skin and body membranes a & p – chapter 4. integumentary system skin (cutaneous membrane) skin...
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Skin and Body Membranes
A & P – Chapter 4
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Integumentary System
• Skin (cutaneous membrane)
• Skin derivatives
• Sweat glands
• Oil glands
• Hairs
• Nails
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Skin Functions
• Protects deeper tissues from:
• Mechanical damage
• Chemical damage
• Bacterial damage
• Thermal damage
• Ultraviolet radiation
• Desiccation
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Skin Functions
• Aids in heat regulation (sensory receptors)
• Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid (sweating)
• Synthesizes vitamin D (calcium absorption)
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Skin Structure
• Epidermis – outer layer
• Stratified squamous epithelium
• Contains keratin (structural protein)
• Dermis
• Dense connective tissue
Figure 4.3
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Skin Structure
• Deep to dermis is the hypodermis
• Not part of the skin
• Anchors skin to underlying organs
• Composed mostly of adipose tissue
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Melanin
• Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes
• Color is yellow to brown to black
• Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics (ethnicity) and exposure to sunlight
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Skin Structure
Figure 4.4
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Normal Skin Color Determinants
• Melanin
• Yellow, brown or black pigments
• Carotene
• Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
• Hemoglobin
• Red coloring from blood cells in dermis capillaries
• Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
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Appendages of the Skin
• Sebaceous glands
• Produce oil
• Lubricant for skin
• Kills bacteria
• Most with ducts that empty into hair follicles
• Glands are activated at puberty
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Appendages of the Skin
• Sweat glands (a.k.a. sudoriferous)
• Widely distributed in skin
• Palms, feet, underarms, forehead
• Two types
• Eccrine
• Sweat producer (everywhere)
• Apocrine
• Sweat + fatty acids + proteins (axillary and genital areas)
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Sweat and Its Function
• Composition• Mostly water- 99%
• Function• Helps dissipate excess heat• Excretes waste products (uric acid,
urea)• Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
• Odor is from associated bacteria
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Appendages of the Skin
• Hair
• Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
• Nails
• Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
• Heavily keratinized
• Lack of pigment makes them colorless
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Severity of Burns
• First-degree burns• Only epidermis is damaged• Skin is red and swollen
• Second degree burns• Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged• Skin is red with blisters
• Third-degree burns• Destroys entire skin layer• Burn is gray-white or black• Critical when on face, hands, or feet
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Skin Cancer
• Cancer – abnormal cell mass
• Two types• Benign
• Does not spread (encapsulated)
• Malignant
• Metastasized (moves) to other parts of the body
• Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer
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Skin Cancer Types
• Malignant melanoma
• Most deadly of skin cancers
• Cancer of melanocytes
• Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels