoc team...

Documents

battery mass loss limit

group meetings kyoto

battery weight7

battery volume3

weight loss

team proposal

total volume v

different battery offerings