at the end of world war ii, the allies (u.s., britain, france and u.s.s.r.) decided to put nazi...
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THE NUREMBERG TRIALS
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At the end of World War II, the Allies (U.S., Britain, France and U.S.S.R.) decided to put Nazi leaders on trial for “crimes” committed during the war
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The Allies created a “military tribunal” that tried these Nazis
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The trials were called the Nuremberg Trials after the city in which they were held
There were, in fact, a number of trials.
The most famous of the trials dealt with the Nazi leadership.
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The Nazi leaders were tried under a new set of international law which were controversial for three reasons
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1. the were created “after the fact”
2. they were created by the “winners” and used against the “losers”
3. laws were imposed by an “international community” on people acting within their “home country”
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There were four basic charges
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CRIMES AGAINST PEACE
Planning, preparation, initiation or waging war of aggression
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WAR CRIMES
Murder, ill-treatment or deportation to slave labour members of civilian populations
Murder, ill-treatment of prisoners of war
Killing of hostages Plunder or property
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CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population before or during war
Persecution on political, racial, religious grounds whether or not in violation of domestic laws of country where perpetrated
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CONSPIRACY
This included plans to commit any of the three main charges, particularly, Crimes Against Peace
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DEFENDANTS
24 defendants were originally charged in the Nuremberg Trials
Some Nazis like Heinrich Himmler, leader of the SS, committed suicide before they were brought to trial
Some like Martin Bormann escaped and were never captured
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HERMAN GOERING
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One of Hitler’s key deputies Created the Gestapo Built up the armed forces and led the
Luftwaffe in strikes against Poland and other countries
Created the first concentration camp Used slave labour Persecuted Jews in Germany and
occupied areas
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CHARGE EVIDENCE VERDICT PUNISHMENT
CRIMES AGAINST PEACE
WAR CRIMES
CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
CONSPIRACY
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ALFRED ROSENBERG
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Developed key Nazis philosophies Created policies to exploited civilian
population including forced labour and extermination of Jews in occupied areas
Subordinates engaged in mass killings of Jews
Ordered 40,000 – 50,000 youths to be shipped to Germany
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CHARGE EVIDENCE VERDICT PUNISHMENT
CRIMES AGAINST PEACE
WAR CRIMES
CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
CONSPIRACY
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JOACHIM VON RIBBENTROP
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Helped planned invasion into Czechoslovakia
Negotiated the secret Nazi-Soviet pact
Helped plan the invasion of Poland In 1942, helped develop the “final
solution” to the Jewish question Assisted in the deportation of Jews in
occupied territories
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CHARGE EVIDENCE VERDICT PUNISHMENT
CRIMES AGAINST PEACE
WAR CRIMES
CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
CONSPIRACY
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RUDOLF HESS
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Was deputy to Hitler Top Nazi outside of Hitler, had authority
to make decisions in Hitler’s name Willing participant in the invasions of
Czechoslovakia and Poland Tried to negotiate peace with Britain
during a solo flight in 1941, was captured and imprisoned for rest of war
Shows signs of mental deterioration during the trials
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CHARGE EVIDENCE VERDICT PUNISHMENT
CRIMES AGAINST PEACE
WAR CRIMES
CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
CONSPIRACY
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VERDICTS
21 Nazi Chiefs Guilty, Nuremberg Trials 1946-10-8.url
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Of the 24 defendants, 19 were found guilty
5 were acquitted 12 were sentenced to hang including
Martin Bormann but he was never found
11 were executed by hanging
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DEFENDANT
COUNT 1 COUNT 2 COUNT 3 COUNT 4 SENTENCE
HERMANGOERING
GUILTY GUILTY GUILTY GUILTY DEATH
ALFRED ROSENBERG
GUILTY GUILTY GUILTY GUILTY DEATH
JOACHIM VON RIBBENTROP
GUILTY GUILTY GUILTY GUILTY DEATH
RUDOLFHESS
GUILTY INNOCENT
INNOCENT
GUILTY LIFE
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PUNISHMENT
DEFENDANT SENTENCE RESULT
HERMAN GOERING DEATH BY HANGING COMMITTED SUICIDE OCTOBER 15, 1946, DAY BEFORE SCHEDULED EXECUTION,. BODY WAS CREMATED AND ASHES WERE SCATTERED
ALFRED ROSENBERG DEATH BY HANGING EXECUTED OCTOBER 16, 1946. BODY WAS CREMATED AND ASHES WERE SCATTERED
JOACHIM VON RIBBENTROP
DEATH BY HANGING EXECUTED OCTOBER 16, 1946. BODY WAS CREMATED AND ASHES WERE SCATTERED
RUDOLF HESS LIFE SENTENCE COMMITTED SUICIDE JULY 17, 1987, AT AGE 97. BODY WAS BURIED
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THE DEFENSE
THE INTRODUCTION OF A NEW SET OF INTERNATIONAL LAWS FAILED TO DEAL WITH A KEY DEFENSE INTRODUCED BY MANY OF THE DEFENDANTS ON TRIAL:
“I WAS JUST FOLLOWING ORDERS”
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RULE OF NUREMBURG
A new principle arose out of the trials that was to be applied to future cases of War Crimes:
a soldier has a duty to ignore a clearly immoral order.
This was put to the test during the Vietnam War
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THE MY LAI MASSACRE
In 1968, U.S. troops were engaged in a massacre of elderly men, women and children in the village of My Lai
Women and children were raped, all villagers were shot and the village was torched
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REACTION
When news reports surfaced about the massacre, there was public and international pressure on the U.S. government to prosecute the soldiers for War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
This presents a problem: an army trying their own soldiers – this becomes an indictment of a system
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DEFENSE
Many of the soldiers used the same defense as the Nazi leadership: “I was just following orders”
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NEW PRINCIPLE
A soldier still has duty to disobey an immoral law
However, a soldier must be taught what an immoral law is.