basic unit of life = group of specialized cells = ● 4 types - (includes glands and tissues that...
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INTRODUCTION TO BODY SYSTEMS
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Basic unit of life =
Group of specialized cells =● 4 Types
- (includes glands and tissues that cover body surfaces)
- (provide support)- (transmits nerve impulses)- (enables movement)
Group of different types of tissues =
Group of organs that perform related functions =
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Epithelial
ConnectiveNervousMuscle
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MAINTAINING A STABLE ENVIRONMENT HOW MANY ORGAN SYSTEMS are there?
_______ THESE ORGAN SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER TO
MAINTAIN _________________ IN THE BODY.
Homeostasis:
Feedback inhibition:
11
Homeostasis
Process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment
Process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus
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Nervous System
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Interesting Fact:
The human brain weighs about 3.5 lbs.
Rat Brain
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Main Organs / Structures Central Nervous System
- Brain- Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System- Nerves
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Specialized Cells• Neurons - carry the nerve impulse
Interesting Fact:Number of neurons in human spinal cord = 1 billion
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Nucleus
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Endocrine
SystemWhen I say
ENDOCRINE, you say
HORMONE.
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Function of the System• Control by delivering
messages (hormones) throughout the body
• Slower and longer lasting effects than the nervous system
• Maintain homeostasis
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Main Organs / Structures• Glands – release hormones
into bloodstream [adrenal, thyroid, pancreas, pituitary, hypothalamus] Hormones – chemicals released in the bloodstream that effect a target cell
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Skeletal
System
mandible
cranium
clavicle
humerus sternumribs
ulna
radius
Vertebralcolumn
pelvis
femur
patellatibia
fibula
Interesting Facts:• The smallest
bones in the body are found in the ear.
• The longest bone in the body is the femur.
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Interesting Fact:
Crabs and lobsters, insects have
exoskeletons
(skeletons on the
outside of their
bodies)
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Function• Support• Protection of internal
organs• Store minerals• Produce blood cells
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Main Organs / Structures
Bones & Cartilage
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Muscular
SystemInteresting Facts:Muscles make up nearly
half the weight of the human body, this is why
when we train we sometimes put on weight
instead of losing it.
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Function Contraction & Movement
- energy supplied by ATP
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Main Organs / Structures
Muscles – skeletal (voluntary movement)
- cardiac (heart) - smooth (involuntary)
exp. digestive & circulatory
(esophagus & stomach)
(walls of blood
vessels)
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Circulatory
System
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Interesting Fact:
The roar that we
hear when we place a
seashell next to our ear is not the ocean, but rather the sound of blood surging
through the veins in the
ear.
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Function• highways : city :: circulatory :
human
Transport of oxygen, nutrients and waste products
Interesting Fact:
It takes about 20 seconds for
a red blood cell to circle the whole
body.
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Main Organs / Structures
Heart Blood Vessels
- Veins – return blood to the heart- Arteries – carry blood from the heart to the body
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Specialized Cells- Red Blood Cells – transport oxygen
- White Blood Cells – attack pathogens
- Platelets – formation of blood clots
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Red Blood Cell• Contains a protein called hemoglobin to which the oxygen binds• What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino Acids
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Respiratory
System
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Interesting Fact:Your left lung is
smaller than your right lung
to make room for your heart.
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Function• Exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide between the blood, the tissues, and the air
Reminder: Cellular Respiration
• C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
• O2 in ; CO2 out
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Main Organs / Structures
Nose, Mouth, Pharynx
Larynx (voice box) Lungs Bronchi (branches) Alveoli (air sacs) Diaphragm - muscle
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Immune System
Interesting Fact:Laughing lowers levels of stress hormones and
strengthens the immune system.
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Function of the System
Fight infection Main defense against pathogens
Immunity
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Main Organs / Structures Bone Marrow
Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes
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Specialized Cells T-cells [HIV virus attacks]
Antibodies – proteins that identify & neutralize foreign objects
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Integumentary System
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Interesting Fact:Human hair and
fingernails continue to grow
after death.
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Function Barrier against infection & injury
Regulates body temperature Prevents desiccation (drying out)
Provides UV protection
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Main Organs / Structures
• Skin – single largest organ in the body• Hair• Nails
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Reproductive
SystemInteresting Fact:
The female human body is capable of
giving birth to 35 children in one lifetime.
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Function of the System Reproduction
Produces, stores & releases specialized cells gametes
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Main Organs / Structures Testis, penis
Ovaries, Uterus
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Specialized Cells
Gametes
sperm egg
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Digestive
System
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Interesting Fact:The reason honey is so
easy to digest is that it’s already been digested
by a bee.
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Function• Break food down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by cells
Main Organs / Structures Mouth
□ chewing - mechanical digestion□ enzymes – chemical digestion
Esophagus (food tube)
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Main Organs / Structures
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins (macromolecules)
Vitamins & Minerals
Nutrients:
Stomach (high acidity-low pH) Small & Large Intestines (has villi for
absorption) Liver (filter-detoxifies harmful substances)
Pancreas (produces insulin)
Gall Bladder (store bile)
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Kidney
Ureters
Urethra
UrinaryBladder
Frog
Excretory
System
homeo
stasis
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Interesting Fact:All the blood in our body passes 400 times through each kidney every day.
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Function of the System
Excretion – elimination of metabolic wastes (urea)
Remove waste from blood Maintain blood pH Regulate H2O content
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Main Organs / Structures Skin
Kidney□ maintain acid-base
(pH) balance□ regulate blood
pressure□ filters blood
Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra
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