tissues, glands & membranes
TRANSCRIPT
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Tissues Glands &Membranes
Neriza G. Mamasabulod, RN, MAN
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Tissue
A tissue is a group of cells with
similar structure and function, as
well as the extracellular
substances located between the
cells.
HISTOLOGY is the study of
tissues
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Functions of the Epithelia
Protection-ex. Epithelium of the oral
cavity, which protect the underlyingstructures from abrasion
Acting as barriers-prevents entry oftoxic molecules or microorganisms
into the body Passage of substances-ex. O2 &
CO2 exchanged through the lungs
Secretion-ex. Sweat glands &mucous glands
Absorption of substances-ex.Epithelial cells of the intestine whichabsorbs digested food molecules,
vitamins & ions
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Types of Tissue
Epithelial tissue-covers surfaces,lines cavities & forms glands.
Connective tissue-supports &forms the framework of all parts
of the body.
Muscle tissue-contracts &
produces movement.
Nervous tissue-conducts nerveimpulses.
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Epithelial Tissue- covers surfaces, usually
has a basement
membrane, has littleextracellular material, and
has no blood
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Classification ofEpithelia
Simple epitheliumhas one layerof cells, whereas stratefied
epithelium has more than one
Pseudostratified columnarepitheliumis simple epitheliumthat appears to have two or more
cell layers Transitional epitheliumis
stratified epithelium that can be
greatly stretched.
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Typesof
Epithelium
(a)Simple
Squamous
Epithelium-
single layerof thin, flat
cells
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(b) Simple Cuboidal Epithelium- single layer of cubelike cells
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(c) Simple Columnar Epithelium- singlela er of tall thin cells
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(d) PseudostratifiedColumnar Epithelium-prefix pseudo means
false, appears to bestratified but not.
Consist of one layer of
cells attached to a
basement membrane.
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(e) StratifiedSquamous
Epithelium-
thick,consists
of many
layer
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(f)Transitional
Epithelium-greatly
stretch
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Structural and FunctionalRelationships
Simple epitheliumis involved withdiffusion, secretion, or absorption.
Stratified epitheliumserves a
protective role. Squamous cellsfunction in diffusionor filtration. Cuboidal or columnarcells, which contain more organelles,
secrete or absorb. A smooth free surface reduces
friction. Microvilliincrease surfacearea, and ciliamove materials over
the cell surface.
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Cont
Desmosomesmechanically bindcells together, tight junction form
a permeability barrier, and gap
junctions allow intercellularcommunication.
Hemidesmosomesmechanically
bind cells to the basementmembranes.
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Glands
A gland is a single cell or a
multicellular structure that
secretes
Exocrine glands have ducts, and
endocrine glands do not
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE Connective tissue holds cell and
tissues together.
It has an extracellular matrix
consisting of protein fibers, ground
substance, and fluid Collagen fibers are flexible but resist
stretching, reticular fibers form a fiber
network, and elastic fibers recoil Blast cells form the matrix, cyte cells
maintain it and clast cells break it
down
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Functions of Connective Tissue Connective tissues enclose and separate-ex.
Separate muscles, arteries, veins & nerves fromone another.
Connect tissues to one another-ex. Tendons arestrong cables or bands that attach muscle tobones & ligaments.
Support and movement-ex. Skeleton providesrigid support for the body, semirigid cartilagesupports structures such as the nose, ears &surfaces of joints.
Storing-adipose tissue (fat) stores high-energymolecules.
Cushion and insulation-adipose tissue (fats)
protects the tissues it surrounds & insulate toconserve heat
Transport of blood-such as gases, nutrients,hormones, enzymes & cells of immune system.
Protection from microorganisms-such as toxins
Cl ifi i f
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Classification ofConnective Tissue
1. Embryonic connective tissue givesrise to six major categories ofconnective tissue
2. Loose, or areolar, connective
tissueis the loose packingmaterial of the body, which fills thespaces between the organs andholds them in place.
3. Adipose, or fat, tissuefunctionsto store energy. Adipose tissuealso pads and protects parts of thebody and acts as as thermalinsulator.
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4.Dense connective tissueconsists of
matrix containing densely packed
collage fibers (tendons, ligaments, anddermis of the skin)or of matrix containing
densely packed elastic fibers (elastic
ligaments and in the walls of arteries).
5. Cartilageprovides support and is foundin structures such the costal cartilages,
disks between vertebrae, and external
ear.
6. Bonehas a mineralized matrix and formsmost of the skeletons of the body.
7. Bloodhas a liquid matrix and is found inblood vessels.
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(d) Dense Elastic Connective Tissue
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-Is the most abundant type of cartilage& has man functions.
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- Hard Connective Tissue
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Muscle Tissue
1. Muscle tissue is specialized to
contract or shorten, making
movement possible.
2. The three types of muscle
tissue are skeletal, cardiac and
smooth muscles.
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Nervous Tissue
1. Forms the brain, spinal cord
and nerves.
2. Nervous Tissue is specialized to
conduct action potentials
(electrical signals)
3. Neurons conduct action
potentials, and neurogliasupport the neurons
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Membranes: Mucous
MembranesMucous Membranes line cavities
that open to the outside of the
body ( digestive, respiratory,excretory, and reproductive
tracts). They contain glands and
secrete mucus.
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Membranes: SerousMembranes
Serous membranes line trunk
cavities that do not open to the
outside of the body (pleural,pericardial, and peritoneal
cavities). They do not contain
glands but do secrete serousfluid.
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Other Membranes
Other membranes include the
cutaneous membrane (skin)
synovial membranes (line joint
cavities) and periosteum ( aroundthe bone)
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Inflammation
1. The function of the inflammatory
response is to isolate and
destroy harmful agents.
2. The inflammatory response
produces five symptoms:
redness, heat, swelling
(edema), pain, and disturbanceof function.
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Chronic Inflammation
Chronic inflammation results
when the agent causing injury is
not removed or something else
interferes with the healingprocess.
1 A splinter in the skin
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1. A splinter in the skincause damage &introduces bacteria.Mediators of
inflammation arereleased.
2. Mediators ofinflammation causecapillaries to dilatecausing, the skin tobecome red.
3. WBC (ex. neutrophils ¯ophages) leave
the dilated bloodvessels & move to thesite of bacterial infx.Where they begin tophagocyte bacteria &
other debris.
Tissue Repair
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Tissue Repair1. Tissue repair is the substitution of
viable cells for dead cells. Labile cells
divide throughout life and can undergo
regeneration. Stable cells do not
ordinarily divide but can regenerate if
necessary. Permanent cells have littleor no ability to divide if killed repair is
by replacement.
2. Tissue repair involves clot formation,
inflammation, formation of granulationtissue, and regeneration or
replacement of tissues in severe
wounds, wound contracture can occur.
1. Fresh wound
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1. Fresh woundcuts theepithelium(epidermis &dermis) & a cloyis formed.
2. Approx. 1 wk.after the injury,a scab ispresent &epithelium isgrowing into the
wound.3. Approx. 2 wks.
the epitheliumhas growncompletely intothe wound.
4. Approx. 1 monththe hascompletelyclosed w/c isreplaced by anew connectivetissue.
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Tissues & Aging
Cells divide more slowly as
people age. Injuries heal more
slowly.
Extracellular matrix containing
collagen and elastic fibers
become les flexible and less
elastic. Consequently, skinwrinkles elasticity in arteries is
reduced, and bones break more
easily.
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Thats all folks !!!