]. buddhist art in india has two phases: the pre-iconic phase where the buddha was represented by...

*South East Asian Art After 1200 CE

• Buddhist art in India has two phases: the Pre-Iconic phase

where the Buddha was represented by abstract symbols

instead of anthropomorphic figures; and the Iconic phase

during which representations of the Buddha in human form

developed for the first time.

• There are two separate strands of Buddhist art in Asia: the

Northern Branch, which encompasses Central Asia, China,

Japan, and Korea where Mahayana Buddhism is practiced;

and the Southern Branch, which encompasses Sri Lanka and

Southeast Asia where Theravada Buddhism is practiced.

• The initial impact of Islam on Buddhist art was generally

destructive, as Muslim invaders destroyed many Buddhist

monasteries and artifacts. By the end of the 12th century,

Buddhism in India remained only in select regions of the

country.

*Buddhist Art

The Great Stupa at Sanchi

South and Southeast Asia After 1200 CE > India

•Thailand

•Burma

•Vietnam

•Indonesia

*Southeast Asia

South and Southeast Asia After 1200 CE > Southeast Asia

• Thai sculptures depict images of the Buddha and other

characters from Buddhist and Hindu mythology, while Thai

paintings comprise book illustrations and painted

ornamentation of temples and palaces.

• From the 1st to the 7th centuries, art in Thailand was

influenced by direct contact with Indian traders and the

expansion of the Mon Kingdom, leading to the creation of

Hindu and Buddhist art inspired by Indian traditions.

• The history of Buddhist art in Thailand until the 18th century

can be divided into three broad phases: the Dwaravati period

(6th - 11th centuries), the Sukhothai (13th - 15th centuries)

period, and the Ayutthaya period (14th - 18th centuries).

*Thailand

Bronze walking Buddha, Thailand, Sukhothai kingdom, 15th century


• The Sukhothai period witnessed the development of four

classic postures of the Thai Buddha, namely, walking,

standing, sitting, and reclining. Later Thai art was highly

influenced by Sukhothai images and continued to imitate

these postures.

• The most common form of Buddhist architecture seen in

Thailand is the wat or monastery temple, which is

characterized by multiple-tiered roofs.

*Thailand (cont)

Bronze walking Buddha, Thailand, Sukhothai kingdom, 15th century


• Buddhist art and architecture first began to flourish in Burma

under the Pyu city-states (2nd century BC - mid-11th century

AD). The Pyu imported Buddhism from India and built solid

stupas that served as inspiration for later Burmese temples.

• Under the Pagan Empire (849 - 1297 AD), two types of

Buddhist temples developed: the stupa-style solid temple

and the gu-style hollow temple.

• Two innovations in temple architecture of the Pagan period

are pointed arches and vaulted chambers, and the

pentagonal temple plan.

• There are three popular styles of Buddha images in Burma:

the Ava style, the Mandalay style, and the Shan style.

*Burma

Pagan plains today


• The art of Northern Vietnam was strongly influenced by

Chinese domination (111 BC - 939 AD), reflecting Confucian

and Mahayana Buddhist traditions. Southern and central

Vietnam were a part of the kingdom of Champa (ca. 500 -

1500 AD), and produced Indianized Hindu-Buddhist art.

• During the millennium of Chinese domination (111 BC to 939

AD), artists in the north of Vietnam began to apply newly-

learned Chinese techniques to art, specifically ceramics, in

conjunction with art created using traditional indigenous

methods, including advanced bronze-casting.

• The period of rule under the Lý Dynasty (1009 - 1225) is

commonly considered a golden age in Vietnamese art, and

its ceramics became famous across Southeast Asia and the

Far East.

*Vietnam

Temple of Literature, Main Gate, Hanoi


• Champa was an Indic civilization that flourished along the

coasts of central and southern Vietnam between 500 and

1500 AD, lying on important trade routes linking India, China,

and the Indonesian islands.

• The artistic legacy of Champa consists of sandstone

sculptures, both free-standing and in relief, and brick

temples. Cham art and architecture synthesized from

Hinduism, Buddhism, and different indigenous cults.

• The art and architecture of Champa was at its peak between

the 7th and 10th centuries, after which it fell into a state of

gradual decline. Worn out by external conflict, the kingdom

fell in 1471 AD.

*Vietnam (cont)


Temple of Literature, Main Gate, Hanoi

• Indonesia has a particularly rich tradition of Hindu-Buddhist

sculpture and architecture, and was strongly influenced by

India from the 1st century AD onward.

• Buddhist art in Indonesia reached its golden era under the

Sailendra dynasty of the Sri Vijaya Empire between the 8th

and 13th centuries.

• Sculpture flourished between the 8th and 10th centuries AD

in Java and Bali, taking the form of free-standing statues or

relief sculptures incorporated into temples. They are

characterized by their delicacy and serenity of expression.

* Indonesia

Bronze Maitreya statue, South Sumatra, Indonesia, c. 9th-10th century.


• A classic example of the architecture of Sri Vijaya is the 8th-

century Borobudur temple, the largest Buddhist temple in the

world.

• Indonesian art enjoyed a golden age under the Majapahit

Empire (1293 - 1500) during which a huge number of Hindu-

Buddhist brick temples were built. They have tall, slender-

roofed red brick gates, a strong geometrical quality and a

sense of verticality achieved through many horizontal lines.

• By the fifteenth century, Islam had become the dominant

religion in Indonesia and local mosques reflected both

indigenous and Islamic influences. They lacked the Islamic

dome and had tall timber-tiered roofs similar to the pagodas

of Balinese Hindu temples.

* Indonesia (cont)


Bronze Maitreya statue, South Sumatra, Indonesia, c. 9th-10th century.

*Appendix

*Key Terms* advent Coming; coming to; approach; arrival.

* aesthetic Concerned with beauty, artistic impact, or appearance.

* amalgam A combination of different things

* animism A belief that spirits inhabit some or all classes of natural objects or phenomena.

* anthropomorphic Having the form or attributes of a human

* anthropomorphic Having the form or attributes of a human

* atelier A workshop or studio meant for an artist, designer, or fashion house

* aureole Any luminous or colored ring that encircles something; often a circle of light or halo surrounding a deity.

* balustrade A row of balusters topped by a rail, serving as an open parapet, as along the edge of a balcony, terrace, bridge, staircase, or the eaves of a building.

* bodhisattva In Buddhism, an enlightened being - existing beyond the Western scientific thought of physical reality - resembling the Western notion of angels, but with a wealth of its own nuances and expectations.

* candi Hindu and Buddhist temples and sanctuaries of Indonesia, mostly built during the 8th to 15th centuries; however, ancient non-religious structures such as gates, urban ruins, and bathing places are often also called "candi".

* corbel A structural member jutting out of a wall to carry a superincumbent weight.

*Key Terms* diaspora A dispersed group, such as the Jews outside of the land of Israel.

* dissension Strong disagreement; a contention or quarrel; discord.

* embossed With raised letters or images on the surface.

* finial Any decorative fitting at the peak of a gable, or on the top of a flagpole, fence post or staircase newel post.

* finial Any decorative fitting at the peak of a gable, or on the top of a flagpole, fence post or staircase newel post.

* foliated Having a structure of thin layers.

* frieze Any sculptured or richly ornamented band in a building or, by extension, in rich pieces of furniture.

* gopuram A monumental tower, usually ornate, at the entrance of a temple, especially in Southern India.

* Hephthalite Members of a central Asian nomadic confederation of the 5th and 6th centuries.

* iconoclastic Characterized by attack on established beliefs or institutions; of or pertaining to iconoclasm.

* iconography The branch of art history which studies the identification, description, and the interpretation of the content of images.

* idiom An artistic style (for example, in art, architecture, or music); an instance of such a style.

*Key Terms* jataka tales A voluminous body of literature native to India concerning the previous births

(jāti) of the Buddha, in both human and animal form.

* lattice A flat panel constructed with widely-spaced crossed thin strips of wood or other material, commonly used as a garden trellis.

* lyricism Depth of feeling and imagination

* mandala Any ritualistic geometric design, symbolic of the universe, used as an aid to meditation, particularly in Hinduism and Buddhism.

* mandapa (south Indian architecture) A pillared hall or porch fronting a Hindu temple. It may be attached or detached from the building.

* mausoleum A large stately tomb or a building housing such a tomb or several tombs.

* miniature a small, highly detailed painting or portrait

* Mon A people living primarily in Myanmar (also known as Burma) and Thailand; one of the earliest peoples to reside in Southeast Asia, and responsible for the spread of Buddhism in Burma and Thailand.

* monolithic Formed of a single massive rock or stone.

* mudra Any of several formal symbolic hand postures used in classical dance of India and in Hindu and Buddhist iconography.

* om A sacred, mystical syllable used to invoke God in Hindu prayer and meditation.

* pagoda An Asian religious building, especially a multistory Buddhist tower, erected as a shrine or temple.

*Key Terms

* patrilineal Pertaining to descent through male lines.

* pietra dura Hard and fine stones in general, as used for inlay and distinguished from the softer stones used in building.

* relief A type of artwork in which shapes or figures protrude from a flat background.

* shikhara The tower surmounting a Hindu temple.

* sinicization To make Chinese in character or to change or modify by Chinese influence.

* stupa A dome-shaped Buddhist monument, used to house Buddhist relics.

* Stylized represented according to some convention, rather than in a realistic or literal manner

* syncretism The reconciliation or fusion of different systems or beliefs (or the attempt at such fusion).

* Tirthankara Jain term for a person who achieves enlightenment through asceticism and who then becomes a role-model teacher for those seeking spiritual guidance.

* ubiquitous Being everywhere at once: omnipresent.

* yaksha A spirit that watches over the treasures hidden in the earth and tree roots.

Chandikesvara Temple in HampiPillars of Vijayanagar temples are often engraved with images of yali, or hippogriffs.

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South and Southeast Asia After 1200 CE

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Shwezigon PagodaCompleted in 1102 AD, this is one of the earliest examples of Pagan stupa-style Buddhist temples. It is marked by a solid, bell-shaped stupa.


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Temple of Po Klaung Garai, Phanh Rang, VietnamThe profile of this 13th century temple includes all the buildings typical of a Cham temple. From left to right one can see the kalan, the attached mandapa, the saddle-shaped kosgrha, and the gopura.


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The Dancers' Pedestal of Tra Kieu10th century Cham sculpture, sandstone. The figures are a dancing apsara (Hindu celestial nymph) and a gandharva (Hindu male nature spirit) musician.


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The Great Stupa at SanchiThe Great Stupa at Sanchi is the oldest stone structure of its kind in India and was commissioned by the Maurya emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BC. It contains the relics of the Buddha and is decorated with fine examples of pre-iconic Buddhist sculpture.


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Temple of Literature, Main Gate, HanoiBuilt in 1070, this Confucian temple housed the Imperial Academy, Vietnam's first national university. The temple layout is similar to that of the temple at Qufu, Shandong, Confuscius' birthplace. It covers an area of over 54,000 square meters, including the surrounding Lake of Literature, a park and the interior courtyards, which are enclosed by a brick wall. In front of the Great Gate are four tall pillars. On either side of the pillars are two stelae or stone tablets commanding horsemen to dismount.


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Borobudur's main stupa, Java, Indonesia.The main Stupa crowning the Borobudur built in the 8th century by the Sailendra dynasty. The uppermost terrace has rows of bell-shaped stupas and Buddha images. The main stupa itself is empty, symbolizing perfect enlightenment.


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Bronze Maitreya statue, South Sumatra, Indonesia, c. 9th-10th century.This bronze Bodhisattva Maitreya is an example of Sri Vijayan sculpture. The statue's distinctive crown incorporates a stupa in its design.


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Footprint of the BuddhaFootprint of the Buddha. 1st century, Gandhara.


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Pagan plains todayA view of the stupas in Bagan (formerly Pagan), the capital of the Pagan Empire.


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Gandhara BuddhaRepresentation of the Buddha in the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, 1st century AD.


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Mandalay-style Buddha statue, Shwedagon pagoda, Yangon, MyammarThis gilded statue of the Buddha has naturally slanted brows, slanted eyes and round hair bun characteristic of the Shan style.


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Bronze walking Buddha, Thailand, Sukhothai kingdom, 15th centuryThe Sukhothai period witnessed the development of Buddha images in a walking position.


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Standing Buddha, Thailand, Ayutthaya kingdom, 16th centuryGilded sculptures of the Buddha became popular during the Ayutthaya period.


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Head of Buddha, Dvaravati kingdom8th - 9th century. The continuous eyebrow and the thick lips are characteristic of the Amaravati style patronized by Dwaravati.


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]. buddhist art in india has two phases: the pre-iconic phase where the buddha was represented by...

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