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fertilizer سماد modern farming الحديثة الزراعةfertile خصب add يضيفgenetically modified وراثيا معدل attack / هجوم يهاجمorganic عضوى organic food عضوى طعامnon-organic عضوى غير food prices الغذاء أسعارpesticide اآلفات مبيد global warming الحرارى االحتباسspray يرش invention اختراعagriculture الزراعة taste طعم له يكونingredients مكونات produce ينتجripen ينضج production انتاجrot يتعفن exercise تمارين يمارس

رياضيةrotten متعفن cell خليةseeds بذور living thing حى كائنstarvation / الموت مجاعة

جوعاdevelop يطور

starve جوعا يموت development / تطوير تنميةmodify يعدل decay / يتعفن يتحللmodification تعديل hunter صيادgenetics الوراثة علم nuts الجوزcarbohydrate الكربوهيدرات collect يجمعfat دهن notice يالحظprotein بروتبن contain على يحتوىpoisonous سام high yield االنتاج عالىchemicals كيماوية مواد seeds بذورgenes جينات roots جذورgenetic / وراثى جينى laboratory معملgenetic engineering وراثية هندسة wild plants برية نباتاتmodern technology التكنولوجيا

الحديثةdestroy / يتلف يدمر

crops محاصيل surprisingly مذهلة بصورةsoil تربة hunt يصطادgenetic structure الوراثى التركيب stem الزهرة ساقimprove يحسن form شكلdisease resistant للمرض مقاوم remove يزيلorganic farming العضوية الزراعة modern science الحديث العلمfarm / مزرعة يزرع remote بعيدmethod طريقة long-term االجل طويلchemicals كيماوية مواد sort / type / kind نوع

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substance مادة guarantee يضمنinsects حشرات genetic modification وراثى تعديلdamage / تلف / يضر يتلف

/ ضررcultivation الزراعة

quantity / amount كمية irrigation الرىquality / جودة نوعية country borders الدولة حدودstream / يسيل ماء مجرى

/ يتدفقrestrictions قيود

flood / فيضان يفيض healthy food صحى طعامnatural طبيعى label ملصقة أو بطاقة

صغيرةnormal عادى reference books مراجع كتبsuppose يفترض frequently غالباfast food سريعة وجبة regularly بانتظامdiet خاص نظام

للتغذيةenergy طاقة

vitamins فيتامينات butter الزبدpoison السم pasta )كأنواع العجائن

المكرونة(consumption االستهالك potential تطور احتمال

Prepositions, Idioms & Expressions

harmful to لـ ضار do damage to لـ تلف يسبب

put genes into فى جينات يضع bring down / يخفض يقلل

spray with ) مادة باستخدام يرش ( معينة harmful to لـ ضار

poisonous for لـ سام express opinion on / about في رأي عن يعبر

be concerned ( to + inf ) بـ مهتم be concerned with + ( N ) بـ مهتم

smile at لـ يبتسم lie to علي يكذب

put genes into plants النباتات في جينات يضع bring down يقلل

come round يزور resistant to لـ مقاوم

life on earth األرض علي الحياة lead to إلي يؤدي

experiment on/with علي تجربة يجري rich in بـ غني

genetically modified جينيا معدل long – term changes المدى على تغييرات البعيد

genetic engineering وراثية هندسة tastes sweet حلو مذاق ذو

Antonyms عكسها و كلمات

Word Antonym

natural طبيعى unnatural طبيعى غيرorganic عضوى non-organic عضوى غيرhealthy صحى unhealthy صحى غيرfertile خصب infertile خصب غيرdangerous خطير safe آمن

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Derivatives المشتقات

Verb Noun Adjectivegene جيناتgenetics الوراثة علم

genetic وراثى

ripen ينضج ripe ناضجrot يتعفن rotting التعفن rotten متعفنmodify يعدل modification تعديل modified معدلstarve جوعا يموت starvation جوعا الموت starving شديد جوع من يعانىfertilize يسمد fertilizer سماد fertilized سماد له مضاف

swine flu (swine flu (HH1N1)1N1) أنفلونزاالخنازير

vaccinevaccine مصل

epidemicepidemic the backbonethe backbone وباء الفقري العمودdigestive systemdigestive system الجهاز

الهضميrespiratory systemrespiratory system الجهاز

التنفسيcirculatory systemcirculatory system الجهاز

الدوريnervous systemnervous system العصبي الجهاز

skeletonskeleton عظمي هيكل intensive careintensive care المركزة العنايةsamplesample عينة complicationscomplications / مضاعفات

تعقيداتglandgland غدة feverfever الحمي

Fertile خصب Fertile land or soil produces plenty of good crops.Organic عضوى Using farming methods that don‘t use chemicals which are

harmful to environment ,or produced by these methods.Pesticide األفات مبيد A chemical substance used to kill insects that damage

crops.Spray يرش To make liquid come out of a container in a stream of very

small drops .Gene جين A part of a cell of a living thing which controls what it will be

like and how it will develop ,which is passed from parent to child .

Genetic engineeringالوراثية الهندسة

The work of changing the genetic structure of crops or animals to improve them.

Ingredient مكونات

One of the things in which a kind of food is made .

Seed بذرة A small hard hard thing produced by plants that a new land will grow from .

Starvation مجاعةWhen someone becomes ill or dies as they don’t have enough food to eat .

Fertilizerسماد A thing that farmers put on soil to help plants to grow.Rot يتعفن To decay or make something decay .Protein بروتين A substance in food such as meat , and eggs that helps

the body to grow and be healthy .Ripen ينضج Be ready to eat

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Fatدهون A substance contained in food such as milk , cheese , butter …etc

Language Notes

ingredient compounds elements mixture components

ingredient ( شئ) مقومات ـ مقاديرCoconut is a basic ingredient for many curries.

She has got the essential ingredients for success.

compounds ( كيميائى) مركبCommon salt is a compound of sodium and chlorine.

elements قليل مقدار ـ عنصرCustomer relations is an important element in the job.

Oxygen and carbon are elements

mixture (كيمائى تفاعل بدون ) خليط ـ مزيج Add the eggs to the mixture and beat well. The city is a mixture of old and new buildings.

components أساسى جزء ـ مكونThe engine is one of the essential components of the car.

Once

Once مرة ذات ـ الماضي في ما وقت فيOnce, people were hunters. Their food came from animals.

Once أن بمجردOnce I get the news, I'll phone you.

Once واحدة مرةShe visits her grandparents once every six months.

Hope Wish

hope مستقبل أو بسيط مضارع إما بعد يأتيI hope he passes / will pass the test.

hope المصدر( هابعد ويأتي + to )I hope to win the first prize.

wish الحاضر في التمني عن للتعبير بسيط ماضي هابعد يأتيI don't have a camera. I wish I had a camera.

wish ماضىال في التمني عن للتعبير تام ماضي هابعد يأتيI failed the exam. I wish I hadn't failed the exam. I wish I had passed the exam.

wish هابعد يأتي المستقبل في التمني عن للتعبير could )) )) الضمائر مع (( I / we )) أو (( would )) مع .I wish I could see my friends tomorrowالضمائر باقي

the earth the ground the floor the soil

the earth تراب ـ األرضيـة الكـرةThe Earth is round. He covered the roots of the plant with earth.

the ground الفنـاء أرضThe ground of our school is clean.

the floor حجـرة أرضيـةShe always sweeps the floor.

the soil زراعيـة تربـة

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Plants get water from the soil.

limit border edge

limit حدYou mustn't exceed the speed limit. It is against the law.

border دولتين بين حدThere is no problem between Egypt and The Sudan on borders.

edge الشيء حافةHe put the cup at the edge of the table.

Like look like alike unlike

like مثلShe is not like her sister. = She is different from her sister.

like يحبShe doesn't like her sister. = She hates her sister.

look like يشبهHe looks like his brother.

alike = like each other ويسبقها عنهم نتحدث الذين األشخاص أو األشياء بعد تستخدم (to. be)He and his brother are alike.

unlike من العكس علي ـ عن مختلفUnlike his brother, he is very tall.

affect = have an effect on

affect علـى يؤثـرSmoking affects health badly.

effect تأثيـرSmoking has a bad effect on health.

pesticide herbiside insectcide

pesticide آفات مبيدI encourage vegetables grown without using pesticides.

herbiside أعشاب مبيدThe use of herbicides in Egypt was effective.

insectcide حشرى مبيدThe use of insecticide at homes should be rationalized.

rot decompose decay

rot يفسد ـ يتعفنScientists could modify the gene of tomatoes so that they don't rot so quickly.

decompose ينحل ـ( الرئيسية عناصره إلى ) يتحللAs the waste materials decompose, they produce methane gas.

decay يضعف ـ( طبيعية بعوامل تدريجيا) يتحللChildren's teeth decay quickly because of sugar.

make

make + مفعـول + to بـدون مصـدر يجعـلThey made him study hard.

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make + صفــة + شــئ / شخـص يجعـلCapital makes business successful.

taste tasty tasteful taste )v( يتذوق

Taste this and see if it's too salty.

taste )N( م�ذاق ـ طعم ـ ذوقThat cake has a nice taste.

tasty )adj( ( والشرب األكل مع) الم�ذاق لذيذThey serve very tasty dishes here.

tasteful )adj( ن� الذ�و�ق ح�س�They bought tasteful furniture.

الكلمات بعض من الفعل لتكوين (ize) ستخدمن ـ: مالحظـةeconomyeconomy اقتصاداقتصاد economizeeconomize computercomputer كمبيوتكمبيوت

ررcomputerizecomputerize

criticismcriticism نقدنقد criticizecriticize familiarfamiliar مألوفمألوف familiarizefamiliarize

generalgeneral عامعام generalizegeneralize memorymemory ذاكرةذاكرة memorizememorize

modernmodern حديثحديث modernizemodernize terrorterror إرهابإرهاب terrorizeterrorize

(s) بحرف ( ( z حرف استبدال يمكن السابقة الكلمات كل وفي

Tape script االستماع نص Hassan : Did you read that newspaper article about farming , Ali?Ali : Yes, I did , Hassan . it was very interesting , wasn't it?Hassan : What do you think about the idea of organic farming ?Ali : I think it is the best way to farm.Hassan: Really ? I don't . Why do you think that?Ali : Well, the main reason is that I don't like the idea of eating fruit and vegetables that have been sprayed with pesticides . I mean pesticides can be poisonous, can't they?Hassan : I suppose so, in the past , The Nile flooded and left fertile soil on the fields, so we didn't need chemical fertilizers then. did we?Ali : Quite right, Hassan. I know that doesn't happen now, but as far as I am concerned, the answer isn't to continuously spray the land with chemicals.Hassan: What is the answer, then?Ahmad : In my opinion, we should improve the quality of the soil by adding natural, organic fertilizers.Hassan : But surely it is much quicker and easier for farmers to spray their crops with chemical fertilizers and pesticides .Ali : Yes , but that's more expensive than using organic fertilizers.Hassan : What about the quantity of crops farmers get, though? I'd say that modern farming makes more money than organic farming, wouldn't you?Ali : Well, it is true that organic farms don't produce the same quantities as modern farms, so they don't make quite as much money. But it seems to me that organic food is better for you.Hassan : Do you think so ? I am not sure. Of course there is also the subject of genetically modified crops which we haven't talked about at all.Ali : Let's leave that discussion until another day.Hassan : Ok.

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Reading القراءة موضوع Should scientists modify our food ?

Thousand of years ago , most people were hunters whose food came from the animals and fish they had killed and from nuts , roots and fruit they had collected. Later, these hunters lived in one place and became farmers whose method of getting food was to grow crops from the seeds of wild plants. Over time , they noticed that some plants were better than others . They saved the seeds from these plants and so the yields and quality of their crops improved. Like plants , all other living things contain genes which control what they will be like . Modern scientists can put genes into plants and animals in their laboratories , and this means they can modify their genes in order to change what they are like. This is called Genetic engineering. A type of tomato is an example of this . When normal tomatoes ripen, one of their genes produces a chemical that makes the fruit rot. Scientists can modify this genes so that the tomatoes don't rot so quickly. This is one way in which genetically modified )GM( crops can improve agriculture . Scientists know that this technology can also protect people from starvation in countries where insects or diseases destroy crops. For example , fruit and vegetables have been modified so that they are not damaged by the diseases that kill ' normal ' plants. However many people believe that modified food is unnatural and fear that genetic engineering may bring new diseases in the future . So should we eat genetically modified food or not ?Surprisingly , biscuits , cakes and many other foods that we have been eating for years already contain genetically modified ingredients . Have they done us any damage ?

Grammar

Question Tag لـــالمذي ؤالــالس

لــالفاع رـوضمي صـالناق أو دــاعـالمس لـالفع نــم لــالمذي ؤالـالس ونـتكي

لـالفاع رـضمي صـناق أو دـمساع لـفع+ منفى

مثبتة لةـجم +

لـالفاع رـضمي صـناق أو دـمساع لـفع+ ثبتم

ةنفيم لةـجم

قـالساب المـالك يـعل دـأكيـالت دفـبه ةـالجمل ةـايـلنه افـيض لـيـذالم ؤالـالس .ىـه ةـالمتوقع ةـواإلجاب منفـي مـذيـل سـؤال لهـا يضـاف المثبتـة الجملـة yes

ىـه ةـالمتوقع ةـواإلجاب مثبـت مـذيـل سـؤال لهـا يضـاف المنفيـة الجملـة No

تكـون أن بـد ال المـذيل السـؤال فـي المنفيـة األفعـال ¨ . مختصـرة دائمـاضميـر يكـون أن بـد ال المـذيل السـؤال فـي الفـاعـل .

It’s hot today, isn't it ? Yes, it is.

The manager arrived late, didn’t he ? Yes, he did.

Ahmed won’t come to the party, will he ? No, he won’t.

Salah hasn’t bought a car, has he ? No, he hasn't.

عــامـة مالحظــات

علـي تحتـوي التـي الجملـة never – rarely – hardly – seldom – nor – neither منفية جمل تعتبرمثبـت المـذيل السـؤال يكـون أن بد .

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He never smokes, does he ?

جـاءت إذا It’s نستخـدم ثالث تصـريف وبعـدها has المـذيل السـؤال في .It’s gone bad, hasn’t it ?

جـاءت إذا It’s دمـنستخ الثالث التصريف رـغي الكالم أجـزاء من جـزء أي وبعـدها is . It’s fine today, isn’t it ?

جـاءت إذا I’d المـذيل السـؤال يكـون مصـدر وبعـدها wouldn’t I . I’d go alone, wouldn’t I ?

جـاءت إذا I’d المـذيل السـؤال يكـون ثالث تصـريف وبعـدها hadn’t . I’d sent the letter, hadn’t I ?

جـاءت إذا I’m المـذيـل السـؤال يكـون aren’t I .I’m a teacher, aren’t I ?

جـاءت إذا I’m not السـؤال يكـون am I .I’m not a doctor, am I ?

بـ الجملـة بـدأت إذا Let’s المـذيل السـؤال يكـون shall we - shan’t we إقتراح عن تعبر ألنها Let’s go swimming , shall we / shan’t we ?

بـ الجملـة بـدأت إذا Let us المـذيـل السـؤال يكـون will you - won’t you . أمر عن تعبر ألنها .Let us go swimming, will you / won’t you ?

الفاعـل كـان إذا This or That المـذيـل السـؤال في الضميـر يكـون it .This is my car, isn’t it ?

الفاعـل كـان إذا These or Those لـالمذي ؤالـالس في رـالضمي يكـون they .These are mine, aren’t they ?

الفاعـل كـان إذا There نفسهـا نضعهـا ¨ . المـذيـل السـؤال في الضميـر من بـدالThere is a car over there, isn’t there ?

الفاعـل كان إذا Everything, Something, Nothing رـالضمي ونـيك it . Nothing was there, was it ?

الفاعـل كان إذا Everyone, body - Someone, body - No one, body رـالضمي ونـيك they . Everyone watched the match, didn’t they ?

جـاء إذا v. to Have ¨ ¨ فعـال . الماضي في did و ارعـالمض في do or does دمـنستخ أساسياEveryone had a special uniform, didn’t they ?

المـذيل السـؤال يكـون أمـريـة الجملـة كانـت إذا will you – won't you .Shut the door, will you / won't you ?

الفعـل جـاء إذا need لـالمـذي السـؤال يكـون اإلثبـات فـي don’t .We need your help badly, don’t we ?

لـالفع جـاء إذا needn’t دمـنستخ need لـيـذالم ؤالـالس يـف .They needn’t take a taxi, need they ?

الفعـل جـاء إذا dare نستخـدم اإلثبـات فـي don’t لـالمـذي السـؤال فـي .They dare to go without guns, don’t they ?

الفعـل جـاء إذا daren’t نستخـدم dare المـذيل السـؤال فـي .They daren’t tell the truth, dare they ?

جـاءت إذا used to نستخـدم أن اعتـاد بمعنـى didn’t المذيـل السـؤال يـ ف .I used to play football, didn’t I ?

جـاءت إذا must have + pp نستخـدم didn’t المذيـل السـؤال يـف .

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He must have sent a letter, didn't he ?

جـاءت إذا a few منفـى المذيـل السـؤال ونـيك .He bought a few books, didn't he ?

جـاءت إذا few مثبـت المذيـل السـؤال ونـيك .He bought few books, did he ?

جـاءت إذا I don't think مثبـت المذيـل السـؤال ونـيك .I don't think he is bad, is he ?

جـاءت إذا I think منفـى المذيـل السـؤال ونـيك .I think he is bad, isn't he ?

نستخدم منفردة الصفة جاءت إذا isn't it Funny, isn't it ?

Communication Skills

Giving advice about food

You should eat meat as it has lots of protein, but not every day.يجب أن تأكل اللحم ألنه يحتوى على كثير من البروتينات و لكن ليس كل يوم

You mustn't eat too much cheese or butter as they have a lot of fat.ممنوع أكل الكثير من الجبنة أو الزبدة ألنها تحتوى على كثير من الدهون

Pasta and bread are good for you, but don't eat too much of them.ان العجائن و الخبز مفيد لك و لكن ال تأكل الكثير منها

You mustn't eat too much fat. It's bad for you.ممنوع أن تأكل الكثير من الدهون فهى ضارة لك

In my opinion you should eat more fruit.أرى أنك يجب أن تأكل كثير من الفاكهة

I don't like fast food. It's not healthy.ال أحب الوجبات السريعه فهى غير صحية

1 – Your friend eats a lot of sweets.2 – You advise your friend to eat fresh foods.3 – Your friend asks what you think of fast food.4 – Your sister thinks that biscuits and cakes are healthy food, you refuse.

5 – Someone thinks that Egypt will win the world cup, you disagree.6 – You give your opinion of your friend's car.7 – Your father bought you a new mobile.8 – You suggest revising units 1 and 2

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2( Say where these mini-dialogues take place and who the speakers are:

1. A: Do we have a test today, sir? B: Yes, please get ready.

2. A: Clear away all this dirt on the floor of your bedroom. B: Sorry. I have to revise these lessons for tomorrow's test. Will you kindly do it for me this time? A: All right. This time only, but remember you have to do everything for yourself.3. A: Won't you go swimming? B: Oh! I just want to sit and enjoy looking at the sea and the swimmers. We'd chat together. A: But I'm going to swim. Don't be so lazy.

4. A: Would you like to have fish or chicken? B: I prefer fish. You rarely cook it for us at home. How about watermelon as a dessert?

Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d :

Lesson 11- Fertilizers are ...... substances that are used to make plants grow better.a) organic b) non-organic c) natural d) not man-mad2- In organic farming, we use .... to enrich the soil.a) fertilizers b) chemicals c) pesticides d) seeds3- The river burst its banks and .... the fields around them.a) flew b) rushed c) poured d) flooded4- Farmers should improve the ......... of the soil.a) quantity b) price c) size d) quality5- Scientists have developed genetically ......... type of tomatoes tha stays on the plant longer.a) modify b) modifying c) modified d) modification6- If you ......... something, you change it slightly in order to improve it.a) erect b) cancel c) return d) modify7- Adding organic matter.......the quality of our soil.a) decreases b) destroys c) improves d) reduces8- Farmers use fertilizers to make the fields .........a) fertilize b) fertility c) fertile d) fertilizing9- ......... farming methods produce greater yields than any other method.a) Organic b) Non-organic c) Organism d) Organisation10- Some......... can be added to let the food live longer.a) flowers b) seeds c) chemicals d) roots11-Insecticides are poisons that may......... our health.

a) affect b) defect c) reduce d) cause12- A /An .... is a chemical used to kill unwanted plants.a) insecticide b) herbicide c) gene d) pesticide13- ......... are chemicals used to kill insects.a) Pesticides b) Herbicides c) Genes d) Insecticides14- She gave no ......... for her decision.a) cause b) effect c) reason d) case15-The crops are regularly ......... with pesticides.a) made b) given c) helped d) sprayed16-He has lived and worked in France almost.....since 1990.a) continue b) continuously c) continuous d) continued17-The dog was killed by rat.........a) poisoned b) food c) poison d) poisonousIS- Tomatoes ......... best in sunlight.a) make b) farm c) spray d) grow19- They were deeply ......... by the news of her death.a) effective b) effectiveness c) affect d) affected20- It is said that industry,......... and tourism are the main sources of our national income.a) agriculture b) growing c) nourishment d) feeding21-Farmers use fertilizers to enrich the .........a) land b) growing c) soil d) floor22- The referee was ......... when he declared a penalty for the red team.a) fear b) unjust c) afraid d) fair23- She was shaking with ......... when she saw the police arresting the criminal.a) afraid b) fear c) fearful d) dreadful

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Place : ...............................

Speaker A :.........................

Place : ...............................

Speaker A :.........................

Place : ...............................

Speaker A :.........................

Place : ...............................

Speaker A :.........................

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24-What kind of......... does your uncle grow on his farm?a) plants b) yields c) crops d) animals25- In my opinion, organic food is ......... and healthy.a) natural b) industrial c) artificial d) abnormal

Lesson 226- The ......... of the tree holds it securely in the ground.a) leaves b) branches c) roots d) fruits27-Scientists make their experiments in .........a) libraries b) laboratories c) playgrounds d) offices28-......... are harmful to plants so farmers use insecticides to kill them.a) Herbs b)Pets c) Flies d) Insects29- One ..... of the computer is that it stores a lot of information.a) drawback b) defect c) advantage d) dement30- Tame animals are easy to raise. The opposite of "tame" is .........a) normal b) wild c) natural d) grown31" Father always advises me to ... money for the time of need.a) save b) gain c) spend d) lose32-As a child, he learned to ......... and fish.a) come b) hunt c) raise d) cheer

Lesson 333- ....are the parts of the cells which control what a living thingwill be like.a) Genetical b) Genetically c) Genes d) Genetic34-......... engineering aims at improving the quality of crops.a) Genetic b) Scientific c) Geological d) Genetically35-They collected the peaches when they fully.........a) fitted b) prepared c) provided d) ripened36-This fruit isn't......... yet. We can't eat it.a) ripen b) rip c) ripple d) ripe37- Scientists can change the genetic structure of plants and animals by using genetic.........a) agriculture b) chemistry c) biology d) engineering38- Thousands of people in some African countries die of......... They have little food to eat.a) feeding b) starvation c) eating d) nourishment39- Mother prepared all the ...... she needed to make the cake.a) parts b) ingredients c) divisions d) contents40-The rain will make the grass .........a) grow b) plant c) farm d) decrease41- She suffers a lot from that disease, but we are very pleased that her temperature is .........a) extraordinary b) unusual c) normal d) abnormal42- A ......... is an amount of something that is produced bycultivating the land.a) consumer b) producer c) gene d) yield43- Samples were ......... from over 200 patients.a) grown b) made c) developed d) collected63- After a long time of hard work, he became a ......... in business.a) barter b) porter c) partner d) portion64-All the products are ..... with comprehensive instructions.

44- These electric wires are ......... by a rubber covering.a) made b) protected c) grown d) worked45- The storm caused great.........a) carelessness b) progress c) damage d) improvement46- A ........ is a person who hunts wild animals for food or sport.a) scientist b) pilot c) mechanic d) hunter47-The lid of this bottle is too hard to .........a) revise b) remove c) remember d) recover48- A lot of people in Africa ......... to death. They are in bad need of help.a) starve b) die c) live d) survive49-Fruit is ready to eat when it has been......... by the sun.a) made b) ripened c) sprayed d) given50- The main ......... of the meal I'm cooking is cheese.a) shape b)size c) ingredient d) colour51- Scientists can ......... crops by adding or removing certain genes.a) prevent b) spray c) return d) modify52- People who do not have enough food to eat may die of..a) thirst b) freedom c) starvation d) heat53- If you want to grow vegetables, you have to put......... in the ground.a) branches b) leaves c) sides d) seeds54- ......... fruit usually tastes sweet.a) Ripen b)Ripe c) Ripens d) Ripping55- This tomato is ......... I can't eat it.a) rot b) rotten c) rots d) rotting56-Many people were very hungry after the storm. Some even began to.........a) starved b) starve c) starving d) starvation57- As ......... as I'm concerned, the answer isn't to continuously spray the land with chemicals.a) fast b)long c)soon d)far58- I'd ......... that modern fanning makes more money than organic farming, wouldn't you?a) talk b) speak c)tell d)say

Lesson459- This library ......... a lot of useful books.a) consists b) forms c) contains d) makes60-1 hate living in ......... villages. They lack a lot of services.a) near b) nearby c)next d) remote61- I'm not......... about her. She can take care of herself.a) interested b) worried c) afraid d) fond62-A woman was ......... and robbed by a gang of youths.a) made b) attacked c) given d) done

Lesson 5

break the ice.a) with b) on c) by d) from70" Take an umbrella with you to protect yourself......... the

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a) labelled b) addressed c) developed d) entitled65-We ......... the two reports carefully.a) listened b) spoke c) compared d) hold66- Put......... in the local paper to sell your car.a) a menu b) a questionnairec) a list d) an advertisement67- Some people travel abroad to ......... money, others travel for sightseeing.a) help b) beat c) make d) do68-Farmers spray their crops ......... insecticides to protect them.a) by b) for c) with d) in69- The chairman started his meeting ......... a short word just to

heavy rain.a) of b)from c)off d) at71- Camping teaches our students how to depend ......... themselvesa) in b) about c) of d) on72- A lot of people all over the world die ......... hunger.a) out b) from c) of d) ona) of b)from c)off d) at71- Camping teaches our students how to depend ......... themselvesa) in b) about c) of d) on72- A lot of people all over the world die ......... hunger.a) out b) from c) of d) on

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences and write them correctly.1- Scientifically engineering means to make genes into plants and animals.2- His uncle works in a farm.3- Genetic modified crops can improve agriculture.4- I'd rather starving than work for that company.5- The crops are regularly covered with pesticide.6- Too much sugar will rotten your teeth.7- The fruit is starting to go rot.8- If the pipe bursts, it will float the whole house.9- Does the corn ripen in the sun?10- A library is a room or building used for scientific experiments.11- Imagination and hard work are the contents of success.12- These vegetables can be grown from seat.13" The software we use has been satisfied for us.14- He needs to prove his French.15- It's difficult to look unnatural when you're feeling nervous.16- This orange is rot. I can't eat it.17-1 want to study genetic at university.18- A filter is a thing which farmers put on soil to help plants to grow.19- If you want to grow vegetables, you have to put seats in the ground.20- Scientists can exchange crops by adding or removing certain genes.21- The reason for the blood was all that heavy rain.22- The cause why he died was lack of medical care.23- The land must be infertile to produce good crops.24- Fanners earn their money from culture.25- The equality of the crops has unproved.26" Modern technology can protect people from starve.27- You can eat this ripen apple.28- Our teacher made us to do our homework.29- Yesterday, I read an advertise about jobs in the newspapers.30-You shouldn't depend at others.31- People get information at the internet32- Some people in Africa died from starvation.33- Nowadays we eat genetically modify food.

) () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () (

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) () () () () () () () (

Choose the correct answer from a, b, c, or d :1. This car is very expensive, ---------------------------?a – isn't it b – isn't the car c – doesn't it d – is it2- She can't read,.........?a) isn't she b) doesn't she c) can she d) can't she3- They arrived late ......?a) don't they b) didn't they c) weren't they d) won't they4- Amgad will visit us tomorrow,.........?a) will he b) won't he c) wasn't he d) doesn't he5- He's gone abroad,.........?a) isn't he b) hasn't he c) doesn't he d) won't he6- He won't come to the party,.........?a) will he b) doesn't he c) isn't he d) can't he7- You didn't tell me anything,.........?a) did you b) did I c) were you d) was I8- Manor doesn't like his teacher,.........?a) is he b) does he c) does Maher d) likes he9- I don't know French,.,.......?a) am I b) do I c) do you d) are you10- You'd better meet him,.........?a) hadn't you b) wouldn't you c) hadn't I d) wouldn't I11-Let us go,.........?a) shall we b) shan't we c) won't you d) do you

12-1 haven't done it yet, .„......?a) have you b) have I c) do I d) do you13-You were late this morning,.........?a) didn't you b) didn't I c) weren't I d) weren't you14-I'd rather have some coffee,.........?a) hadn't I b) hadn't you c) wouldn't you d) wouldn't I15-He plays the guitar well,.........?a) doesn't he b) isn't he c) does he d) is he16-1 had a bath,.........?a) hadn't I b) hadn't you c) didn't I d) didn't you17-He never gets up early,.........?a) doesn't he b) does he c) isn't he d) is he18- You should stop making noise, ......„.?a) won't you b) shouldn't you c) don't you d) aren't you19-It has stopped raining,.........?a) hasn't it b) has it c) doesn't it d) isn't it20-I'm playing the piano,.........?a) don't I b) aren't I c) don't you d) aren't you21-No one came early,.........?a) didn't he b) didn't they c) did he d) did they

Find the mistakes in the following sentences then write them correctly:

1- Hazem is clever, is he?2- They behaved badly, don't they?13- The plane arrived early, wasn't it?14- She is speaking slowly, doesn't she?5- I'm reading, don't I?

6- He will come hack, doesn't he?7- She's done it, isn't it?8- I never get up early, don't I?9- Let's stay, won't you?10- He old us the truth, wasn't he?

)C( Reading Comprehension and Set Books 5) Read the following passage and then answer the questions:

It was once believed that being overweight was healthy, but nowadays few people was once believed that being overweight was healthy, but nowadays few people subscribe to this viewpoint. While many people are fighting the battle to reduce weight, studies aresubscribe to this viewpoint. While many people are fighting the battle to reduce weight, studies are

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being conducted concerning appetite and how it is controlled by both emotional and biochemical being conducted concerning appetite and how it is controlled by both emotional and biochemical factors. Some of the conclusions of these studies may help to understand how to deal with weight factors. Some of the conclusions of these studies may help to understand how to deal with weight problems. For example, when several hundred people were asked about their eating habits in problems. For example, when several hundred people were asked about their eating habits in times of stress, 44% said that they reacted to stressful situations by eating. Further investigation times of stress, 44% said that they reacted to stressful situations by eating. Further investigation with humans and animals indicated that it is not food that relieves tension but rather the act of with humans and animals indicated that it is not food that relieves tension but rather the act of chewing.chewing.

A test in which subjects were blindfolded showed that obese people have a keener sense A test in which subjects were blindfolded showed that obese people have a keener sense of taste and crave more flavorful food than non-obese people. When deprived of the variety and of taste and crave more flavorful food than non-obese people. When deprived of the variety and intensity of tastes, these people are not satisfied and consequently eat more to fulfill this need. intensity of tastes, these people are not satisfied and consequently eat more to fulfill this need. Blood samples taken from people after they were shown a picture of food revealed that overweightBlood samples taken from people after they were shown a picture of food revealed that overweight people reacted with an increase in blood insulin, a chemical associated with appetite. This did not people reacted with an increase in blood insulin, a chemical associated with appetite. This did not happen with average-weight people.happen with average-weight people.

In other experiments, results showed that certain people have a specific biologically In other experiments, results showed that certain people have a specific biologically induced hunger for carbohydrates. Eating carbohydrates raises the level of serotonin, a induced hunger for carbohydrates. Eating carbohydrates raises the level of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain. Enough serotonin produces a sense of satiation, and hunger for neurotransmitter in the brain. Enough serotonin produces a sense of satiation, and hunger for carbohydrates subsides.carbohydrates subsides.

A) Answer the following questions:1-1- According to the text, how does a large percentage of people deal with stress? According to the text, how does a large percentage of people deal with stress?

2-2- What does the underlined word “this” refer to? What does the underlined word “this” refer to?3-3- Find words in the passage which mean: Find words in the passage which mean: a) decline a) decline b) resultsb) results4-4- Why is overweight no longer thought of as healthy? Why is overweight no longer thought of as healthy?

B) Choose the correct answer:5- In the past, people believed that overweight was------------5- In the past, people believed that overweight was------------

a(a( something good something good b(b( something bad something bad c(c( unhealthy unhealthy d(d( undesirable undesirable6- People tend to ------------------in stressful situations.6- People tend to ------------------in stressful situations.

a(a( eat less eat less b(b( stop eating stop eating c(c( eat more eat more d(d( eat fast eat fast7- Some scientists believe that appetite is influenced by ---------------factors.7- Some scientists believe that appetite is influenced by ---------------factors.

a(a( biographic biographic b(b( biochemical biochemical c(c( bacterial bacterial d(d( botanical botanicalـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

6) Read the following passage and then answer the questions:Today, many people use natural ways to cure illnesses that don’t cause side effects. Today, many people use natural ways to cure illnesses that don’t cause side effects.

‘Acupuncture’ and ‘biofeedback’ are two popular methods. Doctors have been using ‘acupuncture’ ‘Acupuncture’ and ‘biofeedback’ are two popular methods. Doctors have been using ‘acupuncture’ in China for over two thousand years. It involves pushing needles into the skin at special points in China for over two thousand years. It involves pushing needles into the skin at special points around the body. Ancient Chinese philosophers believed that they were connected to different around the body. Ancient Chinese philosophers believed that they were connected to different organs and could cure diseases.organs and could cure diseases.

Today, ‘acupuncture’ is used in many countries, and studies show that it works especially Today, ‘acupuncture’ is used in many countries, and studies show that it works especially for headaches, backaches and smoking. Since 1950, doctors in China have also been using for headaches, backaches and smoking. Since 1950, doctors in China have also been using ‘acupuncture’ in major operations. Patients are awake and know what is happening in the ‘acupuncture’ in major operations. Patients are awake and know what is happening in the operation but they feel little or no pain. Scientists think that the needles make the body produce a operation but they feel little or no pain. Scientists think that the needles make the body produce a chemical called ‘endorphin’ that helps to reduce the feeling of pain.chemical called ‘endorphin’ that helps to reduce the feeling of pain.

Another natural way to cure illnesses is ‘biofeedback’. It uses a technology to help people Another natural way to cure illnesses is ‘biofeedback’. It uses a technology to help people control their internal organs. For example, if a person has a problem with sleeping, he/she is control their internal organs. For example, if a person has a problem with sleeping, he/she is connected to a special computer that shows the activity of the brain. The person then is asked to connected to a special computer that shows the activity of the brain. The person then is asked to do some mental exercises to relax. When the brain activity falls and the person is relaxed, the do some mental exercises to relax. When the brain activity falls and the person is relaxed, the computer makes a noise. Slowly, the person learns what type of mental exercise can help him/her computer makes a noise. Slowly, the person learns what type of mental exercise can help him/her to reduce the activity of the brain.to reduce the activity of the brain.

A) Answer the following questions:1-1-Why do many people prefer ‘acupuncture’ and ‘biofeedback’ to cure diseases?Why do many people prefer ‘acupuncture’ and ‘biofeedback’ to cure diseases?2-2-How do doctors use ‘acupuncture’ in operations?How do doctors use ‘acupuncture’ in operations?3-3-‘Biofeedback’ uses technology to help people control their internal organs. Explain.‘Biofeedback’ uses technology to help people control their internal organs. Explain.4-4-What does the underlined word ‘they’ refer to?What does the underlined word ‘they’ refer to?

B) Choose the correct answer:5-5-Doctors in China have been using ‘acupuncture’ in operations for ……Doctors in China have been using ‘acupuncture’ in operations for ……

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a.a. 50 years 50 years b.b. 54 years 54 years c.c. 55 years 55 years d.d. 52 years 52 years6-6-Endorphin ………. The feeling of pain.Endorphin ………. The feeling of pain. a.a. increases increases b.b. grows grows c.c. decreases decreases d.d. expands expands7-7-A person who has problems with sleeping is connected to a special computer to………..A person who has problems with sleeping is connected to a special computer to……….. a.a. do written exercises do written exercises b.b. show the activity of the brain show the activity of the brain c.c. try to relax try to relax d.d. do mental exercises do mental exercises

7) (A) Answer the following questions: 1- How did the police officers try to kill the large female spider?2- What did professor Jones use to kill the spiders?3- Why did captain Ahmed want to destroy the spiders?

B) Read the following quotation and then answer the questions:.

"The police there will take her into the mountains to get the plants."

1- Who said these words?2- Who would the police take to Sinai?3- What plants would she get from there?

C) Complete the following sentences1- A fence had been built around the archaeological site so as to ……..……2- When the men went underground, they took …………………………3- The police would send Wafaa Sultan to Sinai so that …………….……

8. Write a paragraph of eight sentences about:1- ." The call for going back to the farming of our forefathers" Guiding Points: /Why many people/are against modem inorganic farming / Why some people are in its favour / The use of organic farming by our forefathers / Why many people call for this kind of farming in spite of its drawbacks/……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2- The problem of food shortage.3-" How to attract a greater number of tourists to visit Egypt."

A. Translate into Arabic Some farmers have started to use organic materials as our ancestors used to do. Organic farming improves the quality of the soil. Rubbish and waste can be recycled to be used and to keep our environment clean.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........................................................................

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Consumers prefer organic foods to inorganic ones . They willingly pay extra money for them because they are free of chemicals . Organic farming improves the quality of the soil as well.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Education is not an end, but a means to an end. In other words, we do not educate children for the purpose of education, but to fit them for life .The wisest person is' the one who makes full use of what life offers him without sorrowfully looking back at what he has lost.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......................................................................... Since the beginning of time, man's life has been a continuous struggle In earlier times, he struggled to obtain food, clothing and warmth . In modem times, he is struggling to find different kinds of power to make his machines work to produce further means of making his life easier and more comfortable,………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......................................................................... Food for all is the major problem of the world today . A hungry world is never likely to be a peaceful one . Unrest throughout the world most frequently has its main cause in dissatisfaction with that part of the standard of living connected with food.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........................................................................Peace gives every country the opportunity to carry out many useful projects . when peace prevails people can use the money, that is to be wasted in wars and on buying destructive weapons, to build new factories, schools, hospitals and houses . People all over the world hate wars as they cause death, destruction and heavy losses .……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........................................................................B( Translate into English;

لتحسين اإلنتاج الزراعيةكثير من الناس غير متحمسين الستخدام الهندسة الو راثي................................................................................................................................

...............……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………يستطيع العلماء تعديل جينات النبات لكي يغيروا من صفاته

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

تشجع الحكومة رجال األعمال المصرين على إنشاء المصانع واستصالح األرض خاصة في سيناء

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

يعتبر مشروع توشكي محاولة جادة لتحويل صحارينا إلى ارض خضراء…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Translationالسابقة: األعوام فى العامة الثانوية امتحانات من محلولة نماذج الطالب عزيزى إليك

1. Learning foreign languages needs never stop. One should not learn a foreign language merely to achieve an immediate professional or academic aim and then give it up. He should carry on learning, as it is a valuable experience that enriches his life.

فقط األجنبية اللغة يتعلم أن الفرد علي يجب ال . و أبدا يتوقف أن يجب ال األجنبية اللغة لتعلم احتياجك إن تثري قيمة خبرة ألنها التعلم في يستمر أن يجب بل تعلمها عن يتوقف ثم مؤقتا أكاديميا أو مهنيا هدفا ليحققحياته

2. Celebrating the new millennium at the foot of the Pyramids of Giza was marvellous. That was the best place from which we could pass to the new century. The celebration aimed at combining the ancient and the modern and reviewing the history of human civilization.

إلى منه المرور يمكننا مكان أفضل هذا كان و رائعا الجيزة أهرامات سفح عند الجديدة باأللفية االحتفال كاناإلنسانية. الحضارة تاريخ مراجعة و الحديث و القديم دمج إلى يهدف االحتفال كان . و الجديد القرن

3. To be interested in something is a golden rule in life. If a person is always chained to his office, he will grow physically and mentally weak. If such a person has a hobby, his daily work will no longer be tiring.

سيصبح فانه بمكتبه، مقيدا دائما الشخص كان لو و به تهتم شيء لك يكون أن هي الحياة في الذهبية القاعدةـا.رهقم يكون لن اليومي عمله فان ، هواية لديه الشخص هذا أن لو و ، الذهن و البدن ضعيف

4- The government is trying to solve the transport problem by constructing new roads and flyovers. The number of vehicles is increasing everyday. Roads are becoming too crowded for drivers to use.

و يوم كل يزداد المركبات فعدد جديدة، علويـة كباري و طرق بإنشاء المواصالت مشكلة حل الحكومة تحاول. استخدامها السائقين علي يتعذر بحيث االزدحام شديدة تصبح الطرق

5- President Mubarak always states that industry, agriculture and tourism are the main sources of our national income. Great projects are carried out to develop these sources. In the field of industry, Egyptian products are a source of pride not only for Egyptian but for all Arabs.

في و ، القومي لدخلنا الرئيسية المصادر هي السياحة و الزراعة و الصناعة ان علي دائما مبارك الرئيس يؤكد. العرب لكل لكن و للمصريين فقط ليس فخر مصدر المصرية المنتجات تعتبر ، الصناعة مجال

6- It is said that television has destroyed the art of conversation and made people unhappy by forcing them to want things they do not need. On the other hand, it helps people to update their knowledge of the world affairs, as they can see current events in different parts of the world the moment they occur.

من و ، يحتاجونها ال أشياء يطلبوا أن بإجبارهم سعداء غير الناس جعل و الحوار فن أفسد قد التلفاز أن يقال في الجارية األحداث متابعة من يمكنهم ألنه ، العالم بشئون الناس معرفة تطوير في يساعد فانه أخري ناحية حدوثها لحظة العالم من مختلفة أجزاء

7- Cutting off trees in cities is an ill deed. Trees give us shade in summer and the green colour makes us feel at ease. Trees also purify the air and they give off oxygen by day. That’s why we should do our best to spread the green colour all over our country.

نشعر يجعلنا األخضر اللون و الصيف، في الظل تعطينا فاألشجار سيئ، فعل المدن في األشجار قطع إن لنشر جهدنا قصاري نبذل أن يجب السبب لهذا و ، نهارا األكسجين بإخراج الهواء تنقي أيضا األشجار و باالرتياح

. بوطننا مكان كل في األخضر اللون8- The establishment of public libraries and school libraries contributed to improving the learning process as a whole and helped many citizens to read freely. Public libraries play an important role in spreading culture and awareness among people of all ages.

من كثير ساعد و ككل، التعليمية العملية تحسين في ساهم قد المدرسية المكتبات و العامة المكتبات إقامة إن كل من الناس بين الوعي و الثقافة نشر في هاما دورا العامة المكتبات تلعب و الحرة القراءة علي المواطنين

األعمار.9- Communications satellites can transmit radio and TV programmes at great distances. Egypt’s satellite, Nile Sat 101, serves the whole of the Arab world. Egypt is planning to launch more satellites in the future.

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القمر ويقوم بعيدة مسافات علي الراديو و التليفزيون برامج الصنـاعية االتصاالت قمارأ تبث أن يمكن األقمــار من المزيــد لطالق مصــر تخطط و كله العربي العالم بخدمة سات النايل ، المصري الصناعي

المستقبل. في الصنــاعية10- Some of the most important aims of education are to build up an Egyptian citizen who is able to face the future and to create a productive society. Education also aims at preparing a generation of scientists for the service of humanity.

و التعليم أهداف أهم بعض هي منتـج مجتمـع خلق و المستقبل مواجهة علي قادرا يكون مصري مواطن بنــاء إنالبشرية لخدمة العلماء من جيل إعداد إلى أيضا التعليم يهدف

11- Practising activities at school is of great importance. Teachers should encourage their students to participate effectively in school activities. Such activities help students to learn some values like co-operation, respect for others, self-confidence and perseverance.

المشاركة علي طالبهم يشجعوا أن المعلمين علي يجب و عظيمة أهمية له المدرسة في األنشطة ممارسة إن و التعاون مثل القيم بعض تعلم علي الطالب تساعد األنشطة هده مثل و المدرسية األنشطة في فعالة بصورةالمثابرة. و بالنفس الثقة و اآلخرين احترام

12- Over-population in Egypt has led to many other problems like illiteracy, heavy traffic and unemployment. The government should exert more efforts to bring down the population growth rates. It should also pay more attention to the development of human resources.

و البطالة و المرور ازدحام و األمية مثل األخرى المشكالت من الكثير إلى أدي قد مصر في السكاني التزايد إن توجه أن أيضا عليها يجب كما السكاني النمو معدالت لقليل الجهود من المزيد تبذل أن الحكومة علي يجب

. البشرية الموارد لتطوير أكبر اهتماما13. Energy is necessary for development. It is essential for all productive activities required to achieve higher standards of living. Man’s great progress in industry and agriculture is due to energy.

إن أعلي معيشة مستويات لتحقيق المطلوبة اإلنتاجية األنشطة لكل أساسية هي و للتطور ضرورية الطاقة إن. الطاقة إلى يرجع الزراعة و الصناعة في الهائل اإلنسان تقدم

14. The Egyptian woman has acquired all her rights. She is also represented in all international organizations concerned with women’s affairs. Moreover, services are rendered to provide family guidance and child’s welfare.

المرأة بشئون المعنية الدولية المنظمات كل في ممثلة أيضا هي و حقوقها كل علي المصرية المرأة حصلت لقدالطفل رعاية و األسري اإلرشاد توفر التي الخدمات لها تقدم ذلك علي عالوة و

15. Egypt does its best to attract Arab and foreign capital for investment in the field of industry. We encourage the establishment of new industries as well as expanding the existing ones. Due attention has been given to introduce software and communication industries.

إقامة نشجع . إننا الصناعة مجال في لالستثمار األجنبية و العربية األموال رؤوس لجذب بوسعها ما مصر تبذل بالعناية االتصاالت و البرمجة صناعات حظيت كما القائمة الصناعات في التوسع كذلك و جديدة صناعات. الالزمـة

16. Great achievements have been made in Egypt to move population from narrow inhabited areas to new wider expanses. New cities near Cairo have been constructed and large areas of the desert have been reclaimed.

أكثر جديدة مناطق إلي الضيقة السكنية الناطق من السكان لنقل مصر في عظيمـة إنجازات تحققت لقد. الصحراء من كبيرة مناطق استصالح تم و القاهرة من بالقرب جديدة مدن بنين قد و اتسـاعا

17. Every year Egypt celebrates the International Child’s Day in November. Prizes are given to children who successfully take part in the “Reading for All” competition. Creative children in the different branches of knowledge are honoured.

في بنجاح شاركوا الذين لألطفال الجوائز تمنح و نوفمبر شهر في للطفل العالمي باليوم عام كل مصر تحتفلالمختلفة. المعرفة فروع في المبدعين األطفال تكريم أيضا يتم و للجميع القراءة مسابقة

18. Egypt has always been known as the “Birthplace of Civilization” because of its long and rich history. We are now keen on restoring our glories to keep pace with progress in developed countries.

أمجادنا باستعادة مهتمون اآلن نحن و الثري و الطويل لتاريخها نظرا الحضارة مهد بأنها دائما مصر عرفتالمتطورة. الدول في التقدم لمواكبة

19. Health is a splendid treasure that completes our happiness. It’s worth saying that we can’t really enjoy our life if we are unhealthy, however wealthy we may be. Healthy people are always

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proud of what they can achieve in the fields of sports and hard work. For unhealthy people, life is no more than pain and suffering.

أصحاء نكن لم إذا بحياتنا االستمتاع الحقيقة في نستطيع ال أننا بالذكر الدير و سعادتنا يكمل رائع كنز الصحة إن و الشاق العمل و الرياضة مجاالت في تحقيقه يستطيعون بما دائما يفخرون األصحاء الناس . إن أثرياء كنا مهما

معاناة. و ألم مجرد من أكثر ليست الحياة فان األصحاء غير للناس بالنسبة20. The world’s ever increasing population means more houses, more roads, more factories, and this means less land for animals and plants. Over-population also means more waste and pollution, and this makes life increasingly difficult for many creatures.

هذا و المصانع من المزيد و الطرق من المزيد و المساكن من المزيد يعني العالم سكان في المستمر التزايد إن يجعل هذا و التلوث و الفضالت من المزيد أيضا يعني السكاني التزايد و النباتات و للحيوانات أقل أرض يعني

. المخلوقات من لكثير متزايد بشكل صعبة الحياة21. Distance learning makes use of educational experts in the various branches of knowledge all over the world. We can make use of distance learning in all fields including the different branches of science.

أن نستطيع ونحن العالم أنحاء كل في المختلفة العلم فروع في التعليم خبراء من يستفيد بعد عن التعلم إنالمختلفة. العلوم فروع ذلك في بما المجاالت كل في بعد عن التعلم من نستفيد

22. The promotion of international co-operation and peace through education is one of UNESCO’s basic aims. It is the only means for the accomplishment of prosperity, real and lasting peace among the peoples of the world.

هي هذه و اليونسكو لمنظمة األساسية األهداف أحد هو التعليم خالل من السالم الدولي التعاون تعزيز إن العالم شعوب كل بين الدائم و الحقيقي السالم و الرخاء لتحقيق الوحيدة الوسيلة

23. The government sets up industrial projects to increase our local production. It encourages the private sector to invest capital. It also demolishes the barriers that hinder economic progress.

رؤوس الستثمار الخاص القطاع تشجع هي و المحلي إنتاجنا لزيادة الصناعية المشروعات بإنشاء ةموحكال تقوم, االقتصـادي التقدم تعوق التي الحواجز بإزالة أيضا تقوم هي و األموال

24. Undoubtedly, tourism is a chief source of national income and hard currency. The government exerts great efforts to develop the tourist industry. The aim is to attract a greater number of tourists to visit Egypt, the land of civilization.

عظيمة جهودا الحكومة تبذل و الصعبة العملة و القومي للدخل رئيسي مصدر السياحة أن فيه شك ال مما. الحضارة أرض مصر لزيارة السياح من أكبر عدد جذب هو ذلك من الهدف و السياحة صناعة لتطوير

25. Arab countries must co-operate economically to achieve prosperity for the Arab world. They should solve their problems in the Arab League. Besides, they have to encourage the Arab scientists to make progress in the field of science.

في مشكالتها حل عليها يجب و العربي للعالم الرخاء لتحقيق اقتصاديا تتعاون أن العربية الدول علي ينبغيالعلم. مجال في التقدم لتحقيق العرب العلماء تشجع أن يجب لذلك باإلضافة و العربية الجامعة

26. Some scientists have found that people are more likely to catch a cold when they are unhappy or under stress. This is because the immune system is less effective when we are worried. Doctors have also found out that people with mild colds get better if the doctor is kind.

هذا و ضغط تحت أو سعداء غير يكونون عندما بالبرد يصابوا أن أكثر المحتمل من الناس أن العلماء بعض وجد خفيفة برد بنزالت المصابون الناس أن األطباء وجد قد و بالقلق نصاب عندما فعالية أقل يكون المناعة جهاز ألن

عطوفا. الطبيب كان إذا يتحسنون27. Many people like to collect things like stamps, for example. Some stamp collections are very valuable. Usually the fewer the number of people who have a stamp in their collections, the more valuable that stamp is.

و كبيرة، قيمة ذات هذه الطوابع مجموعات بعض و مثال، البريد طوابع مثل األشياء جمع يحب الناس من كثيرالطابع. ذلك قيمة زادت كلما مجموعاتهم، في معينا طابعا يملكون الذين األشخاص عدد قل كلما

28- Peace gives us a golden chance to carry out useful projects. It saves the money spent on wars and destructive weapons. In peace, this money can be used for building new factories, improving health care and solving the problems of housing and transport.

األسلحة و الحروب علي ينفق الذي المال يوفر هو و المفيدة، المشروعات لتنفيذ ذهبية فرصة السالم نامنحي و الصحية الرعاية تحسين و الجديدة المصانع بناء في المال هذا استخدام يمكن السالم وقت في و المدمرة،

المواصالت. و اإلسكان مشكالت حل

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29- It is important not to waste the Earth's resources; we should turn off the lights, televisions and computers when we have finished using them. Thus we can help in saving energy.

عند اآللي والحاسب التلفاز وأجهزة األنوار إطفاء وعلينا األرض باطن فى ةالطبيعي الموارد نبدد أال المهم من

الطاقة. توفير فى المساعدة يمكننا وبذلك استخدامها من االنتهاء

30- The High Dam is one of the greatest projects made by man. It serves both industry and agriculture in Egypt. It has paved the way to constructing new factories and establishing new industries. An artificial lake has been formed to provide fish and store water for times of need.

¨ خدم اإلنسان. فقد بها قام التى المشروعات أعظم من العالى السد إن مهد و مصر فى الزراعة و الصناعة من كال

ألوقات المياه لتخزين و كاألسما لتوفر صناعية بحيرة إنشاء و جديدة صناعات تشييد و المصانع لبناء الطريق

الحاجة.

31. Man has to reach a balanced relation with the environment and its components. Hence, education plays an important role in deepening environmental awareness in students and transferring this into good modes of behaviour towards environmental preservation willingly.

¨ دو̈را التعليم يلعب ثم ومن ومكوناتها البيئة مع متوازنة عالقة إلى يصل أن اإلنسان على الوعي تعميق في هاما

/ خاطر طيب عن البيئة على الحفاظ تجاه جيدة سلوكية أساليب إلى الوعى هذا /نقل وترجمة للطالب يالبيئ

طواعية

32. Communication has become easier and the chance for individuals to obtain mass information at a great speed has become available. This has resulted in a feverish race among nations to obtain advanced technology.

فائقة وبسرعة إجمالية المعلومات على الحصول في األفراد وفرص ويسر سهولة أكثر االتصال أصبح لقد

. متقدمة تقنية على للحصول األمم بين محموم سباق ذلك عن ونتج متاحة أصبحت

33. There is no longer any doubt that smoking is a fatal habit In fact the number of those who have died because of smoking-related diseases surpasses the number of victims of epidemics, wars and accidents in our modern age.

بالتدخين مرتبطة أمراض بسبب ماتوا الذين هؤالء عدد الحقيقة ففى مهلكة عادة التدخين أن شك أى هناك يعد لم

الحديث. العصر فى والحوادث الحروب و األوبئة ضحايا عدد يفوق

34- Bird flu/ Avian flu is thought to be the greatest world threat nowadays. No geographical barriers will stop the spread of the disease because the open skies mean that the risk will reach everywhere on the wings of birds migrating from place to place.....................................................................................................................................................................35- We must work hard to increase our production. Our natural resources should be made full use of in a scientific way. We should also increase our exports to other countries and decrease our imports in order to solve our economical problems.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36- All of us dream of a world where mutual co-existence and understanding reign and peace and security prevail. Our world is becoming a smaller village. Thanks to modern inventions, the most distant parts are closely linked together. Consequently, all countries depend on each other and international co-operation has become more than necessity.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................37- Since its inauguration, the Suez Canal has been one of Egypt's most outstanding geographical, historical and cultural landmarks. With its location, it links the east to the west. It is considered a major artery of world trade.

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....................................................................................................................................................................38- Ibn Sina was a great Arab thinker and doctor. Most of his books were translated into Latin and studied in many European universities. This is because his study of medicine was based upon experiments.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................39. Computers are being used more and more in the world today for the simple reason that they are more efficient than human beings. They have better memories and can store huge amounts of information. In fact, computers can do many of the things we do, but faster and better.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................40- The discoveries and inventions of science have brought about great changes in our lives in this century. You have only to think of the development of air transport, television, and electrical power to realize what we owe to scientists.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................41- Nuclear energy seems in some ways much cleaner than other sources of energy, such as coal and oil. But many people are still against nuclear energy. They believe that the problem is not just the danger of an accident in the atomic power station, cause cancer and other illnesses.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42. Millions of people are suffering very badly from hunger in the poorer countries of the world. The world produces enough food to feed everyone, but it does not reach all those who need it.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

43 .The problem of overpopulation has occupied the scientists' minds. They believe that the world would face starvation in the next few decades if people go on increasing in

number in the same way they do now. Moreover, the progress made in the medical field has reduced the death rate.

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....................................................................................................................................................................44- Sports are useful to character development. In their books, children learn about such values as unselfishness, courage and love of one’s country. However, what is learned by experience in sports has a deeper effect on a child’s character.

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....................................................................................................................................................................45- Egypt has achieved great progress in the field of communications. Modern mobile telephone networks have covered all cities and villages and even remote areas. Computers and the internet have enabled us to get in touch with other people all over the world.

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....................................................................................................................................................................Translate into English: [answered]

المعيشة. نفقات ارتفاع مجابهة من المصرى المواطن لتمكن جهدها قصارى الحكومة - تبذل1The government does its best to enable the Egyptian citizen to face the rising cost of living.

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لكل الغذائى األمن لتوفير خضراء حقول الى وتحويله الصحراء من جزءا الستصالح عظيما جهدا الحكومة - تبذل2مواطن.

The government makes a great effort to reclaim part of the desert and change it into green fields to provide food security for every citizen.

عملية الى تحتاج التى الواردات من كثير عن تستغنى أن تستطيع حتى المحلية الصناعات الحكومة - تشجع3صعبة.

The government encourages local industries so that we can do without a lot of imports which need hard currency.

وشيقة. بسيطة بطريقة ثقافتهم يزيد أن يجب ولذا األطفال على عظيم تأثير - للتلفزيون4Television has a great influence on children so it must increase their culture in a simple and interesting way.

النسل. وتنظيم االنتاج زيادة يستلزم وهذا السبل بكل الشعب احتياجات توفير الى الحكومة - تسعى5The government is trying to provide the people with what they need in every way. This requires the increase of production and birth control.

سمعنا. على سيئا تاثيرا تؤثر الحديثة المدينة تسببها التى الضوضاء - ان6The noise which is caused by modern civilization has a bad effect on our hearing.

الهدوء. بمراعاة وذلك دروسهم يستذكرون الذين الطلبة أو المرضى جنزع أال - علينا7We mustn't disturb patients or students who study their lessons by keeping quiet.

يدخن. من كثيرا عددا تناقص لذا صحة وأكثر أطول حياة يعيشون مطلقا يدخنون ال من أن األطباء أثبت - لقد8Doctors have proved that those who don’t smoke at all live a longer and healthier life. So, the number of those who smoke has greatly decreased.

جوائزهم. ليسلم الجمهورية رئيس يحضره كبير حفل فى عام كل قيمة جوائز والعلماء الكتاب - يتسلم9Writers and scientists receive valuable prize every year in a great ceremony. The president attends it to give them their prizes.

العربية. مصر خمهورية لتحقيقها تسعى التى األهداف أهم من والعلوم بالتعليم االهتمام أصبح - لقد10Interest in education and science has become one of the most important aims that the Arab Republic of Egypt tries to achieve.

بالقاهرة. العام النقل مشكلة لحل المشروعات من العديد الحكومة - تنفذ11The government carries out a lot of projects to solve the problem of public transport in Cairo.

واالزدهار. النمو على التجارة الحديثة النقل وسائل - تساعد12 Modern means of transport help trade to grow and flourish.

ما كل تنتج أن دولة تستطيع وال األخرى الدول عن بمعزل تقف أن دولة أى تستطيع ال الحاضر الوقت - فى13طعام. من إليه تحتاج

At present, no country can stand in isolation from other countries. No country can produce all the food that it needs.

نواحى. عدة فى األخرين عن يختلف فرد كل الناس. إن من غيرنا مع نعيش كيف نتعلم أن - علينا14We have to learn how to live with other people. Every individual differs from others in many aspects./(respects)

للفضاء. غزوه بعد القمر إلى الوصول من اإلنسان تمكن لإلنسانية. لقد قيمة خدمات العلم أدى - لقد15 Science has rendered valuable services to humanity. Man has been able to reach the moon after his the space conquest.

الكهرباء. وتوليد والزراعة والصناعة الطب مجاالت فى النووية الطاقة - تستخدم16 The nuclear power is used in the fields of medicine industry, agriculture and generating electricity.

السواء. حد على والصغار الكبار بمشاهدته ويستمتع المعرفة لنشر وسيلة التلفزيون أصبح - لقد17Television has become a means of spreading knowledge. Both the old and the young enjoy watching it.

محدودة. الطبيعية مواردها تكون حاضرها تقدمها تعوق وهى النامية الدول تواجه مشكلة السكانى - االنفجار18Over-population is a problem that faces all developing countries. It hampers their progress especially when their natural resources are limited.

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المعيشة. مستوى رفع على يساعد دخل لتحقيق الطريق هما نوعيته وتحسين االنتاج زيادة - ان19Increasing production and improving is quality are the only way to achieve an income which helps to raise the standard of living.

القومى. للدخل هاما مصدرا أصبحت ولقد والغرب، الشرق بين مائى ممر أعظم السويس قناة - تعتبر20The Suez Canal is the greatest water way between East and west. It has become an important source of national income.

الفاضل. االنسان ألخالق البارزة الصفات قمة فى األمانة - تأتى21 Honesty comes at the top of the salient characteristics of a virtuous man.

راحة. وأكثر أفضل حياة نحيا أن من الحديثة المخترعات - تمكننا22Modern inventions enable use to lead a better and more comfortable life.

التاريخية. واألماكن والمتاحف القديمة الفرعونية المعابد بمشاهدة لالستمتاع مصر الى السياح - يأتى23Tourists come to Egypt to enjoy seeing the old pharaonic temples, the museums and the historic places.

مجتمع. ألى واالستقرار للسالم األساسى الشرط هو االجتماعى العدل - إن24Social justice is the basic condition for peace and stability.

قوية. عزيمة يتطلب السيئة العادات عن اإلقالع - إن25Giving up bad habits needs/ requires a strong will.

الوطن. وحب والصبر التعاون وتعلمنا عقولنا وتنعش أجسامنا الرياضية األلعاب - تقوى26Sports and games strengthen our bodies and refresh our minds and teach us co-operation patience and love of our country.

استغاللها. أحسن إذا لإلنسان خير مصدر الذرية الطاقة - ان27Atomic energy is a source of good to man if it is well exploited.

المجاالت. كل في رائدة دولة ألنها الدول كل مع قوية عالقات لمصر تكون أن الطبيعي من- 28It is normal for Egypt to have strong relations with all countries because it is a pioneering country in all fields.

. العمل سوق في الشديدة المنافسة لمواجهة للغاية ضرورية الكمبيوتر مهارات- 29Computer skills are very necessary to face the severe competition in the labour market.

. أنواعها اختالف علي البيئة بقضايا اهتمامها بمدي األمم تقدم يقاس- 30The progress of nations is measured by how much they are interested in the different kinds of environmental issues.

البلد. باختالف تختلف للزفاف تقاليد هناك و ، بلد كل في هامة مناسبات الزفاف حفالت إن- 31Wedding ceremonies are important occasions in every country. Wedding traditions differ from one country to another.

آخر. عالم في أو المستقبل في الحياة شكل عن للكتابة جادة محاولة يكون ما عادة العلمي الخيال إن- 32Science fiction is usually a serious attempt to write about how life will be like in the future or in a another world.

. الراقية بالموسيقي لالستمتاع األوبرا إلى الذهاب أحب- 33I like going to the opera to enjoy fine music.

الحكومة. مع األفراد بتعاون إال بنجاح تتم أن يمكن ال الصحة تحسين أجل من تبذل التي الجهود إن- 34The efforts exerted to improve health cannot be successfully achieved unless individuals cooperate with the government.

الموسيقي. إلى االستماع و الخيالية القصص قراءة هي المفضلة هوايتي إن- 35My favourite hobby is reading imaginary stories and listening to music.

. البشرية لخدمة يوم كل الجديد العلماء يقدم-36Every day scientists offer something new for the welfare of mankind.

المدرسي. الكتاب محتوي و شكل القادم العام سيتغير- 37Next year, the shape and content of the school book will be changed.

لتحقيقها. مصر تسعي التي األهداف أهم من التعليم بتطوير االهتمام إن-38The interest in developing education is one of the most important goals that Egypt seeks to achieve.

السالم. أوقات في أفضل تزدهر الحضارة- 39Civilization flourishes well during peace times.

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خاصــة صــغيرة مشروعات إلقامة القروض بتقديم وذلك الرزق وكسب للعمل للشباب فرصا الحكومة . توفر400بهم

The government provides young people with opportunities for work and earning their living by offering them loans to set up their own projects.

الكتب الستعارة المكتبات إلى الذهاب على الصغار األطفال المعلمون و اآلباء يشجع أن . يجب41يحبونها. التى

Parents and teachers should encourage children to go to the libraries to borrow the books they like.

المستقبل. فى حياتهم على تؤثر أطفالهم الوالدان بها يربى التى الطريقة . إن42The way / method by which parents bring up their children affect their life in the future.

من الكثير إلى تحتاج التى الواردات من كثير عن نستغني حتى المحلية الصناعات الحكومة . تشجع43الصعبة. العملة

The government encourages the local industries to dispense with a lot of imports that need a lot of hard currency.

السعادة. إلى الطريق هـو الجاد والعمل المعرفة مفتاح هـى القراءة . إن44Reading is the key to knowledge and hard work is the way to happiness.

للسعادة. رمزا بالضرورة ليس ولكنه للغنى رمزا المال . يعتبر45Money is considered a symbol of wealth/ richness but not necessarily happiness.

الطفل ثقافة إثراء نحو هـامة خطوة األطفال مكتبات من الكثير إنشاء . يعتبر46Establishing child's libraries is considered an important step towards enriching the child's culture.

. حياتك فى تنجح لن إال و بوقتك تستفيد كيف . تعلم47Learn how to make use of your time or / otherwise you will not succeed in life.

الحرب. وقت فى ونقمة السلم وقت فى نعمة فهى حدين ذو سالح الذرية الطاقة . إن48Atomic energy is a double-edged weapon as it is a blessing in time of peace and a disaster in time of war.

الطاقــة و الريــاح و كالمــاء المتجــددة الطاقــة مصــادر من القصــوى لالستفادة عديدة بأبحاث العلماء يقوم. 49النووية.

Scientists do a lot of research to make full use of renewable sources of energy such as water, wind and nuclear energy.

الكائنــات جميــع لهلكت لوالهمــا و الهــواء و المــاء عن يســتغنى أن األحوال من حال بأي اإلنسان يستطيع . ال50الحية.

Man, by no means can't do without / dispense with water and air. Without them all living things would perish.

بالدها. تقدم فى كبير بقدر تسهم و الحياة نواحى كل فى فعال بدور المصرية المرأة . تقوم51The Egyptian woman plays an important part / a vital role in all aspects / walks of life and greatly contributed to her country's progress.

على والحفاظ والثقافية االجتماعية المجاالت فى حيوى بدور األولى مصر سيدة مبارك سوزان السيدة . تقوم52 الدولية أو اإلقليمية أو المحلية المستويات على وذلك البيئة

Egypt's first lady Mrs. Suzan Mubarak plays a vital role in cultural and social fields as well as the environment preservation on all levels: local, territorial or international.

مشـكلة حـل فى عظيمـة مسـاهمة وهويسـاهم الهندسـية االنجـازات أعظم من واحـد األنفـاق مـترو - يعتـبر53الكبرى. القاهرة فى المواصالت

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The underground is considered one of the greatest achievements that contributes greatly to solving the problem of transport in Greater Cairo.

المصرى. الطفل لصحة ضرورية البدنية . التربية54Physical education is necessary for the health of the Egyptian child.

التصحر. مشكلة ظهور و الحرارى واالحتباس المناخ لتغير الرئيسي السبب يالبيئ التلوث .ُ يعتبر55Environmental pollution is considered the main reason for the change in the earth's climate, global warming and the emergence of the problem of desertification.

) التـرم المنهج موضوعات جميع ( أول

Unit 1 The reasons why I like my job

Sometimes I ask myself what if I wasn't an engineer. Really, I've always decided to be an engineer. The reason why I like this job is that 1 meet all kinds of people that makes me gain good experience in dealing with others. Also, I find this job different everyday as I am not:chained to the same chair doing the same routine. Moreover. despite working outside in the heat with the noise of heavy machines around me all the time, I am proud to be helping to build the renaissance of my country. 1 work on a lot of useful projects such as planning roads, building bridges and dams. These projects will help to make Egypt richer and that will be good for our children and grandchildren. In a word, for these reasons I can't imagine myself inanother job.

The role of charitable organizationsDoubtless , charities have become more important than ever. Today, some societies suffer from

more and more problems with poverty, diseases and food shortages that need the help of the white hands of donors and charitable organizations. Socially, millions of people are starving to death daily throughout the world because of famines or droughts . Who would be for those people if there weren't aid agencies and charitable organizations. Medically these organizations play a big role in helping moneyless people to be treated free of charge in advanced medical centers. Politically it is a means to stand beside a neighbouring country in times of earthquakes and natural catastrophes . In a word people should give more money to charity so that these organizations can play their role perfectly

Unit 2 Life in the future

Life in the future will be different from life now. Many changes will take place in every field. New inventions and new discoveries will appear. Man will send more spaceships to other planets and may find life possible there. Vast areas of the world’s desert will be reclaimed. The production of food will increase. A cure for dangerous diseases such as cancer and AIDS may be discovered.

New sources of energy will be found. Computers will be widely used in all fields, especially in education. Means of transport will be faster and more comfortable. In fact, life will be very complicated and man will depend completely on machines. No one can be sure if life in the future will be better or worse.

Unit 3Internet shopping

Doubtless, online shopping has become so popular today. It has some advantages and disadvantages for companies and consumers. As for companies; they have a bigger market: they can sell anywhere in the world. They don't need to spend money on shops and places to sell their products:

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they only need to have a website. This way they can sell the products more cheaply. As for consumers, things are cheaper for them to buy and they have more choicebecause they can shop in many different places, looking for the cheapest prices. They can buy everything online and from home. They don't have to go to the shops, so it is quick and convenient. However, this kind of shopping can be risky for customers for many reasons: firstly, there aren't any real products to pick up .Secondly, to buy online, you should have a credit card and this may be risky because of the credit fraud. Thirdly older people and people who don't have experience using a computer might find it difficult. Fourthly sometimes the wrong products are sent or they arrive damaged or don't arrive at all.In the end if you shop online, you must use only trusted companies and not give your bank information.

Unit 4cooperation and tolerance

In fact, cooperation together with tolerance is essential for the success of any work and any company. Good teamwork requires that team members cooperate fully and show tolerance to each other. Each member does his/her part cooperatively, which in turn facilitates the work of the whole group. They do the work in a lovely atmosphere and achieve their goals. Furthermore, people can't get on and agree all the time. Thus, showing tolerance to inflexible people melts all the disagreements among the members making them friendly and helpful with each others. Finally, when people cooperate with each other, life will be better for all.

Keeping Your Body HealthyWould you like to live a longer life? To live longer, you must keep your body healthy, and I have

some suggestions for you. First you must eat healthy foods that will provide necessary protein, vitamins, and carbohydrates. You should not eat food that contains a great deal of fat and cholesterol because they clog your arteries and cause heart attacks. Proper diet can help to keep you body healthy. The second important requirement is regular exercise. You should exercise every day. You might jog or lift weights to keep your body healthy and active. The third and most important point is not to take illegal drugs. Drugs can ruin your life and the lives of your family. You should not smoke, and you should not take heroin. LSD, or cocaine. By keeping your body healthy now while you are young, you could live longer, and you might enjoy life more.

Unit 5 Why people should keep to the rules

Doubtless, rules organize people's lives and help them to work |together and to cooperate. Firstly: they help people know what is1 'right to follow and what is wrong to avoid. Secondly, they help to i make sure things run smoothly and that people know what other} 'people will do in certain situations. Thirdly, they help to make it possible to organize things. For example, in families there may be rules about bedtime, doing homework, helping with chores: in school there may be rules about uniform, meal times, play times, etc. and when} 'driving a car there are rules about speed, traffic lights, roundabouts, etc. However. If there are no rules, or people break the rules, people} 'don't know what others will do in certain situations and it makes life unpredictable. People can get hurt, cars can crash and there could be a complete lack of order.

Unit 6Why do people climb mountains?

All of us at certain times in our lives want to conquer great challenges. Climbing big dangerous mountains may be the most obvious reason for people who enjoy challenge and prove that theycould overcome all the obstacles, it is not climbing the mountain that is the hardest thing; it is actually what is in mind - thinking about their dangers, missing family and friends. However There is no room for mistakes. They have to do everything correctly because the dangers are very high. Furthermore some climbers see it as their lifelong ambition that they want to fulfill They have always been inspired by stories of great climbers who were motivated by something greater than themselves. Moreover for others it is a national pride; they are proud of their country and they want to honour their county by their,

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J climbing achievements. In the end, While mountain climbing can be one of the most exciting and challenging sports, there are also many dangers involved m mountain climbing which one should consider .

Unit 7Unemployment البطالة

Unemployment means that there aren’t enough jobs for people. The most important cause of unemployment is over-population. Thousands of young people graduate every year from schools and universities. They remain for long years without jobs. This is because most of them are waiting for governmental jobs. Another cause of unemployment is the increasing use of modern technology in all fields. Man depends a lot on machines. This leads to a lack of job opportunities. To solve this problem, we should encourage young people to go the desert and reclaim it. They should look for jobs in the new cities. Banks can lend them loans to start their own projects.

GlobalizationGlobalization is the system in which the same products are sold throughout the world by huge

multinational companies. Everybody wears the same trainers, eats the same fast food, drinks the same drinks and watches the same programmes on television. Globalization is seen as a threat by increasing numbers of people. People feel that globalization is growing as consumers are not given a choice. They worry about the effect globalization will have on the culture of individual countries, cities and towns Moreover, in a global market, the bigger companies have more money to expand and advertise, and they can also make and sell their products cheaply. The result is that people stop buying from the smaller, local companies. Some people might see the global culture as a good thing as it brings people together and means that we have cheap food.

Unit 8How people should feel about their situations in Ufa

Not many people are content with the situation of their lives. They either blame bad luck or circumstances for their miserable living conditions, especially when they are born poor. For.them, money, nice things and appearance are very important things. 'Perhaps, they feel a bit disappointed if they haven't got nice clothes or mice jewellery to wear at formal occasions ....etc. They only believe that happiness is in collecting money which makes their daydreams come true. , everything may not really be what they think it is that they may get deceived by its appearance. Hence, Everybody should be happy with their lives and be proud of what they I have got. They must know that qualities make men highly respected. They must work hard to improve themselves as hard work is the way to real happiness In the end, I see that if one feels his inner satisfaction , he misses nothing in life.

Online distance learningOnline distance learning is an instructional system which connects learners with educational

resources. Students work on their own at home, or at school and communicate with faculty and other students via e-mail, video conferencing and other forms of computer-based communication. There are both advantages and disadvantages to online distance learning.Online distance learning is available all the time and everywhere. However, there are drawbacks for some learners. The online learner only has the written text and no other face cues. This may confuse the learner and cause misunderstanding. While distance learning allows openness, it is also cumbersome because it is done by e-mail messages and writing and therefore may take more time than face- to-face learning. Online distance learning is important for students who may be unable to attend classes for various reasons like illnesses or busy schedules. They just want to further their studies at home.

The benefits of international sportsDoubtless. International sports encourages world understanding among countries. People travel

to other countries and meet other cultures. They feel proud of their players sports achievements and appreciate athletes from other countries. Furthermore, international I 'sports encourage world peace. They are the field where countries with political disagreements forget them and turn over a new leaf-

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Moreover, they have become big business for most countries specially. .the poorest. For the host countries, they get lots of publicity creating a boom رواج, in tourism and business. One thing important, | (fair play and honesty are important in international sports because all| (competitors and countries must be seen to have an equal chance.

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