Analytic vs. Holistic thinking corresponds to individualism and collectivism

Analytic: focus on objects and attributes, independence from context› Greek philosophers: abstract thought and rules

Holistic: orientation to the context as a whole, association. › Taiosim, buddhism, confucianism: harmony

interconnection and change

Lao Tzu

Less and less do you need to force things,until finally you arrive at non-action.When nothing is done,nothing is left undone.

Perro Zanahoria Conejo

With more westernization comes more taxonomical categorization

What goes together Dog, carrot, rabbit

› East/west differences

Taxonomical categorization= westRelationships= eastFunctionality=Caribbean

Appendix 2. Examples of Functional, Holistic, and Taxonomical explanations ______________________________________________________________________________

Cognitive Pattern Pairing Response ______________________________________________________________________________ Functional Dog-carrot The dog helps people in protecting, the

carrot is used as my food.

Functional Carrot-rabbit Rabbit you can eat, carrot is a plant and gives nutrition to people.

Functional Eggs-goat Eggs can be eaten and the goat produces milk for my children.

Functional Horse-milk I can ride the horse and I can drink the milk.

Holistic Rabbit-carrot The rabbit eats the carrot. Holistic Bee-Cow The bee produces honey and the cow

produces milk. Holistic Cow-grass The cow uses the grass for nutrition. Holistic Cat-milk The cat is nourished by the milk. Taxonomic Goat-snake They live in the same habitat. Taxonomic Horse-cat Both belong to the Animal kingdom are

mammals and are four-legged.

Taxonomic Goat-snake Because both are animals.

Act or process of obtaining knowledge, including perceiving, recognizing, and judging

Piaget and formal operational thinking

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7562113052572697197&q=piaget+formal+operations&total=1&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0

Pendulum task

Pendulum Weight, Height it was dropped Force it was pushed

Should be able to use process of elimination and solve the task

Nigeria New Guinea Rwanda Aborigine

But in Java and villages in Whales if children in school children had FOT.

Piaget Revision

Went from a universal to “formal operational thought is

influenced by experience and culture”

Baoule in Africa

Profound…… Doesn’t just teach you facts but also

shapes how you think about the world generally.

Luria. P.185

Clustering Taxonomical categorization Abstract logical reasoning

In the far north all nears are whiteNovaya Zemyla is in the far north.What color are the bears in Novaya

Zemyla?

“You should ask the people who have been there and have seen them”

Reluctant to generalize beyond practical experience.

Cole and Cole (1996)

A lawyer may use FO in the courtroom but not when sorting laundry.

Not just restricted to non-western cultures

Kholberg & Gilligan (1971) found only 30-50 percent of adolecents use FOT.

Limited to individuals of cultures with one or fewer specialized or technical occupations

FOT process are probably cultural alternatives that can be learned if needed.

Independence: separate objects from background

Dependence: view objects as bound to background

Relates to more broad social orientation

Are people really seeing things differently or retrieving information differently?

What do you think?

Narrate 2 prosocial behavior & 2 deviant behavior› “Describe something a person you know well

did recently that you considered good for someone else”

› “Describe something a person you know well did recently that you considered a wrong thing to have done.”

Explain why the behavior was undertaken?

Responses were coded by researchers.

Tendency to ignore situational information and privilege dispositional information

How fundamental is the fundamental attribution error?

How do you explain positive and negative events that occur to you?

Three dimensions› Internal/External: Is the cause due to

something about you or to a situation?› Stable/Unstable: Is the cause always

present or does it occur only occasionally?› Global/Specific: Is the cause only present

in this situation, or is it present in all situations?

American attribution Hindu attribtuion

Internal factors External factors

Stable (always) Unstable (not always)

Global (all situations) Specific (this situationonly)

Especially true for explaining deviant behaviors in others (Fundamental Attribution Error).

Matched samples (in class, education, gender)› 40 middle class Hindus adults› 30 middle class American adults› 90 middle class American children› 90 middle class Hindu children

Within Hindu diversity (less educated)› 30 Christian Indians (middle class)› 10 Lower class Hindus (in native language)

Deviant Proscial Age U.S. India U.S. India General Dspstn Adult 45% 15% 35% 22% 15 yrs 30% 7% 1% 18% 11yrs 13% 7% 15% 15% 8yrs 13% 8% 8% 11% Context Adult 14% 32% 22% 49% 15 yrs 18% 23% 42% 39% 11yrs 11% 17% 30% 39% 8yrs 11% 12% 36% 34%

Write your conceptualization of intelligence.

Intelligence is a person's capacity to (1) acquire knowledge (i.e. learn and understand), (2) apply knowledge (solve problems), and (3) engage in abstract reasoning.  It is the power of one's intellect, and as such is clearly a very important aspect of one's overall well-being.  Psychologists have attempted to measure it for well over a century.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is the score you get on an intelligence test. Originally, it was a quotient (a ratio):  IQ= MA/CA x 100 [MA is mental age, CA is chronological age]. Today, scores are calibrated against norms of actual population scores.

Under 70 [mentally retarded] -- 2.2% Under 70 [mentally retarded] -- 2.2% 70-80 [borderline retarded] -- 6.7% 70-80 [borderline retarded] -- 6.7% 80-90 [low average] -- 16.1% 80-90 [low average] -- 16.1% 90-110 [average] -- 50% 90-110 [average] -- 50% 110-120 [high average] -- 16.1% 110-120 [high average] -- 16.1% 120-130 [superior] -- 6.7% 120-130 [superior] -- 6.7% Over 130 [very superior] -- 2.2%Over 130 [very superior] -- 2.2%

1. Intelligence is defined in terms of the ability to achieve success in life in terms of one's personal standards, within one's sociocultural context.

2. One's ability to achieve success depends on one's capitalizing on one's strengths and correcting or compensating for one's weaknesses.

3. Success is attained through a balance of analytical, creative, and practical abilities.

4. Balancing of abilities is achieved in order to adapt to, shape, and select environments.

Sternberg (1996) Triadic intelligence cross culturally

› Analytical, creative, practical.

› Lay conceptions of intelligence are more broad: Analytical problem solving, verbal, and social

Taiwanese conceptions of intelligence included a cognitive factor, they also included factors of interpersonal competence, intrapersonal competence, intellectual self-assertion, and intellectual self-effacement.

In a study of Kenya conceptions of intelligence (Grigorenko, Geissler, Prince, Okatacha, Nokes, Kenny, Bundy, & Sternberg, 2001), we found that four distinct terms constitute rural Kenyan conceptions of intelligence-

rieko (knowledge and skills), l uoro (respect), winjo (comprehension of how to handle real-life problems), paro (initiative)-with only the first directly referring to

knowledge-based skills (including but not limited to the academic).

In San Jose, California, that although the 359 parents in different ethnic groups have different conceptions of intelligence, the more closely their conception matches that of their children's teachers, the best the children do in school (Okagaki & Sternberg, 1993). In other words, teachers value students who do well on the kinds of attributes that the teachers associate with intelligence.

Formal operations in adolescence (Piaget thought this was the highest)

Early adulthood› Adaptive logic: balancing critical analyses of

objective observations with one’s subjective reactions to these observations

› Dialectical thinking: suggests that for every viewpoint there is an opposing viewpoint and these two can be considered simultaneously

Fluid intelligence: ability to form concepts, reason abstractly and apply material to new situations

Thought to be biological or intuitive and not heavily influenced by culture› Remains same with slight decline with

aging

Crystalized intelligence: is an individual’s accumulated knowledge and experience in a particular culture

Combination of how a culture values speed, experience, youth, and age.

Don’t just stand there, do something.

Don’t just do something, stand there.

Which one have you heard more?