domains, kingdoms, and phyla grouping organisms and classification
TRANSCRIPT
Domains, Kingdoms, and Phyla
Grouping Organisms
And Classification
Age of Life on Earth
• 3.5 million years ago
• 1.5 million species named by classification system called taxonomy (to name and group organisms in a logical manner)
Domains3 largest classification groups
Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukarya
THREE Domains…Kingdoms
Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya(true bacteria) (extreme (protists
bacteria) fungi plants
animals)(Prokaryotic)No true nucleus True Nucleus
TAXONS
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
TAXONS
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
King
Phillip
Could
Order
Five
Greasy
Subs
Six Kingdoms: Get Handout
Two Domains: Prokaryotic
• Genetic material NOT in a nucleus
• INCLUDES:
• Eubacteria –true bacteria• Archaea –extreme bacteria
Kingdom: Archaea
• Prokaryotic –no nucleus
• Cell walls with no peptidoglycan
• Unicellular – one celled
• Live in most extreme environments
What is peptidoglycan?
• A cross-linked complex of polysaccharides and peptides found in the cell walls of bacteria
• (in other words:• Starch and protein)
Kingdom: Archaea
• Thermophiles –love heat
• Psychrophiles –cold-loving
• Acidophiles –love acidic environments
• Halophiles-love salty
• Barophiles-high pressure (ocean bottom)
Archaea
• Thermus aquaticus (Taq)
ArchaeaSulfur-loving
Kingdom: EUBACTERIA (true bacteria)
• Prokaryotic – no nucleus
• Cell wall with peptidoglycan
• Unicellular –one-celled
• Diverse environments and metabolism
Eubacteria
• Staphyloccus
• Anthracis bacillus
Eubacteria
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• E. coli
Eukarya
HAVE A NUCLEUSAll other organisms
Protists FungiAnimalsPlants
Kingdom: Protista
• Eukaryotic – DO have a nucleus
• Usually unicellular
• Amoeba nucleus
• Varied cell walls
Protista Examples
Euglena • Paramecium
Kingdom: FUNGI
• Eukaryotic
• Cell walls of chitin –stiffener
• Can be multicellular or unicellular
Fungi
•Yeast
•Can you see the budding?
Kingdom: Plantae
• Eukaryotic
• Cell wall made of cellulose
• Multicellular –more than one cell
• Autotrophic –photosynthetic – make their own food
Examples:
What is cellulose?
Stiff, interlocking fibers in plants
Kingdom: Animalia
• Eukaryotic
• No cell wall
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic –need to get food from other sources (plants and animals)
Animalia
Animalia Phyla
• Porifera (Sponges)• Cnidaria (jellyfish)• Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)• Nematoda (Roundworms)• Mollusca (octopus, clams) • Annelida (Segmented Worms)• Arthropoda (insects)• Echinodermata (starfish)• Chordata (mammals, fish, birds, reptiles)
Phylum Porifera
• “pore bearer”
• Empty sac with pore cells on outside
• sponges
• Porifera Video
Phylum Cnidaria
• “stinging nettle”
• Jellyfish, coral, sea anemones
• Radial symmetry, tissues, prey on animals
• Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish) swimming, close-up
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Means “flat and wide worm”
• Live in sea and fresh water
• Some are parasites
• One opening - food/wastes
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Planaria, tapeworms
• Stock Video of A planaria on plant stems
Phylum Nematoda
• Means “thread”
• One body opening for food and one for wastes
• Trichina worm, hookworm
Phylum Mollusca
• Means “soft bodied”
• Aquatic (gills), digestive tract
• Snails, octopus, clams
• Mollusks Video
Phylum Annelida
• Means “ringed” or segmented worm
• Digestive, nervous, circulatory systems
• Earthworms and leeches
Phylum Arthropoda
• Means “jointed foot”
• Have an exoskeleton (exterior)
• Segmented body, lungs/tracheae
• Insects (flies, wasps, beetles), crustaceans (lobster, shrimp), arachnids (spiders)
Phylum Echinodermata
• Means “spiny skinned”
• Starfish, sea urchin, brittle star
• Spiny skin and radial symmetry (5 arms coming out from center)
Phylum Chordata
• Means “having a chord”
• Have a backbone
• Have 9 systems (circulatory, nervous, skeletal, digestive, respiratory, etc.)
• Amphibians, Fish, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
Great Pictures Phyla Quiz
• Phyla Quiz
• Match organism to phylum
What kingdom are you?
Classification
• How do you organize all the 14 million species?
Approximately 1.5 million species have so far been identified and scientifically Described.
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
• Father of Taxonomy
• His system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms is still in wide use today
ClassificationLinnaeus’ Botanical Garden
Taxons (Groups for Classification)
• KingdomPhylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Humans Classification (Know)
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primates
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo
• Species sapiens
Ever hear of E. coli?
• It is the abbreviated form of the scientific name ofEscherichia coli
T. rex.
• Tyrannosaurus rex
• Often lazy scientists just abbreviate the Genus with just a letter.
How do you write a scientific name?
• First letter of Genus is capitalized and the rest is lower case
• Either underline the genus and species OR italicize the genus and species
• Written in Latin
Scientific Name
•Genus and species
•Homo sapiens
•Homo sapiens
“binomial nomenclature"
• Two name-name• Genus and Species
Acris crepitans Northern Cricket Frog“repititious clicking call”
Acer saccharum Common NameSugar maple
Pine Trees• Sugar pine
= Pinus lambertiana
• ponderosa pine = Pinus ponderosa
• Whitebark pine =Pinus albicaulis
Phylogeny
• Evolutionary Relationship among organisms
Derived Characters
Trait that appears in older organisms, but not in recent parts of the lineage
Using Classification Keys Labs
• 1. Make a classification key for candy– Work in lab groups of
4– Write key on large
paper– End with
identification of single pieces of candy
1.Bark on trunk smooth ...................2 Bark on trunk rough ........................3
2.Bark mostly white ........................4 Bark other colors ............................7
Cladogram Styles
How to Build a Cladogram
• http://ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/obonu/cladograms/Open-This-File.swf
Dichotomous Key
organized set of couplets
A dichotomous key
Work in couplets: pick from two choices
Keep dividing into two groups
Continue until you end with identifying each individual thing
Or you can do it this way
Cladogram
• A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
Various Tree Keys
• Tree Dichotomous Key
• eNature: FieldGuides: Trees
• Dichotomous Key Outline (get handout)
• So that you will recognize how to use a Dichotomous Key the first thing to do is choose the animal you want to classify:
•
Key a Classmate
(using various human or non-human characteristics)The following key is an example: • 1. Sex female---2
1. Sex male---52. Hair color red---Susan2. Hair color brown or blond---3
3. Hair color blonde---Jane3. Hair color brown---4
4. Glasses worn---Donna4. Glasses not worn---Linda
5. Pants jeans---Caleb5. Pants slacks---6
6. Hair color black--James6. Hair color brown--Zach
Another One
LEAF Tree ID Key (CLICK Here)
I've got my leaf, let's get started! Click here
Common Leaf Descriptions
LINKS
• Tree of Life Web Project (includes interactive diagram)– First click on DOMAINS: Archaea, Bacteria, or
Eukarya– Then click on KINGDOMS– Then Scroll Down and click on the PHYLUM
in the reading– Click on CLASS in the reading