Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms.

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a function is called tissues.

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a function is an organ.

Groups of organs working together form organ systems.

All organ systems work together to make a fully functioning organism—YOU!

• All cells in direct contact with environment

• All cells can easily get nutrients in & waste out by diffusion

• Internal cells not in direct contact with environment

• Internal cells can’t get nutrients in & waste out

• Need organ systems

Warm, diluteocean waters

Warm, diluteocean waters

Unicellular Multicellular

Had to evolve organ systems for: getting materials in &

around digestive system respiratory system circulatory system

removing wastes respiratory system excretory system

Digestion is the process of breaking down food into molecules that the body can use

The digestive system takes in food, breaks it down, and gets rid of undigested molecules and waste.

Mouth—begins digestion by taking in food Teeth—mechanically breaks down food into

pieces Tongue—tastes the food (makes sure it is

safe); moves the food around and mixes it with saliva

Salivary Glands—produce saliva which contains Salivary amylase (breaks down complex carbohydrates)

Epiglottis—a flap of tissue that moves over the opening of the trachea, so that food does not enter the trachea

Pharynx—the passage from the mouth to the larynx (produces vocal sounds) and esophagus

Esophagus—a long, straight tube that connects the pharynx and stomach

The stomach is a muscular, saclike organ.

Function: secretes gastric juice (combination of HCl acid and Pepsin); churns the food and coats it, beginning digestion.

Pepsin—a stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins

Function: secretes bile, converts extra sugars to glycogen for storage, stores fat-soluble vitamins and iron and detoxifies poisons.

Bile—a greenish fluid that breaks fat globules into tiny fat droplets, promotes absorption of vitamins

Glycogen—a complex carbohydrate that stores glucose

Gall Bladder—Stores bile Liver, Gall Bladder, and Bile Duct

Function: Secretes several digestive enzymes into the small intestine, secretes insulin to regulate blood sugar, secretes pancreatic fluid

Insulin—a hormone that regulates the release of glucose into the blood

Pancreatic Fluid—raises the pH of stomach acid, contains many digestive enzymes

Function—the majority of food digestion occurs in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), the absorption of nutrients occurs in the jejunum and ileum

Villi—small projections from the cells in the lining of the small intestine which absorb the nutrients

Villi of Small Intestine

Function—mineral ions and water are absorbed from waste material(no digestion occurs here).

Also in the large intestine are microbes which synthesize vitamin K and several B vitamins, which your body cannot easily get from food

Appendix—no function in humans. (called caecum in pigs)

Rectum—stores solid wastesAnus—eliminates wastes

The heart, blood vessels, and blood make up the cardiovascular system

Oxygen from the lungs is moved throughout the body by the blood

Nutrients from digested foods are absorbed by the blood and carried to all the body’s cells

Cellular waste products are moved by blood to the urinary system

Hormones, substances that help regulate body functions, are carried by the bloodstream

Organ heart

Tissues & cells Blood vessels

arteries veins capillaries

Blood red blood cells plasma (liquid)

Chambers and Blood Vessels of the Heart

4-Chambered heart atria (atrium)

thin wall collection chamber receive blood

ventricles thick wall pump pump blood out

rightatrium

leftatrium

rightventricle

leftventricle

fish amphibian reptiles birds & mammals

A A

VV V VV

A AAAA

V

2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber

Not everyone has a 4-chambered heart

AV

SL

AV

4 valves in the heart flaps of tissue prevent backflow of blood

Heart sounds closing of valves “Lub”

force blood against closed AV valves “Dub” force of blood against semilunar valves Heart murmur

leaking valve causes hissing sound blood squirts backward through valve

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

artery

arteriolesvenules

veins

Arteries blood flows away from heart thicker walls

provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood

elastic & stretchable

Veins blood returns back to heart thinner-walled

blood travels back to heart at low speed & pressure

why low pressure? far from heart

blood flows because muscles contract when we move

squeeze blood through veins valves in large veins

in larger veins one-way valves allow blood to flow only toward heart

Open valve

Blood flowstoward heart

Closed valve

Capillaries very thin walls allows diffusion of

materials across capillary

O2, CO2, H2O, food, waste

body cell

O2

food

waste

CO2

Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells plasma

liquid part of blood dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and more

cells red blood cells (RBC)

transport O2 in hemoglobin

white blood cells (WBC) defense & immunity

platelets blood clotting

ribs, vertebrae, breastbone & pelvis

Stem cells “parent” cells

in bone marrow

develop into all the different types of blood cells red blood cells white blood cells

white bloodcells

red bloodcells

white blood cells

Small round cells produced in bone marrow 5 liters of blood in body 5-6 million RBC in drop of human blood last 3-4 months (120 days)

filtered out by liver ~3 million RBC destroyed each second

Protein which carries O2

250,000 hemoglobin proteins in one red blood cell

O2

O2

O2

O2

Why do we need a respiratory system?

1.To bring Oxygen in. Oxygen is needed for cells to break down glucose to make ATP.2.To take out Carbon Dioxide. Carbon Dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration and must be taken out of the body.

What is Respiration? The exchange of gases from the environment to the body.

Functions of the Major Organs:Nose and Mouth—brings in air Sinus Cavity—moistens, cleans and warms the air before it goes down to the lungsThroat—contains Larynx (voice box) for speech

Lungs—Function: Major organ of respiratory system; gas exchange

Trachea—Function: rigid tube that transports air to lungs

Bronchus & Bronchioles—Function: branches off of trachea, delivers air to alveoli

Diaphragm—Function: muscle that expands and contracts the lungs

Bronchus—branches off of the trachea

Bronchioles—smaller branches of the Bronchus

Bronchioles end in Alveoli—’little air sacs’

Alveoli—little air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

expand when air is taken in, contract as air is exhaled.

Closely associated with capillaries from the pulmonary veins and arteries.

Structurespongy texture

high surface area more absorption of O2

moist lining mucus traps dust,

pollen, particles covered by cilia

hair-like extensions of cells move mucus upward to

clear out lungs

Inhale O2 passes from alveoli

to blood by diffusion

Exhale CO2 passes from blood

to alveoli by diffusion

capillaries(circulatory system)

Gases move by diffusion from high to low concentration capillaries are thin-walled tubes of circulatory system alveoli are thin-walled sacs of respiratory system

blood lungs

CO2

O2

CO2

O2

blood body

CO2

O2

CO2

O2

capillaries in lungs capillaries in muscle

Diaphragm moves down & expands chest cavity pulls air into lungs

inhale exhale

What is the excretory system?

The organ system that removes wastes produced during metabolic reactions

Animal cells move material across the cell membrane by diffusion nutrients in

from digestive system fuels for energy in

from digestive system oxygen in from respiratory system waste out

CO2, urea from cells to respiratory system, to excretory system

O2

sugar

sugar nutrients

CO2

urea

nutrients

O2

Digesting protein makes poison Nitrogen waste= ammonia=poison

When the Amino group is removed, it makes ammonia, NH3

In land animals, the NH3 is converted to urea

When the other functional groups are removed, they are lost as carbon dioxide and water

The kind of nitrogen waste you make depends on where you live Freshwater animals

Make ammonia Land animals (not

egg layers) Make urea

Land egg layer Make uric acid

Nitrogen waste

Freshwater animals If you have a lot of water you can dilute the waste

before it poisons you excrete ammonia through gills and as urine

Land animals need to save H2O evolved less poisonous waste product

urea

excrete urea & H2O as urine

Egg-laying land animals no place to get rid of waste while in egg needs waste that doesn’t dissolve in water inside egg

uric acid stays a powder inside egg

birds, reptiles, insects

Mammals have a pair of bean-shaped kidneys supplied with blood by a renal artery and a renal

vein

Kidney

Vena cavaAortaRenal Artery

Renal Vein

Kidney—filters urea out of blood; makes urine

Ureter—delivers urine to urinary bladder

Urinary bladder—stores urine

Urethra—delivers urine out of body

Vena cava-carries filtered blood back to heart

Aorta—brings blood to kidney to be filtered

Renal artery-a branch off of the aorta which carries blood to the kidney

Renal vein—blood vessel coming from the kidney to the vena cava

Cortex—outer area of the kidney; contains numerous blood vessels

Medulla—inner area of the kidney; contains the structures of the nephron that maintain salt and water balance

Ureter—collects urine and transports it to bladder

Nephron—the filtering structures of the kidney; filters nitrogen waste out of the blood

Renal Artery—brings blood to the kidney to be filtered

Renal Vein—takes filtered blood back to the heart

2006-2007

Reproductive Systems

Humans reproduce sexually by internal fertilization.

The roles of the male reproductive system are to produce sperm and to deliver sperm to the female reproductive system.

*Seminal vesicle—helps make semen, nutrient-rich liquid that helps sperm cells survive

Urethra—delivers urine and sperm outside body

Scrotum—sac that holds and protects testis

Penis—organ that delivers sperm into female reproductive tract

Urinary Bladder—stores urine

Prostate and Bulbourethral Glands-*

Erectile tissue—fills with bloodDelivers sperm to urethra

where sperm cells mature

Where sperm cells are made

Testes have hundreds of compartments packed with tightly coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules.

Sperm cells are produced by meiosis in the seminiferous tubules.

In addition, the testes produce testosterone.

Testosterone—a hormone that stimulates sperm production and the growth of facial hair and other male features.

Sperm production starts during puberty and continues throughout adulthood.

Sperm form in testis, then travel to epididymis, where they mature.

From there, they move to the vas deferens, which carries sperm to the urethra.

As sperm move into the urethra, they mix with fluids secreted by the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands.

A mature sperm cell has a head with very little cytoplasm, a midpiece (with many mitochondria), and a long tail.

Enzymes produced at the tip of the head help the sperm cell penetrate the egg during fertilization.

The tail of a sperm cell is a powerful flagellum that whips back and forth, allowing it to move. During fertilization, only the head of the sperm enters an egg.

Ovaries produces eggs & hormones

Uterus & Endometrium nurtures fetus; Endometrium is the lining which builds

up each month Fallopian tubes (oviduct)

tubes for eggs to travel from ovaries to uterus Cervix

opening to uterus, dilates 10 cm for birthing baby Vagina

birth canal for birthing baby

Corpus luteum—a temporary endocrine gland that produces progesterone to maintain the uterus if pregnancy occurs

Follicle—the supporting cells which nurture the egg as it matures

The ovaries produce egg cells. They also secrete estrogen and progesterone, the female sex hormones.

The female reproductive system produces one viable egg per month. When an egg cell matures, it is called an ovum.

After the ovum is released from an ovary, cilia sweep the ovum into a fallopian tube.

This tube moves the ovum from an ovary to the uterus. If sperm are present in the fallopian tube during this time, the ovum may become fertilized.