algerian national liberation front (fln) fought and gained independence for the algerian muslims ...
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Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) fought and gained independence for the Algerian Muslims
Revolution spread into Tunisia and Morocco in the mid 1950s
French presence in North Africa was gone
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Britain had a large number of troops in Egypt
Stationed in Iran to keep supply lines open to the Soviets
Britain replaced Iran’s leader Occupied Syria and Iraq Had a mandate for Palestine
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Balfour Declaration reversed (1939) infuriating the Jewish Agency
Britain refused to allow Holocaust survivors to resettle in Palestine
(1946) Irgun: Zionists group who waged a terrorist campaign against the British authorities
Menachem Begin: leader who blew up the King David Hotel in Jerusalem
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(1947) Britain gave up their Palestinian mandate and referred problem to the U.N.
UN voted to partition Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states
Jerusalem would be an international city
The new Jewish nation infuriated Palestinian Arabs
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(1948) Israel declared itself a state
David Ben-Gurion: 1st Prime Minister
Armies from neighboring Arab countries moved against Israel
(1949) Israel defeated Arab world and gained more territory
Hundreds of Thousands were expelled from their lands and were living in refugee camps
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Israeli government wouldn’t allow Palestinians to return to their land nor pay for taken property
Palestinian lands were given to Jewish immigrants
Most Arab countries wouldn’t take refugees in order to force Israel to give back land
Israel used Kibbutz to increase economy
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1922 Egypt 1923 Turkey 1932 Iraq 1932 Saudi Arabia 1941 Lebanon 1946 Jordan 1961 Syria 1971 United Arab Emirates/Qatar
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(1945-1952) Effort to negotiate complete British evacuation failed
King Farouk I led a corrupt government
1952- Group of army leaders overran the government
Gamal Abdel Nasser emerged as the new leader
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Wanted to rid Egypt of foreign domination
Emphasized land reform, industrialization, control over the economy, women’s rights
Modernization projects were very expensive
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(1955) Nasser announced an arms agreement with Czechoslovakia (Communist)
U.S. and Britain offered money for the Aswan Dam project
Nasser hesitated, waiting for a better offer
He recognized communist China
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U.S./British offer withdrawn, Nasser viewed it as an insult
(1956) He nationalized the Suez Canal
British/French had funded the Suez Canal, Egyptian labor built it
Hero to the Arab world, enemy of the West
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Egyptians refused to allow Israeli ships to pass
Israel, Britain, and France conspired to overthrow Nasser
Israel took control of the Sinai peninsula, Britain/France controlled Mediterranean side
President Eisenhower threatened to cut off aid
Nasser became the most popular Arab leader
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Egypt mobilized against Israel, cut off sea route to Asia and Africa
War with powerful Israel or losing face with the rest of the Arab world?
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June 5th, 1967: Israel launched an attack
Captured the Sinai peninsula and the Gaza strip in 6 days
Drove back Syria, Iraq, and Jordan
Claimed more territory
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Palestinians lost faith in the Arab world
Relied on their own guerilla organization led by Yasir Arafat
U.S. and the Soviet Union tried to seek permanent peace in the Middle East
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Nasser died (Sept. 1970), was replaced by Anwar Sadat
Egypt/Syria secretly planned an attack against Israel (Oct. 6th 1973)
Israel started to lose but pushed back into Egyptian territory
Sadat shocked the world with a famous speech
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President Jimmy Carter met with Sadat and Menachim Begin in Maryland
Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty
Palestinian terrorist attacks continued
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Arabic word for, “shaking” Began in December of 1987 Young Palestinians threw
rocks, bottles, and homemade weapons
Israeli army responded with bombings
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Yitzhak Rabin and Yasir Arafat agreed on a peace settlement
Self government in the West Bank and the Gaza strip and recognition of Israel
Met in Washington D.C. to sign an agreement
A radical Israeli assassinated Rabin
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February 2001, Ariel Sharon elected prime minister
His treatment on the Palestinians earned him the nickname
Palestinians responded to Sharon’s appointed with renewed violence
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Mass production created a need for oil
Countries gave prospectors permission to search for deposits
Petrodollars filled the pockets of local rulers
Did go towards social welfare projects and economic developments
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Oil producing countries demanded a larger portion of the profits
Iran nationalized its oil industry and the West stopped buying
Didn’t effect oil supplies
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Worked to set oil production levels and oil prices
Has ability to boycott the sale to certain countries
Production is expected to decline in oil fields outside of the Persian Gulf area
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(By 1971) Britain had removed most of its troops from the region
Iran became the leading power Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
(shah) was relied upon to keep order
Discontent grew in Iran
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Economic downfall and the shah’s secret police inflamed the Iranians
Many Iranians took a renewed interest in Islam
Many opposed the shah’s modernization efforts
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He was banished since 1964 76-year old religious leader
spoke out against the shah He returned and established
an Islamic republic Iranian militants captured 60
Americans in our embassy for 444 days
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(1979) Saddam Hussein took control of the government
Used execution/imprisonment to eliminate competition
Used chemical weapons against the Kurds
(1988) Iran-Iraq war ended, Iraq had the strongest and most well-equipped army in the Arab world
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Accused Kuwait of stealing their oil; their high level of production was driving down prices
Annexed Kuwait (Aug. 8th) World opinion against the
invasion Iraq was poised to attack Saudi
Arabia
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Coalition of 30 nations came together
U.N. imposed economic sanctions and set a date for withdrawal
Deadline passed, Desert Shield became Desert Storm
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Coalition forces led by the U.S. large air strikes for 40 days
Iraq launched missile attacks against Saudi Arabia and Israel
Ground forces moved into Kuwait and southern Iraq
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Iraqi forces retreated from Kuwait; liberated within weeks
Iraqi’s rebelled against Saddam
U.N. ordered Saddam to stop producing weapons of mass destruction
Saddam made inspections difficult