- - ClassificationClassification is the grouping of things according to their similar characteristics

- People classify things to give order to the world and help them to survive, to help understand things better

- - TaxonomyTaxonomy is the branch of biology that deals with classifying things

- - Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature is a naming system that gives each organism two names - a genus namegenus name and species namespecies name

Examples of scientific namesOrganism Genus species

Wolf Canus lupus

Honey Bee Apis mellifera

Humans Homo sapiens

Living things are classified into 7 major groups

Kingdom Largest groupingsPhylumClassOrder Family GenusSpecies Smallest groupings

**King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

- Kingdoms are the largest and most general groups in classification

- Species is the smallest and most specific group

There are 5 Kingdoms1. Monerans (monera) – also called

BACTERIA2. Protists (protista)3. Fungi4. Plants5. Animals

Moneran Kingdom

- Monerans are tiny, single celled, do not have a nucleus and can be called bacteria

- Two types of monerans include bacteria and blue-green algae

- Bacteria come in 3 shapes; rod shaped, round and spiral

- Monerans have a cell wallcell wall; a tough, rigid outer covering that supports and protects. A cell cell membranemembrane; controls what enters and leaves the cell. Hereditary materialHereditary material; in cytoplasm - not in a nucleus like other cells

- Bacteria cannot move on their own. They are carried by air, water, clothing , or other objects. Some may also have a flagellum flagellum (tail)

================================= They can be harmfulharmful

- Can spoil food

- Poison water supplies - caused by pollution

- Damage property - breakdown leather, asphalt

- Cause disease - strep, pneumonia, tetanus, Lyme disease, Bubonic plague

- Bacteria can also be helpful- They decompose dead organisms and return

simpler substances to the environment to be used by other organisms

- They produce oxygen; change environments- Help produce foods- cheese, yogurt, pickles- Breakdown garbage into methane gas -

petroleum- Clean up the environment - decompose

garbage, breakdown oil and plastic- Make vitamins and help animals digest- Produce antibiotics that kill other bacteria- Used in industry

The Protist Kingdom- Protists are similarsimilar to monerans because

the are unicellular; one of the first organisms on earth; microscopic

- They are differentdifferent than monerans because protists have a nucleus and other cell structures

Where and how do protists live?

Where?Where?- Most live in a watery environment-

salty and fresh- Some live in moist soil- Some live in larger organisms and are

called parasites - organisms that live on or in a host cell and harm it

How?How?- They live in individual cells- Some live in colonies (groups of cells)

Animal-like Protists - Protozoa

- They contain a nucleus and have no cell wall

- They are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food)

- They can move

4 Types of Protists1. 1. SarcodineSarcodine- Animal-like protist that move by extensions of

the cell membrane and cytoplasm called pseudopods EX: ameba

2. 2. CiliateCiliate- Protist that moves by hairlike extensions called

ciliacilia that are on the outside of cells EX: paramecium

3. 3. FlagellateFlagellate- Protist that moves by flagellumflagellum - a long

whiplike structure that propels a cell through its environment

4. 4. SporozoanSporozoan- parasites that feed on the cells and body fluids

of their host animals EX: malaria

Plant-Like Protists - Algae

- They are unicellular- They are autotrophs - use

light energy to make their own food

- They are a vital part of the world because many other organisms rely on them for food

3 Types of Algae1. 1. EuglenaEuglena- plantlike protist that contain chloroplasts,

flagella and a reddish eyespot

2. Diatoms2. Diatoms- most numerous protist made of glassy

material

3. Dinoflagellates3. Dinoflagellates- plant like protist that have cell walls that

look like plates of armour and also have 2 flagella to propel them through water

Fungus Like Protists- They are protists that are heterotrophs,

have cell walls and at different stages of their life, have characteristics similar to protists like flagella and looking like amebas

- A slime mold is a fungus-like protist that is moist, flat, shapeless blob that live in dead trees, fallen leaves and compost heaps

Fungus KingdomHow do fungi feed?- Fungi feed by growing on their food. - They release chemicals that digest the food

that they are growing on. - They then absorb the digested food.What are hyphaehyphae?- Hyphae (hi-fee) are threadlike tubes that

make up multi-cellular fungi.- They branch out and weave together to

produce many shapes of fungi.- They can grow quickly.

Fungus Kingdom

How do most fungi reproduce?- Fungi reproduce by spores (a form of

asexual reproduction).- Spores are tiny reproductive cells that are

enclosed in a protective case.- They are carried by wind and if they land in

a place that is ideal they are able to sprout.- Fungi produce spores in fruiting bodies.EX: a puff ball can produce trillions of

spores

FUNGI Hypahe and spores Fruiting body (Puffball)

3 Forms of Fungi:1. 1. MushroomsMushrooms - Fungi shaped like umbrellas with a stem-like

structure called a stalkstalk and a capcap on top- Spores are produced on the underside of the

cap3 Parts of a mushroom are…1. StalkStalk -- stem-like structure2. CapCap - - on top of the stalk. Spores are

produced here3. GillsGills - - thin sheets of tissue that go from

stalk to cap. The spores are stored here

2. 2. YeastYeast- Single celled fungi used in bread

making- Reproduce by budding

3. 3. MoldsMolds- Fuzzy, shapeless, fairly flat fungi that

grow on the surface of an objectEX: Penicillin

Diseases caused by fungi

Dutch Elm DiseaseDutch Elm Disease and Chestnut Chestnut BlightBlight both kill trees

Toxin producing fungusToxin producing fungus- produces cancer-causing substances that could injure or kill humans

Ergot Ergot -- spiky poisonous growths on rye grain. It causes burning, prickling sensations, hallucinations and convulsions

Athlete’s FootAthlete’s Foot and RingwormRingworm both cause itchy, raw, red patches on the skin

What is a Lichen?

- A lichen is a fungus and an alga that live together.

- When they are together they can live in places that neither could survive in alone

What do the fungus and alga do for each other?- The fungus part provides the alga

with water and minerals that the fungus absorbs from whatever it is growing on

- The alga part uses the minerals and water to make food for the fungus and itself

Plant Kingdom- Multicellular algae lack transport tubes

that other plants have. They do not contain roots, stems or leaves or produce seeds. They do contain pigments (colored chemicals) and live in or near a source of water

- The 3 Phyla of algae are red, brown and green

Needs of Land Plants:1. Need to support the leaves and other parts

of the body so that they do not collapse2. Need to obtain water and minerals3. Need to transport food , water, minerals,

and other materials from one part of the body to another

4. Need to get sperm cells and egg cells together so that reproduction can occur

Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts- These are tiny plants that live in moist

placesThey do not have a lot of adaptations

because:1. They are small and live in places where

water is plentiful2. They do not need stems to support them3. They do not need a special transport system4. They do not need an adaptation to prevent water loss because they live in watery places

What is a fern?- A vascular plant. They have tiny tubes that

transport water, food, and materials throughout its body. They also have leaves with a waxy covering to prevent water loss

- Ferns adapt by having thick, strong cell walls for strong stems (they can grow taller) They also have roots that anchor them to the ground and absorb water and minerals for the plant

- Ferns reproduce by having their sperm cells swim to the egg cells in standing water

Seed Plant Structure- - XylemXylem is a vascular tissue that carries

water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant

- - PhloemPhloem carries food throughout the plant

- - RootsRoots anchor the plant to the ground and absorb water and minerals from the soil

- - StemsStems provide the means by which water, minerals and food are transported between the roots and leaves of the plant. The stem also holds the plant up to get sunlight

- - LeavesLeaves make food for the plant by photosynthesis (use light to make food)

- The purpose of the flower is to help the plant reproduce. The flower contains sperm and egg cells

- An angiosperm is a plant where ovules and seeds are contained in an ovary

- A gymnosperm is a plant whose ovules and seeds are not surrounded by an ovary

The Animal Kingdom

- An animalanimal is a multi-cellular heterotroph whose cells lack cell walls

- A vertebratevertebrate is an animal that has a backbone or vertebral column

- An invertebratenvertebrate is an animal that does not have a back bone. This constitutes 95% of all animal species

Phylum Proifera

- A spongesponge is the smallest group of invertebrates. They grow attached to one spot and contain many pores.

How do they feed?- Water carries food and oxygen as it moves

though the pores of the sponge. The sponge’s cells remove food and oxygen from the water and release waste products in the water

- A spiculespicule is a tiny spiny structures that form the skeleton of many sponges. It is made of a glassy material

Phylum Cnidaria- Organisms include hydra, jellyfish, corals, sea

anemones- A polyppolyp is a type of cnidaria that stays in one

place. (shaped like a vase)- A medusamedusa is a cnidaria that can move from

place to place (shaped like a bowl)Basic Characteristics1. Hollow body cavity with only one opening

calledthe mouth

2. They have nematocystsnematocysts or stinging cells to stun or kill prey

3. They have special tissues4. They reproduce sexually or asexually

hydra

jellyfish

coral

sea anemone

Phylum Platyhelminthes

- - FlatwormsFlatworms are flat bodied worms. They can regenerate lost body parts and some are parasite

EX: Planaria

- A tapeworm is another example

Phylum Nematoda- A roundwormroundworm can live on land or in water- Some are parasites and live in animals- These worms have tube-like digestive systems

(mouth and anus)Ex: Trichinella and hookworms

Phylum Annelida Segmented wormsSegmented worms are worms with

segmented bodies They live in oceans, lakes, streams and

soil They have specialized cells, a

circulatory system and a nervous system

EX: Earthworm, sandworm

Phylum Mollusca A molluskmollusk Is a soft bodied animal that

have inner or outer shellsCharacteristics1. Foot - thick muscle used to open and

close their shell or for movement

2. Head - contains mouth and sense organs (eyes)

3. Mantle- produces material that makes up the hard shell

- GastropodsGastropods are mollusks that have a single shell or no shell at all. They live in fresh or salt water and on land

EX: Snail, slug, sea butterflies

- A bivalvebivalve is a two-shell mollusk. The two shells are held together by a powerful muscle. They are filter feeders - filter food out of their body.

EX: clams, oysters, scallops, mussels

- A cephalopodcephalopod is a mollusk with tentacles. They do not have an outer shell but have one within some part of their body. They are very quick; some produce ink when they are frightened

Ex: octopuses, squids, nautiluses

Phylum ArthropodaCharacteristics1. Live in air, on land, or in water2. Exoskeleton - skeleton on the

outside of the body3. Segmented body4. Jointed appendages CrustaceansCrustaceans are an arthropod with a

hard exoskeleton, 2 pairs of antennae and mouth parts for crushing food. Most live in water some live on land

EX: Crabs ,lobster, shrimp, barnacles

CentipedesCentipedes are arthropods with many legs. They have one pair of legs in each segment

A millipedemillipede is an arthropod with many legs. They have two pairs of legs in each segment

An arachnidarachnid has 2 body parts - a head/chest and an abdomen part. They have 8 legs (4 pairs)

Ex: spider, scorpion, tick, mites The insectsinsects are the most numerous

arthropods. Their bodies are divided into 3 parts- a head, a chest, and an abdomen. They have 6 legs attached to the chest

Ex: grasshoppers, ants, flies

Phylum EchinodermataCharacteristics

1. They have spiny skin

2. They have an internal skeleton and 5 body parts

3. A water vascular system

4. Tube feet

EX: Starfish, sea lilies, sea urchins, sand dollar

Phylum Chordata A vertebratevertebrate is an animal with a

backbone. A vertebral column is used to protect the spinal cord which runs through the center of the backbone

An endothermendotherm is a warm-blooded animal. They are able to maintain their body temperatures internally (endo=inside)

An ectothermectotherm is a cold-blooded animal. They rely on the environment for heat

Cold Blooded Animals Fish are water dwelling vertebrates

that are characterized by scales, fins and throats with slits. ***Although some do not have all of these characteristics****

A jaw-less fishjaw-less fish is a fish with no jaw or scales - they are the most primitive fish. They do have paired fins and an entire skeleton made of cartilage. EX: lamprey, hagfishes

= hagfish

A cartilaginous fishcartilaginous fish has a skeleton make entirely of cartilage. Most have tooth-like scales covering the body. Body shape most represents a torpedo.

EX: Shark, skates, rays

A bony fishbony fish has a skeleton made of bones. These fish have a swim bladder- gas filled sac that helps the fish to float (buoyancy). EX: eels, remora, tuna, flounder

What is an amphibian? Vertebrates that are fishlike and breath

through gills when immature They live on land, breathe through

lungs and have moist skin when adults No scales or claws Most live in the water for the first part

of their life and then on land for the second part of their life

EX: Frogs, newts, toads, salamanders

What are reptiles?

Vertebrates with lungs, scaly skin, and special egg types

Their scaly skin is very hard, waterproof and prevents the reptile from drying out

EX: lizards, snakes, turtles, alligators, crocodiles

Warm-Blooded Animals Birds are warm-blooded, egg laying

vertebrates that have feathers. The feathers are made of dead cells.

They are used to insulate, fly and attract mates

Ex: birds of prey, perching birds, waterfowl, flightless birds

What are Mammals? MammalsMammals are warm blooded vertebrates

that have hair or fur and that feed their young with milk produced in mammary glands

Egg laying MammalsEgg laying Mammals are mammals that lay eggs. This is primitive. Also called monotrenes EX: duckbilled platypus, spiny anteaters

Pouched mammalsPouched mammals give birth to young that are not well developed. The young spend time in a pouch in the mother’s body. They are called marsupials Ex: Kangaroo, opossums

Placental Mammals’Placental Mammals’ young develop more fully within the female. EX: elephant, giraffe, hippopotamus, gorilla

What is a Virus?A virus is a tiny particle that can invade living cells. They contain hereditary material

Is a virus a living cell? NO!!! They do not carry out all the life functions and cannot reproduce on their own

What can’t a virus do?Perform life processes or reproduce on their own

What can a virus do?Can reproduce inside cells and cause disease

Parts of a virus

- The hereditary material takes control of the cells activities

- The protein coat protects the virus

Viral Replication

- Bacteriophage attaches to host cell and inject its hereditary material into the cell

- The virus’ hereditary material takes control over the cell causing it to make bacteriophage parts

- Bacteriophage parts assemble (come together) into complete virus’

- Host cell bursts and releases newly produced virus

Virus Life Cycle Summary- First a virus gets its hereditary

material into the host cell. Then the host cell makes more virus particles. Finally the virus particles leave the original host cell and it infects new hosts

- The host cell is KILLED