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Contents

Committees 3Conference Sponsors 4Programme 5Abstracts 7Local Information

Transport 15Conference Venue 15Hotels 16Meeting Dinner 16Local Maps 17Useful Information 18

Contact List 19

About SOLASThe Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) is an international research initiative which aims “to achieve quantitative understanding of the key biogeochemical-physical interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and atmosphere, and of how this coupled system affects and is affected by climate and environmental change.”

The domain of SOLAS is focussed on processes at the air-sea interface and includes a natural emphasis on the atmospheric and upper ocean boundary layers, while recognising that some of the processes studied operate on larger scales. SOLAS research covers all ocean areas including coastal seas and ice covered areas.

In the SOLAS Science Plan and Implementation Strategy, SOLAS science is divided into three foci:Focus 1: Biogeochemical interactions and feedbacks between ocean and atmosphere.Focus 2: Exchange processes at the air-sea interface and the role of transport and transformation in the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers.Focus 3: Air-sea flux of CO2 and other long-lived radiatively active gases.

For more information visit www.solas-int.org

Meeting Venue - Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Rear Admiral ( r ) Jorge Brousset (President of the Board of Directors) Economist Godofredo Cańote (Executive Director)Biologist Renato Guevara (Scientific Director)

Scientific CommitteeArnaud Bertrand (LMI DISCOH, IRD, Perú)Francisco Chavez (MBARI, USA)Véronique Garçon (LEGOS / CNRS, SOLAS Scientific Steering Committee, France)Michelle Graco (IMARPE, Perú)Dimitri Gutierrez (IMARPE, Perú)Aurélien Paulmier (LEGOS / LMI DISCOH, IRD, France / Perú)Elisabeth Silvestre (SENAMHI, Head of National Service of Meteorology and Hydrography, Perú)Ken Takahashi (IGP, Perú)Rainer Volkamer (University of Colorado, USA)Doug Wallace (IFM-GEOMAR, Chairman International SOLAS, Germany).

Conference Organising CommitteeEmilie Brévière (IFM-GEOMAR, SOLAS International Project Office)Véronique Garçon (LEGOS/CNRS, SOLAS Scientific Steering Committee)Michelle Graco (IMARPE, Perú)Aurélien Paulmier (LEGOS / LMI DISCOH, IRD, France / Perú)Miriam Tanhua (IFM-GEOMAR, SFB 754).

IMARPE Organising CommitteeDr. Michelle I. Graco (IMARPE Coordinator of the event -Chemical Oceanographic Research Unit)Blgst. Nora Peńa (Advisor to IMARPE Executive Director)Mrs. Rosa Giampietri (Assistant to IMARPE Executive Director)Miss Mirtha Quispe (Secretary to IMARPE Foreign Affairs Office)Ing. Octavio Moron (Director- Chemical Oceanographic Research Unit-IMARPE) Ing. Georgina Flores (Chemical Oceanographic Research Unit)Ing. Jesús Ledesma (Chemical Oceanographic Research Unit)Chem. Violeta Leon (Chemical Oceanographic Research Unit-IMARPE)Tecn. Carlos Robles (Chemical Oceanographic Research Unit-IMARPE)Tech. Miguel Sarmiento (Chemical Oceanographic Research Unit-IMARPE)

We would like to thank the LMI DISCOH (Arnaud Bertrand, Dimitri Gutierrez and Lourdes Valdivia), the LEGOS (Brigitte Cournou and Nadine Lacroux) and the International Project Office of SOLAS (Kath Mortimer) for help in the organisation of this meeting.

Committees

Designed by Kath Mortimer (SOLAS International Project Office) www.solas-int.org 3

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Conference Sponsors

Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Studyhttp://www.solas-int.orgThe International SOLAS Project is an international research initiative comprising of over 1500 scientists in 23 countries. The SOLAS International Project Office (IPO) is based in Kiel Germany with a further Nodal Office in Norwich, United Kingdom. The IPO coordinates and communicates with research teams all over the world.

Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)http://www.imarpe.pe/imarpe/IMARPE is dedicated to the study of the Peruvian sea and its resources, in order to advise on the use of fishery resources and conservation of the marine environment, contributing actively to the development of Perú. IMARPE research covers knowledge of the sea and its dynamics, through the study of physical oceanographic processes, chemical and biological agents with an ecosystem approach.

Institut de recherche pour le développementhttp://en.ird.fr/IRD is a French public research institute working for the development of Southern countries, reporting to the Ministries responsible for research and overseas development.IRD researchers address major development challenges regarding environment, sustainable development of living resources, social studies and health.

Sonderforschungsbereich 754http://www.sfb754.de/The Sonderforschungsbereich (Collaborative Research Centre) addresses “Climate-Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean”. It is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and was proposed by scientists from the IFM-GEOMAR and the Christian-Albrechts Universität (CAU).

Dynamics of the Humboldt Current Systemhttp://www.peru.ird.fr/spip.php?page=lmi_discoh&id_article=4537&id_rubrique=986&id_secteur=239The main objective of the International Joint Laboratory (LMI) Dynamics of the Humboldt Current System (DISCOH) is to study the ocean-atmosphere, biogeochemical and ecological dynamics in the HCS in order to understand and anticipate the effect of intraseasonal, seasonal, inter-annual, decadal variability and climate changes on the dynamics of the coastal ecosystem. It will sustain the implementation of an ecosystem approach to fisheries.In addition, the LMI DISCOH supports two Master programs in Marine Sciences in Peru by facilitating the involvement of IRD and other foreign scientists, and also by funding student and professor exchanges, and research thesis work related with the project.The LMI DISCOH has two formal members, the Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) and IRD and five associated members: The Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP), the Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (SENAMHI), The Universidad Nacional de San Marcos (UNMSM), The Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH) and the Department of Geophysics (DGEO) of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics Sciences of the University of Concepcion, Chile.

PALEOclimatologie tropicale: TRACEurs et variabilitéSPALEOTRACES is a cooperative International Mixed Laboratory between IRD-France, University of Federale Fluminense-Brazil and The University of Antofagasta - Chile. The principal aim of PALEOTRACES is to reconstruct the South American climate variability, at different times scales, and their impacts on continental and marine ecosystems during the last 20 000 years. These reconstructions are based on Speleothems, Corals and marine and lacustrine sediments records.

GEOTRACES http://www.geotraces.org/ GEOTRACES is an international programme which aims to improve the understanding of biogeochemical cycles and large-scale distribution of trace elements and their isotopes in the marine environment. Scientists from approximately 30 nations have been involved in the programme, which is designed to study all major ocean basins over the next decade.

DAY ONE

07:30 Bus departure from Hotel Boulevard09:00 Welcome to IMARPE Rear Admiral ( r ) Jorge

Brousset Introduction of SOLAS Doug WallaceIntroduction to the workshop Véronique GarçonFOCUS 2.1: Exchange across the air-sea interfaceChair: Dimitri Gutierrez; Rapporteur: Arnaud Bertrand

09:30 Surface ocean and lower atmosphere turbulence: processes governing air-sea gas exchange

Brian Ward p7

09:45 Potential effects of natural biological surfactants on air-sea gas exchange

Robert Upstill-Goddard

p7

FOCUS 3: Long-lived radioactively active gases 10:00 The impact of coastal upwelling on the air-sea flux of CO2, N2O and CH4 Carol Robinson p710:15 Mechanisms of N2O consumption in the upwelling ecosystems Laura Farias p710:30 Net community production in the Mauritanian Upwelling estimated with

a dual trace gas approach using CO2 and N2OArne Körtzinger p8

10:45 CoffeeFOCUS 1: BCG interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere Chair: Doug Wallace; Rapporteur: Ken Takahashi

11:15 Marine photochemistry in upwelling systems Bill Miller p811:30 Iodine speciation in surface waters of Oxygen Minimum Zones:

Implications for air/sea gas exchange of iodine and the surface loss rate of Ozone in Tropical waters

Peter Croot p8

11:45 Trace gas emissions from the Eastern Boundary Upwelling System Mike Lawler and Eric Saltzman

p8

12:00 Production of reactive trace gases at the ocean surface Roland Von Glasow p912:15 A heterogeneous open ocean source for glyoxal and iodine oxide Rainer Volkamer p912:30 Lunch

FOCUS 2.2: Processes in the oceanic boundary layerChair: Véronique Garçon; Rapporteur: Aurélien Paulmier

14:30 Observing the oxygen minimum zone in the Eastern South Pacific Oscar Pizarro p914:45 Carbon and nutrient fluxes in EBUE’s in relation to climate variability

and changeFrancisco Chavez p9

15:00 Combining bio-optical profiling float observation and modeling for constraining carbon budgets in the upper layer of EBUES areas

Hervé Claustre p10

15:15 Use of acoustic data to study high resolution biogeochemical processes Arnaud Bertrand p1015:30 Studies of carbon dioxide system parameter along the Pacific Mexican

CoastMartin Hernandez-Ayon p10

15:45 CoffeeChair: Rainer Volkamer; Rapporteur: Francisco Chavez

16:15 Sources, sinks, and transport of carbon in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Regions: A comparative analysis

Niki Gruber p10

16:30 Air-sea gas fluxes and biogeochemical activity for the Humboldt Upwelling System off Perú in the context of climate variability

Michelle Graco p11

16:45 Is sulfide in OMZ waters an increasing phenomenon as a result global change?

Gaute Lavik p11

Programme

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FOCUS 2.1: Exchange across the air-sea interface

Brian WardSurface ocean and lower atmosphere turbulence: processes governing air-sea gas exchange

Air-Sea gas exchange is controlled by several processes including turbulence, which impacts gas transport by eroding the diffusive sublayer at the air-sea interface. For gas exchange parameterisations, wind speed is used as a proxy for ocean surface turbulence. Quantification of turbulence in the marine atmospheric boundary layer is necessary for the direct determination of air-sea fluxes using the eddy correlation method. This technique relies on the cross product of the small-scale vertical velocity and the concentration of the target gas species.Here we present measurements of turbulence on both sides of the air-sea interface for improved understanding of gas exchange. The Air-Sea Interaction Profiler (ASIP) can provide autonomous measurements of turbulent dissipation from below the mixed layer to the air-sea interface. A new gas detector based on photoacoustic spectroscopy will provide superior quantification of gas exchange due to increased sensitivity and improved signal to noise.

Robert Upstill-GoddardPotential effects of natural biological surfactants on air-sea gas exchange

In biologically productive waters natural seawater surfactants (i.e. biological by-products including polysaccharides, lipids, proteins etc.) have the potential to suppress air-sea gas exchange through weakening surface renewal and increasing the turbulent length scale. I present here some results of an experiment carried out during the UKSOLAS Deep Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment of 2007 (DOGEE-II) in which we examined the effect of a deliberately released quasi-biogenic surfactant on the gas transfer velocity (kw) derived using the 3He/SF6 dual gas tracer technique and measured dimethyl sulphide (DMS) fluxes. Of seven estimates of kw made with the dual tracer technique in the wind speed range 7.2-10.7 m s-1, those in the presence of applied surfactant were suppressed relative to quasi-simultaneous estimates in a control dual tracer patch nearby. Similarly, estimated transfer velocities of DMS, kDMS, were also significantly suppressed in surfactant-applied regions; suppression ranged from 39% of kDMS at 5.0 m s-1 to 24% of kDMS at 10.8 m s-1. As well as being the first field measurements directly indicating the suppression of gas exchange by surfactants, these results suggest that in biologically productive waters sea to air gas fluxes derived using published kw-wind speed relations will likely be overestimated.

FOCUS 3: Long-lived radioactively active gases

Carol RobinsonThe impact of coastal upwelling on the air-sea flux of CO2, N2O and CH4 Coastal upwelling regions significantly influence oceanic biogeochemistry and atmospheric chemistry through supply of water supersaturated with nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane, and rich in inorganic nutrients and photolabile dissolved organic matter (DOM). This presentation will compare and contrast recent measurements of surface water concentrations of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane in the major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems, with the aim of identifying gaps in our knowledge and therefore priority research questions to be addressed in future international field campaigns.

Laura Farias Mechanisms of N2O consumption in the upwelling ecosystems

The presence of the hypoxia-suboxia associated with coastal upwellings off Peru and Chile drives to climatologically important processes such as nitrification, denitrification; both are responsible for N2O cycling (i.e., production and comsumption) We measure denitrification rates (dessasimilative N2O reduction to N2) and report for first time, the existence of biological N2O fixation as assimilatory process. N2O consumption by N2O reduction to N2 varies between 2.73 and 70.8 nmol L-1d-1 with rates depended strongly on threshold O2 levels, whereas N2O fixation happens under variable light intensities (from photic to aphotic) and O2 concentrations (from oxic to anoxic) at rates of 0.03-16.9 nmol N-1 d-1. Both dessasimilative and assimilative pathways are consuming N2O but the latter also is transforming N2O into bioavailable N. The biogeochemical and climatological consequences of these processes are discussed.

AbstractsProgramme

17:00 CO2 maximum in the oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) and Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS)

Aurélien Paulmier p12

17:15 Influence of the oxygen minimum zone on inorganic carbon ventilation along the Peruvian and northern Chilean coast

Gernot Friederich p12

17:30 Sensitivity of air-sea fluxes to water column remineralization Jorge Sarmiento p1217:45 Planning for day two18:00 Ice Breaker20:00 Bus departure from IMARPE.

DAY TWO

07:30 Bus departure from Hotel BoulevardFOCUS 2.2 (continued): Processes in the oceanic boundary layerChair: Aurélien Paulmier; Rapporteur: Elisabeth Silvestre

09:15 U.S. GEOTRACES Planning for the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean Karen Casciotti p12LINK SOLAS-PALEO: Surface ocean - lower atmosphere interactions in the past

09:30 Reconstructing the Holocene history of Peruvian upwelling from high-resolution sediments records

Dimitri Gutierrez, Abdel Siffedine and Ioanna Bouloubassi

p13

10:00 Nitrogen Isotope variations in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific off Mexico: denitrification and ventilation changes at glacial-interglacial timescales

Jose Carriquiry p13

10:15 Surface sediment nitrogen isotopes gradients recorded in the oxygen minimum zone of the Southeast Pacific: a reflection of nutrient uptake and water column denitrification

Philippe Martinez p13

10:30 Coffee11:00 Split into working groups

Chair : Michelle Graco; Rapporteurs: Véronique Garçon and Aurélien PaulmierIdentification of the key questions to be addressed for each working group WG 1: FOCUS 1 WG 2: FOCUS 2 WG 3: FOCUS 3 WG 4: Paleoceanography

13:00 Lunch 14:30 Working group sessions

Writing of future common plan along with timetable for international cruises and experiments in the OMZ of the East tropical Pacific

15:45 Coffee17:45 Bus departure from IMARPE20:00 Meeting dinner at La Dama Juana (Miraflores)

DAY THREE

07:30 Bus departure from Hotel BoulevardChair: Doug Wallace; Rapporteurs: Michelle Graco and Véronique Garçon

09:15 Working group reports and future planning 10:45 Coffee12:45 Closure of workshop 13:00 Lunch15:00 Bus from IMARPE to Miraflores

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Abstracts

species such as alkyl nitrates and hydrocarbons. Both the strong biological emissions and the potential for aerosol acidification through both natural and anthropogenic processes, make this region a possible hot spot for tropospheric reactive halogen cycling. Finally, this is also an ideal location to study the influence of biological activity on the physical process of air/sea gas exchange, through the formation of microlayers or strong near surface chemical gradients.

Roland von Glasow Production of reactive trace gases at the ocean surface

A number of laboratory, field and modelling studies in the last few years have shown that the reactive deposition of ozone on the ocean’s surface can lead to the production of very short-lived trace gases, including halogenated ones (especially I2 or organic iodine). In this talk we will focus on the halogenated trace gases. We will discuss (i) the chemical mechanism suggested behind this reactive uptake, the likely product gases (I2, CHI3, ..), (ii) attempts to reconcile IO measurements with the measured precursors; these studies suggest a significant contribution of products from reactions on the ocean’s surface; (iii) implications for the chemistry of the atmosphere and climate forcing, mainly through changes in ozone concentrations and formation of new aerosol particles which might grow into sizes where these particles can act as cloud condensation nuclei and hence impact the radiative properties of clouds.

Rainer Volkamer, Sean Coburn, Barbara Dix, Michael Lechner, Roman Sinreich, Tiffany Duhl, Alex Guenther A heterogeneous open ocean source for glyoxal and iodine oxide

The climate relevance of biologically active ocean upwelling regions has primarily been studied in terms of the air-sea partitioning of long-lived greenhouse gases (e.g., CO2, CH4, N2O etc), and the release of the reactive gas DMS, which can form aerosols as a result of atmospheric transformations. Considerably less attention has been paid to open ocean sources of other reactive gases that, like DMS, can form aerosols. Such molecules are glyoxal (CHOCHO) and iodine oxide (IO). Glyoxal is an indicator for oxidative hydrocarbon chemistry, and a building block for secondary organic aerosol (SOA). SOA modifies the hygroscopic properties of organic aerosols, and can add to the growth of small particles to sizes that can more easily activate to form cloud droplets. Iodine oxide can nucleate new particles, and/or add to the growth of pre-existing particles. Due to the very high solubility of the glyoxal molecule, concentrations in excess of 100ppt over the open ocean like we found over the Pacific Ocean require an airborne source mechanism (Sinreich et al., 2010). We have investigated the source mechanism further during a ship campaign in 2009, as well as a first research flight aboard the NSF/NCAR GV research aircraft (HIAPER). Both campaigns give clues about the sources of both gases over the remote tropical Pacific Ocean, and reveal a surprising impact on the composition of the free troposphere.

FOCUS 2.2: Processes in the oceanic boundary layer

Oscar Pizarro Observing the oxygen minimum zone in the Eastern South Pacific

We report on main initiatives that are currently in progress to study the OMZ off Chile, including objectives and observational strategies. Particularly, we present direct oxygen observations obtained with autonomous profiler floats equipped with Aanderaa Optode sensors in the eastern tropical South Pacific over around three years. Based on those data we find that the oxygen minimum zone in this region presents oxygen concentrations that are significantly lower than historical reports and extends over a much larger geographical area. The remarkable observed persistency of the oxygen-deficient waters over time and space is however interrupted by the transient injections of low-levels of dissolved oxygen, which near the coast appear to be related to the sinking of water previously upwelled. Results from Oxygen time series from the continental shelf off Chile near 21°S and 36.5 °S are also used to analyze ventilation mechanisms in those two different regions. Preliminary results from ocean glider off Concepción (35.5°S) are also presented. Finally we discuss future plans and possible international collaborations for understand the OMZ of the eastern south Pacific and its spatial and temporal variability at different scales.

Francisco Chavez, Monique Messié and Gernot FriederichCarbon and nutrient fluxes in EBUE’s in relation to climate variability and change

Carbon and nutrient fluxes in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems (EBUEs) are reviewed with emphasis on the southeastern tropical Pacific. These fluxes include those driven by upwelling, air-sea exchange, denitrification and the biological pump. The emphasis is on how the special character of the EBUE (i.e. latitude, ocean basin, age of the subsurface water, etc.) determines or not the nature and strength of each of the fluxes. Finally we review the principal modes of climate variability over the past century and how these modes are affecting the southeastern tropical Pacific. We end with speculation of how these fluxes might change in the future.

Abstracts

Arne Körtzinger, Herman W. Bange and Tobias Steinhoff Net community production in the Mauritanian Upwelling estimated with a dual trace gas approach using CO2 and N2O

Coastal upwelling regions are “hot spots” for enhanced emissions of long-lived trace gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The upwelling area off Mauretania (Northwest Africa, 16°N – 21°N) is known as a very productive region since the upwelled water has high nutrient concentrations which together with rapid warming triggers intensive blooms. High supersaturation (with respect to atmosphere) of CO2 and N2O is observed in the fresh upwelled water masses close to the coast, while a fast decay of supersaturation of CO2 and N2O is observed towards the open ocean. The decay of CO2 supersaturation is mainly driven by air-sea gas exchange and biological production which are hard to separate quantitatively. In contrast the N2O supersaturation decreases only due to air-sea gas exchange. Using N2O air-sea exchange rates the time elapsed since upwelling can be assigned to a water mass. Through combination of the saturation patterns of CO2 and N2O this time information can be used to separate the air-sea exchange and biological (net community production, NCP) components of the CO2 decay. We present surface ocean data for CO2 and N2O from three cruises in the Mauritanian upwelling region that were conducted in two different seasons (spring and summer): Poseidon Cruise 320-1: March/April 2005; Meteor Cruise 68-3: July 2006; L’Atalante Cruise: February 2008. The upwelling shows strong variability but is most pronounced in early spring with highest observed values of seawater partial pressure (pCO2) of 750 µatm. We estimated NCP values ranging from 0.4 ± 0.1 g C m-2d-

1 during times of weak upwelling to 2.2 ± 0.5 g C m-2d-1 during a strong upwelling situation, which is comparable with other studies in this region. The estimated NCP values show a strong relationship with a wind derived upwelling index. We used this relationship to estimate annual NCP, which is characterized by high interannual variability.

FOCUS 1: BCG interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere

Bill Miller Marine photochemistry in upwelling systems

Photochemical reactions in the surface ocean are significant to numerous oceanic processes, directly impacting the fate and form of organic carbon, trace gas concentrations (CO2, CO, halogens, sulfur gases), the UV radiation field (CDOM fading), and redox chemistry for biologically critical elements (Fe, Cu, N, O). Indirectly, these reactions feedback to ecosystem function by altering the bioavailability of DOC to the microbial loop, trace nutrient cycles for photoplankton growth, and UV damage dynamics. A great deal of effort has gone into describing and quantifying the myriad implications of photochemical reactions in surface waters for many diverse oceanic regimes. The role and rates of photochemical reactions in conditioning recently upwelled deep water and consequent implications for air-sea interactions is a relatively unexplored area of inquiry. This talk will provide a brief overview of what we know about photochemistry in upwelling systems, what research is currently underway in this area, some of the pressing questions still unanswered, and what types of programs that would likely shed new light on this potentially significant process.

Peter Croot Iodine speciation in surface waters of Oxygen Minimum Zones: Implications for air/sea gas exchange of iodine and the surface loss rate of Ozone in Tropical waters

Inorganic Iodine is present in surface seawater as both iodide (I- ) and Iodate (IO3-). In oxygenated seawater, IO3

- is the thermodynamically favoured species. However the reduction of IO3

- to I- in seawater is apparently kinetically faster than the back oxidation, resulting in appreciable I- in surface waters. Intermediate species produced during the redox cycling of iodine between IO3

- and I- include the gaseous species HOI and I2 which can react with organic matter to produce iodo-organic complexes. In Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZ), O2 may act as a redox switch between IO3

- and I- resulting in cycling between these species in the oxycline. New data examining the relationship between IO3

-, I- and O2 from the Peruvian OMZ suggests a strong coupling between O2, primary productivity and iodine speciation. Furthermore the high iodide concentrations in surface waters may act as a principal constraint on atmospheric O3 deposition. This presentation will examine the current state of knowledge on iodine speciation in seawater and highlight areas where there is a pressing need for more research.

Mike Lawler and Eric Saltzman Trace gas emissions from the Eastern Boundary Upwelling System

The intense biological activity characterizing the S. Pacific eastern boundary upwelling system must have a strong imprint on the overlying atmosphere through the emissions of short-lived volatile aerosol precursors such as DMS, and ozone altering

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Abstracts

Hervé Claustre and Alexandre Mignot Combining bio-optical profiling float observation and modeling for constraining carbon budgets in the upper layer of EBUES areas.

In Eastern Boundary systems, the OMZs are fed by organic material sedimenting from the generally productive upper layers. Understanding the processes and quantifying the rates of production and loss in these layers is thus essential to better address and constrain the elemental budget in OMZs. We have developed bio-optical profiling floats that combine classical T/S data acquisition with key biogeochemical, bio-optical and optical measurements: Chla fluorescence, backscattering coefficient, particle attenuation coefficient (proxy of POC), colored dissolved organic matter and spectral irradiances. These floats have been operated in various environments and have acquired meter-resolved vertical profiles for up to 2 years at a 5 day-temporal resolution. Each multivariable profile acquired by a float can be used to initialize a bio-optical model to quantify depth resolved primary production rates and to “predict” the profile (carbon or Chla) for the next float surfacing. The difference between the predicted and the realized profile allows assessing the net production terms (gains vs losses between two float surfacing). We are preparing a second generation of floats that will also allow, together with the presently performed measurements, NO3 and O2 to be quantified. At the same time, we continue to develop and adapt the modeling approach. We propose to apply this synergetic combination of bio-optical float and model to EBUES environments.

Arnaud Bertrand, Michael Ballón, Alexis Chaigneau, Michelle Graco, Véronique Garçon, Justyna Jonca and Aurélien PaulmierUse of acoustic data to study high resolution biogeochemical processes

The oxycline, which delimits the top of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), forms a sharp barrier for living organisms intolerant to hypoxia. It is also the site of the most intense particulate matter remineralization, a process contributing to maintain the underlying OMZ and to induce feedbacks on the climate (e.g. greenhouse gases production). A recent study show that high-resolution observation of the spatiotemporal variability of the oxycline can be achieved using the vertical distribution of epipelagic organisms (mainly zooplankton and small pelagic fish) estimated using acoustics. Physical forcing at meso- and submeso- scales is increasingly suspected to play a fundamental role in the structuring and functioning of marine ecosystems. The acoustic method allows for the resolution of a large range of meso and submesoscale structures such as eddies, fronts, filaments and internal waves. Coupling acoustic data with high resolution measurement of biogeochemical parameters (nanomolar O2, CO2, N2O, NO3

-, NO2-, NH4

+, PO43-, alkalinity, pH) would allow understanding better the ‘OMZ biogeochemical

engine’ according to the type of small scale structure, e.g., upwelling/divergent vs. downwelling/convergent. The simultaneous acquisition of acoustic (including the determination of lower oxycline depth and the biomass of fish and macrozooplankton) and biogeochemical data will allows interpret geochemical results in the context of the high resolution physical and biological spatial processes.

Martin Hernandez-Ayon Studies of carbon dioxide system parameter along the Pacific Mexican Coast

The California current system (CCS) is one of the most extensively surveyed regions of the world’s oceans. Most of what is known about the dynamics and kinematics of the CCS has been built upon the CalCOFI program, which began regular sampling in 1949. However since 1997 Mexican Institutions took the responsibility for the Baja California region. In October 2007, IMECOCAL completed its tenth year of quarterly cruises dedicated to monitoring and analysis of the state of the pelagic ecosystem in the southern region of the California Current. IMECOCAL (Investigaciones Mexicanas de la Corriente de California) is an inter-institutional program administered through CICESE (Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada) with active participation of scientists from UABC (Universidad Autónoma de Baja California), CICIMAR (Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas), CIBNOR (Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste), UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México). It has been supported principally through Mexican federal funds obtained through competitive grant awards from the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT). In the other hand, since 2006 it was include some coastal measurement of the CO2 system for this region but in the presents we also started with a two Coastal Monitoring observatories (one in Ensenada and a second south of Baja California). In addition, since 2008 we are also participating in the subtropical region in cruises of opportunity in collaboration with Scripps Institution (UCSD), CICESE, University of Colima and the Oceanography Department from the Mexican Army.

Niki Gruber, Zouhair Lachkar, Giuliana Turi, and Lindsey Kropuenske-ArtmanSources, sinks, and transport of carbon in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Regions: A comparative analysis

Eastern boundary upwelling regions are very active biogeochemical reactors with large fluxes through its top and lateral boundaries. We attempt to quantify these transformations and fluxes using simulations with the Regional Oceanic Modeling

Abstracts

System (ROMS) configured at eddy-resolving resolution for the California, Canary, and Humboldt Current Systems. These simulations, forced at the lateral and surface boundaries with climatological conditions, reveal intense mesoscale activity that shapes the nature of the transformation and fluxes in a fundamental manner. Not only the level of biological productivity, but also the magnitude of the lateral export of organic matter, and that of the air-sea CO2 flux depends on the intensity of the mesoscale activity. We explore and test this finding obtained from sensitivity studies for a single upwelling system by comparing results from the three systems, which exhibit strongly differing levels of mesoscale activity.

Michelle Graco, Jesús Ledesma, Georgina Flores, Violeta León, Kesber Angulo, Sara Purca, Gernot Friederich, Gaute Lavik, Alexis Chaigneau, Vincent Echevin and Francisco Chavez Air-sea gas fluxes and biogeochemical activity for the Humboldt Upwelling System off Perú in the context of climate variability

Warming, acidification, deoxygenation, loss of nutrients and ocean circulation changes are important aspects of the global change that impact the structure of the ecosystems. In this context the EBUEs and particularly the Humboldt Upwelling System off Perú (HSP) are hot spots for research and natural laboratories to explore different scenarios of the climate variability. The HSP is a highly dynamic system over different spatial and temporal scales modulated by the equatorial remote forcing and the strong ENSO signal that leaves an imprint in the biogeochemical activity and “reset” the system. Analysis of the oxygen, nutrients and chlorophyll-a historic data collected at IMARPE show a significant interannual signal off Perú but also a strong interdecadal variability. Coincident with trends in others EBUEs, the HSP present an intensification of the oxygen deficient conditions in the last decades plus an increasing trend of primary productivity. Both, the OMZ and productivity are key factors for the gas exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere. In this context, the HSP appear as an important net source of CO2 to the atmosphere that can exceed 10 mol m-2 yr-1 during strong upwelling events determining the natural acidification of the area (pH ~ 7.6); and an important sink of nitrate associated with the loss of nitrogen by a dominant Anammox activity (N2 production of 18 Tg N yr-1) in the water column. We recognize the strength of the coupling between the ocean and the atmosphere in these areas but in order to predict the future role of the HSP and in general the EBUES we need to understand the relevant processes and feedbacks of the complex biogeochemical dynamic of these systems. To move forward this we planning unified national and international actions and cruises across all the oceanographic disciplines for 2013 and a summer school about “Biogeochemical Dynamic on OMZs and EBUES” for 2011-2012.

Gaute Lavik, Judy Nurul Ihsan, Tim Kalvelage, Sergio Contreras, Aurélien Paulmier, Michelle Graco, Herbert Siegel, Martin Frank, Marcel Kuypers Is sulfide in OMZ waters an increasing phenomenon as a result of global change?

The sub-tropical Eastern Boundary Current regions (e.g. Peru-Humboldt, California, Canary and Benguela) are naturally eutrophic and, although, they comprise only 0.1% of the global ocean volume, 17% of the global fish catch occur here. The water underlaying the EBC regions is depleted in oxygen and together with the Arabian Sea, the Peru-Humboldt, California, and Benguela regions make up the world major Oxygen Minimum Zone’s (OMZ’s). In terms of primary productivity, the most productive of these systems is the Benguela System off Namibia. Nonetheless, the Benguela System is the least productive with respect to fish catch, yielding only 0.5*106 tons of fish catch per year (relative to ~11*106 tons in the Peru-Humboldt system). This apparent anomaly has been attributed to the episodic occurrence of hydrogen sulphide in the Benguela shelf waters. Hydrogen sulfide is a toxin that is more deadly to multi-cellular life than cyanide and has been postulated to decimate whole generations of juvenile fish as well as benthic communities. Hydrogen sulfide is abundantly present in anoxic marine sediments and the water column of some isolated basins, where it is formed upon sulfate respiration by sulfate reducing bacteria. In open ocean waters, on the other hand, substantial concentrations of H2S are generally believed to be extremely rare and large expanses of sulfide-containing waters have been so far reported only for the Namibian and Indian shelfs. Only anecdotal reports of “aguajes”, sulfidic waters, by Peruvian fishermen, and ‘the smell of H2S’ observed during scientific surveys report this from Peru-Humboldt OMZ, the World’s largest OMZ and most important in terms of fisheries.Current estimates postulate that the occurrence of shelf hypoxia, due to both human-induced eutrophication and global warming, will strongly increase within the coming decades. Expansion of the OMZ can increase the area affected by N-loss from the water column and deplete the oxidation capacity by nitrate. This might increase the zones affected by sulfidic waters and due to the newly described bacterial detoxification in the subsurface waters these events can be overlooked by remote sensing or monitoring of shallow coastal waters. On geological time scales mass extinctions in the ocean has been coupled to large expansions of sulfidic waters during climatic warm phases.

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LINK SOLAS-PALEO: Surface ocean - lower atmosphere interactions in the past

Dimitri Gutierrez, Abdel Siffedine, Federico Velazco, Ioanna Boloubassi, Pedro Tapia, David Field, Renato Salvatecci and Luc Ortlieb Reconstructing the Holocene history of Peruvian upwelling from high-resolution sediments records

Mud-belts containing laminated or near-laminated sedimentary sequences exist in the central Peruvian continental margin beneath the oxygen minimum zone (09 – 15°S, 150 – 450 m). Sediment cores collected in these belts record past climatic and biogeochemical conditions associated to the Peruvian upwelling system, potentially providing decadal or even sub-decadal time-resolution for the reconstruction of past variabilities. Recent and ongoing multi-proxy studies have revealed significant changes in the intensity of the OMZ and productivity during the past millennium, associated to centennial climatic periods as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (750 – 1250 AD) or the Little Ice Age (1500 AD – 1820 AD). Also, the studies suggest the occurrence of positive trends in upwelling intensity and in primary productivity off Pisco, downstream the main Peruvian upwelling center, since the mid twentieth century. Several of these results are products of the ongoing cooperation between IMARPE and IRD, as the projects PALEOPECES and MIXPALEO, and currently as part of the Joint International Laboratories PALEOTRACES and DISCOH. Currently, a great effort is being invested for Holocene and Late Pleistocence records. In this time-scale the motivating scientific questions are the responses of the OMZ and Peruvian upwelling productivity to rapid climatic changes, e.g. the 8.2 Ky event, the Younger-Dryas and the last deglaciation. We also are willing to compare slope and inner shelf records in order to disentangle the roles of coastal processes and large-scale dynamics for changes in thermal stratification and in the subsurface oxygen depletion. That will require to resolve the small-scale sedimentation variability and to develop cross-stratigraphy among cores, as well as to deepen proxy calibration studies. Therefore, there will be needed to reinforce seasonal oceanographic surveys and geological surveys that target already know mud-belt spots.

Jose Carriquiry Nitrogen Isotope variations in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific off Mexico: denitrification and ventilation changes at glacial-interglacial timescales

Ventilation of the ocean’s subsurface waters, and consequently the degree of marine denitrification, has varied significantly on glacial-integacial timescales (Altabet et al., 1995; Ganeshram et al., 1995; etc). The δ15N record of marine sediments from several locations in the Eastern North Tropical Pacific (Tehuantepec, Mazatlan, Guaymas, etc) as well as far north as Santa Barbara and off the coast of the Pacific Northwest of North America have shown that water-column denitrification was greatly diminished during glacial periods. This situation has implied that the oceanic nitrate inventory during glacial periods could have significantly increased, contributing to the observed decrease in atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Ganeshram et al., 1995). An extensive oxygen minimum zone presently exists in the Eastern North Tropical Pacific (ETNP) between ~150 and 800 m. In addition to possible changes in the O2-minimum zone in the ETNP, the formation of laminated sediments in deep ocean basins of this region suggest that the degree of ventilation of the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW; from ~500 to 1000m) has changed through time in response to global changes in ocean circulation. For example, the presently existing oxygen-deficient conditions in Santa Barbara Basin and Guaymas Basin (Gulf of Calfornia) inhibit bioturbation allowing laminated sediments to form, in contrast to conditions of the Younger Dryas period in which both basins were bioturbated, suggesting that oxygen levels within the NPIW were higher than at present (Kewigin and Jones, 1990; Behl and Kennett, 1996; Pride et al., 1999). More recent δ15N studies have shown that while the δ15N record off Chile (even to as far north as Tehuantepec) reflect pulses of denitrified waters from Antarctica, while the δ 15N of a several cores collected off the western coast of Southern Baja California is more closely connected to the circulation and ventilation processes operating in the North Pacific. The sedimentary δ15N record from the ETNP off Mexico reflects local denitrification, a signal that is transported northwards to Santa Barbara Basin to as far north as Vancouver.

Philippe Martinez, Elfi Mollier-Vogel, Ralph Schneider, Evgenya Riabenko, Douglas Wallace and Mark AltabetSurface sediment nitrogen isotopes gradients recorded in the oxygen minimum zone of the Southeast Pacific: a reflection of nutrient uptake and water column denitrification

Oxygen concentration is a key parameter for ocean biogeochemistry. It regulates remineralization processes in the water column, diagenetic processes in the sediment, and exerts a strong control on the nutrient inventory of the ocean through processes like water column denitrification for instance.

AbstractsAbstracts

Aurélien Paulmier, Diana Ruiz-Pino and Véronique Garçon CO2 maximum in the oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) and Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS)

OMZs, known as suboxic layers mainly localized in the EBUS, are expanding since the 20th “high CO2”century, probably due to the global warming. OMZs are also known to contribute significantly to the oceanic production of N2O, a greenhouse gas (GHG) more efficient than CO2. However, the contribution of the OMZs on the oceanic sources and sinks budget of CO2, the main GHG, still remains to be established. We present here the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) structure, associated locally with the Chilean OMZ and globally with the main most intense OMZs (O2<20 μmol/kg) in the open ocean. Simultaneous DIC and O2 data collected off Chile during 4 cruises and a monthly monitoring (2000-2002) have been examined along with international DIC and O2 databases for the other OMZs. High DIC concentrations (>2225 μmol/kg, up to 2350 μmol/kg) have been reported over the whole OMZ thickness, allowing to define for all studied OMZs a Carbon Maximum Zone (CMZ). The CMZs-OMZs constitute the largest carbon reserves of the ocean in subsurface waters and could induce a positive feedback for the atmosphere during upwelling activity, as potential direct local sources of CO2. The CMZ paradoxically presents a slight “carbon deficit” in its core, but would be mainly compensated locally at the oxycline by a “carbon excess”, induced by a specific remineralization and associated with anomalous C/O molar ratio. Further studies to confirm these results for all OMZs are required to understand the OMZ effects on climatic feedback mechanisms. In particular, cruises and experiments dedicated to specific process studies, in collaboration with Perú, Mexico and France are planed for 2012-2013, and a Gordon-like conference on the OMZs will be organized in Toulouse in October 2011

Gernot Friederich and Francisco ChavezInfluence of the oxygen minimum zone on inorganic carbon ventilation along the Peruvian and northern Chilean coast.

During 2009 and 2010 detailed dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC and pCO2) data was collected along the South American coast from the equator to 20° S. This region has previously been shown to have a net flux of CO2 from the ocean to the atmosphere and this new data set indicates that a portion of this flux can be attributed to the nitrate deficit generated at depth within the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). The nitrate deficit can be observed above the OMZ and if these waters are upwelled there will be insufficient fixed nitrogen to reduce pCO2 levels to atmospheric values. The most extreme cases were observed over the shelf off central Peru where hydrogen sulfide was detected and oxygen was exhausted at a depth as shallow as 15 m. At these stations the 30 m DIC concentrations were as high as those usually found at a depth of 600 m in offshore waters. Ventilation of this 100 m water column could produce a local carbon flux of 20 moles of CO2 per square meter from the ocean to the atmosphere. Since these conditions produce excess sea surface phosphate, nitrogen fixation should compensate for these high CO2 fluxes over larger space and time scales. Numerous high resolution profiles between the sea surface and 200 m at 20° S indicate that the maximum DIC and pCO2 levels occur near the top of the OMZ and there may even be a slight decline of these parameters with depth in spite of increasing AOU and nitrate deficits. The details of the profiles will be examined in relation to the results from biological rate and process studies.

Jorge Sarmiento, D Bianchi, Eric Galbraith, Iris Kriest, E Kwon, Andreas Oschlies, and Allison SmithSensitivity of air-sea fluxes to water column remineralization

Despite many decades of observational and modeling research, we continue to struggle with how to model water column remineralization and to be surprised by some of the results that come out of our model simulations. In this overview presentation, we summarize recent results from modeling research and observational analysis at Princeton and Kiel Universities, including new findings on the sensitivity of the atmosphere-ocean CO2 balance to the depth of remineralization, and on the difficulty of models in properly simulating the geographic extent of suboxia. We conclude with a discussion of the possible implications of these findings for our understanding of water column remineralization processes.

Karen Casciotti, Robert Anderson and James Moffett U.S. GEOTRACES Planning for the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean After many years of planning and preparation, the U.S. GEOTRACES program is now in the implementation phase. The first U.S. GEOTRACES section cruise in the North Atlantic will commence in October 2010, and the Pacific section cruises are slated for operation in 2012-2015. The first of these Pacific cruises is expected to be a zonal section from Peru to Tahiti, through the oxygen deficient zone (ODZ) in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific ocean and the 3He plume from the East Pacific Rise. This section is designed to examine fluxes associated with ODZ, boundary scavenging, and hydrothermal processes. This presentation will summarize the scientific objectives, rationale, and timeline for participation in the upcoming GEOTRACES Pacific section cruises.

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Local Information

Conference VenueInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) http://www.imarpe.gob.pe/Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúTel: (511) 6250800

A bus to and from the conference venue will be provided on 8, 9 and 10 November. There will only be one meeting point which is outside the Hotel Boulevard. The bus departs at 7.30am each morning. Please be on time.

Transport to/from AirportJorge Chavez International Airport (Lima) is located 16 km (10 miles) northwest of Lima. Hotels are located in the Miraflores district of Lima and are best reached by taxi.Many taxis are available at the airport but it is recommended that participants use the services of one of the 3 official taxi companies which are located directly outside the arrivals hall. The journey takes about 40 minutes and should cost approximately 40-50 Soles (maximum 20 dollars), most taxis accept both Nuevos Soles and US dollars.There are bureaux de change in the main hall of the International zone and ATMs are available throughout the airport.

Local TransportTaxi GreenTel. (511) 484-4001E-mail: taxigreen@peru.com (reservation)http://www.taxigreen.com.pe/main.html

Taxi Aeropuerto de LimaTel. (5111) 5752961 / cel. (511) 995013925 / 998268244 http://www.taxiaeropuertolima.com/

Abstracts

Water column oxygen concentrations time-series spanning the last 50 years have shown that tropical OMZ were expanding certainly as a consequence of global warming (Stramma et al., 2008). For paleoceanographic reconstructions, it is a necessary prerequisite to test whether and how nitrogen isotopes values, a proxy commonly used to track water column denitrification and hence OMZ expansion, can be quantitatively, or at least qualitatively, related to oxygen deficiency. By comparing surface sediment and water column nitrogen isotope values from the coastal upwelling area off Peru, we test the mechanisms behind δ 15N gradients and absolute values. We present new results from more than 60 surface sediments samples collected along the Peruvian and Ecuadorian margin between 2°N and 20°S during the Meteor cruise M772 in december 2008. Surface sediment nitrogen isotope gradients are compared with water column δ 15N measured on nitrates, as well as with nitrate uptake. Productivity and nitrate uptake are maximal at the position of local and perennial upwelling cells. Due to continuous nutrient supply into the upwelling systems sedimentary δ 15N values reveal an increase of only about 2 to 3 ‰ over the mean ocean value (~5.5‰), or even close to the mean ocean value north off 10°S, where the OMZ is still prominent but nutrient uptake is low. The sedimentary δ 15N signal reaches very high values above 10 per mill only where extreme oxygen deficiency occurs between 10 and 20°S. These sedimentary nitrogen isotope gradients reflect water column δ 15N of nitrates as we observe a strong relationship between sedimentary and water-column δ 15N values. On a broader geographic scale, the highest SE Pacific δ 15N values (12 to 15‰) are found off Chile between 20 and 30°S due to a combination of almost complete nitrate utilization with still strong oxygen minimum conditions. It means that nitrogen isotope variations in sedimentary records from OMZ areas are not only related to water column denitrification and oxygen deficiency and must be used with caution.

The following taxi firms are recommended.

2 mi2 km

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Local Information

1 - Hotel Aleman2 - Hotel Boulevard3 - La Dama Juana Restaurant

For more detailed information visit: http://tiny.cc/LimaOMZ

Local Information

Lunch will be at restaurants Club Regattas Union and Canottieri. Both are within walking distance of IMARPE. Lunches will be paid by participants and cost approximately Soles 12-15.

Hotel Aleman

http://www.hotelaleman.com.pe/Av. Arequipa 4704 - Miraflores, Lima 18 - PerúTel: (511)241-1500 / (511)241-2500Email: haleman@terra.com.pe hoalsa@hotelaleman.com

Hotel Boulevard

http://www.hotelboulevard.com.pe/Av. Pardo Nº 771 Miraflores Lima 18 - Perú Tel: (511)444-6562 / (511)444-6563 E-mail: hotelboulevard@speedy.com.pe

Hotels

Lunches

Hotels are located in the Miraflores district of Lima. Most participants from outside Perú will be staying in either of the following hotels. The approximate location of hotels can be seen on the map over the page. For more detailed information please refer to google maps or visit http://tiny.cc/LimaOMZ

La Dama Juanahttp://ladamajuana.com.pe/C.T.E. Larco Mar Local 502 - B Miraflores, Lima - PerúTel (511) 447 3686 informes@ladamajuana.com

Meeting Dinner

A 3 course Creole Buffet dinner will be served after a “Pisco Sour” a traditional Peruvian drink made with Pisco a liquor distilled from grapes. Dinner will be followed by a Peruvian folklore show with native dances from 7 different regions of Perú. Price/person: Soles 99.00 (including service taxes)

Dinner is at 8pm, Tuesday 9 November. The restaurant is approximately 10 blocks from hotels and can be seen on the map over the page. The restaurant is located in the Larco Mar shopping and entertainment complex in front of the Marriot Hotel.

1000 ft

500 m

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Contact List

Patricia AyónInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúpayón@imarpe.pe----------------------------Hermann BangeIFM-GEOMAR FB Marine BiogeochemieDuesternbrooker Weg 20Kiel 24105Germanyhbange@ifm-geomar.de--------- ------------------Juan BazoServicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (SENAMHI)Jr. Cahuide785- Jesús MaríaLIMA 11 P.O BOX 1308Perújbazo@senamhi.gob.pe----------------------------Arnaud BertrandInstitut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementResearch Unit “EME” UMR212Teruel N° 357 - MirafloresCasilla 18-1209 - Lima 18PerúArnaud.Bertrand@ird.fr----------------------------Sophie BertrandInstitut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementResearch Unit “EME” UMR212Teruel N° 357 - MirafloresCasilla 18-1209 - Lima 18Perúsophie.bertrand@ird.fr----------------------------Ioanna BouloubassiUMR 7159 CNRS / IRD / Université Pierre et Marie Curie/MNHNInstitut Pierre Simon LaplaceBoîte 100 - 4place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05Franceioanna.bouloubassi@upmc.fr----------------------------

Emilie BrévièreSOLAS International Project OfficeIFM-GEOMAR FB Marine BiogeochemieDuesternbrooker Weg 20Kiel 24105Germanyebreviere@ifm-geomar.de----------------------------Gildas CambonIRD/LEGOS/IMARPEDirección de Investigaciones en OceanografíaInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esq. Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nChucuito-CallaoPerúgildas.cambon@legos.obs-mip.fr----------------------------Jose CarriquiryInstituto de Investigaciones Oceanologicas (IIO)Universidad Autonoma de Baja California (UABC)Apdo, Postal #453EnsenadaBaja California Mexicocarriquiry@uabc.edu.mx----------------------------Karen CasciottiWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry360 Woods Hole RdMail Stop 52Woods HoleMA 02543 USAkcasciotti@whoi.edu----------------------------Ramiro CastilloInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúrcastillo@imarpe.pe----------------------------Alexis ChaigneauIRD/LOCEAN/IMARPEDirección de Investigaciones en OceanografíaInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esq. Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nChucuito-Callao Perúalexis.chaigneau@ird.fr----------------------------

Franscico ChavezMBARI7700 Sandholdt RdMoss LandingCA 95039USAchfr@mbari.org----------------------------Hervé ClaustreLaboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche sur MerB.P. 0806238 Villefranche-sur-Mer CedexFranceclaustre@obs-vlfr.fr----------------------------Peter CrootPlymouth Marine LaboratoryProspect PlaceThe HoePlymouthPL1 3DH UKpecr@pml.ac.uk----------------------------Boris DewitteInstituto Geofísico del PerúCalle Badajoz # 169Mayorazgo IV EtapaAte VitartePerúboris.dewitte@legos.obs-mip.fr----------------------------Laura FariasDepartamento de OceanografíaUniversidad de ConcepcionP.O BOX 160-cConcepcionChilelfarias@profc.udec.cl----------------------------Ernesto FernandezInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerújcfernandez@imarpe.gob.pe----------------------------Georgina FloresInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúgflores@imarpe.pe----------------------------

Local Information

Currency Perú uses Nuevos Soles (S). The exchange rate at time of printing was:1 EUR = 3.87 S1 USD = 2.78 S1 GBP = 4.45 SCajeros automáticos (ATMs) are readily available and most accept international cards such as Plus (Visa), Cirrus (Maestro/MasterCard) and American Express using the 4 digit pin code system.Most ATM’s dispense both US dollars and Nuevos SolesUS dollars are accepted by many hotels though Nuevos Soles will be needed to pay for local transportation, meals etc.

Telephone International Call Prefix: 00 Country code -51Lima Area Code - 1Local phone numbers have 6 or 7 digitsTime zone - GMT -5 hours

Emergency numbersSee http://www.limaeasy.com/what_if/emergency_numbers_lima.php for more details• Police / Policía Nacional del Perú: Central Emergency Number: 105• Special tourist Police station: (0051 1) 423-3500• Fire Brigade / Bomberos Emergency Number: 116

For tourist information visitwww.lonelyplanet.com/peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limahttp://www.limaeasy.com/

Useful Information Carla AguilarInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúcaguilar@imarpe.pe

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Contact List

Helmut MaskeDepartamento de Oceanografía FísicaCICESEKm 107 Carretera Tijuana-EnsenadaEnsenada B.C.22860 Méxicohmaske@cicese.mx----------------------------William Miller248 Marine Sciences Bldg.Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602 USAbmiller@uga.edu----------------------------Octavio MoronInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúomoron@imarpe.pe----------------------------Kobi MosqueraInstituto Geofísico del PerúCalle Badajoz # 169Mayorazgo IV EtapaAte VitartePerúkobi.mosquera@igp.gob.pe----------------------------Aurélien PaulmierInstitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) / LEGOS (UMR 5566) / LMI DISCOHDirección de Investigaciones en OceanografíaInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esq. Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nChucuito-Callao Perúaurelien.paulmier@legos.obs-mip.fr----------------------------Oscar PizarroDepartamento de Geofísica & COPASFacultad de Ciencias Físicas y MatemáticasUniversidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChileorpa@profc.udec.cl----------------------------

Wilmer PulacheServicio Nacional de Meteorología Hidrología (SENAMHI)Jr. Cahuide785 - Jesús MaríaLIMA 11 P.O BOX 1308Perúwpulache@senamhi.gob.pe----------------------------Sara PurcaInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúspurca@imarpe.gob.pe----------------------------Daniel Quispe Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúdquispe@imarpe.pe------------------------Carol RobinsonUniversity of East AngliaSchool of Environmental SciencesNorwichNR4 7TJUKCarol.Robinson@uea.ac.uk----------------------------Janeet SanabriaServicio Nacional de Meteorología Hidrología (SENAMHI)Jr. Cahuide785 - Jesús MaríaLIMA 11 P.O BOX 1308Perújsanabria@senamhi.gob.pe----------------------------Sonia SánchesInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerússanchez@imarpe.pe----------------------------Guadalupe SánchezInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúgsanchez@imarpe.pe----------------------------

Jorge SarmientoProgram in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, AOS ProgramPrinceton University Sayre HallForrestal CampusP.O. Box CN710 PrincetonNJ 08544-0710 USAjls@princeton.edu----------------------------Ralph SchneiderInstitut für GeowissenschaftenChristian-Albrechts-Universitaet zu KielLudewig-Meyn-Str. 1024118 KielGermanychneider@gpi.uni-kiel.de----------------------------Abdel SifeddineDepartamento de Geoquimica, Universidade Federal FluminenseMorro do valonguinhoRua Sao João Batista s/n 24020_007 Centro NiteroiRio de Janeiro Brasilabdel.sifeddine@ird.fr----------------------------Elisabeth SilvestreServicio Nacional de Meteorología Hidrología (SENAMHI)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúesilvestre@senamhi.gob.pe----------------------------Allison SmithProgram in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, AOS ProgramPrinceton University Sayre HallForrestal CampusP.O. Box CN710 PrincetonNJ 08544-0710 USAkas3@Princeton.EDU----------------------------Ken TakahashiInstituto Geofísico del PerúEsquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúktakahashi@geo.igp.gob.pe----------------------------

Contact List

Gernot FriederichMBARI7700 Sandholdt RdMoss LandingCA 95039USAfrge@mbari.org----------------------------Véronique Garçon LEGOS/CNRS18 Avenue Edouard Belin31401 Toulouse Cedex 9FranceVeronique.Garcon@legos.obs-mip.fr----------------------------René GarreaudDepartamento de GeofisicaUniversidad de ChileBlanco Encalada 2002SantiagoChilergarreaud@dgf.uchile.cl----------------------------Michelle GracoInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúmgraco@imarpe.pe----------------------------Carmen GradosInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúcgrados@imarpe.pe----------------------------Niki GruberInstitute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant DynamicsDepartment of Environmental SciencesETH Zürich, CHN E31.2Universitätstr. 16 8092 Zurich Switzerlandnicolas.gruber@env.ethz.ch----------------------------Renato Guevara-CarrascoInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúrguevara@imarpe.pe----------------------------

Dimitri GutierrezDirección de Investigaciones en OceanografíaInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esq. Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúdgutierrez@imarpe.gob.pe----------------------------Soledad GuzmanInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúsguzman@imarpe.pe----------------------------Martin Hernandez-AyonOceanografia QuimicaUniversidad Autonoma de Baja California (UABC)Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-EnsenadaC.P. 22830Mexicojmartin@uabc.mx----------------------------Samuel HormazabalDepartment of Atmospheric and Oceanic PhysicsFaculty of Physics and MathematicsUniversity of ConcepciónCasilla 160-CConcepción 3 Chilesam@profc.udec.cl----------------------------Serena IlligInstituto Geofísico del PerúCalle Badajoz # 169Mayorazgo IV EtapaAte VitartePerúserena.illig@legos.obs-mip.fr----------------------------Justyna JoncaLEGOS/CNRS18 Avenue Edouard Belin31401 Toulouse Cedex 9Francejustyna.jonca@legos.obs-mip.fr----------------------------Arne KortzingerIFM-GEOMAR FB Marine BiogeochemieDuesternbrooker Weg 20Kiel 24105Germanyakoertzinger@ifm.uni-kiel.de----------------------------

Pablo LagosInstituto Geofísico del PerúCalle Badajoz # 169Mayorazgo IV EtapaAte VitartePerúplagos@geo.igp.gob.pe----------------------------Waldo LavadoServicio Nacional de Meteorología Hidrología (SENAMHI)Jr. Cahuide785- Jesús MaríaLIMA 11 P.O BOX 1308Perúwlavado@senamhi.gob.pe----------------------------Gaute LavikMax Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyCelsiusstr. 1D-28359 BremenGermanyglavik@mpi-bremen.de----------------------------Mike LawlerEarth System ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCA 92697-3100USAmlawler@uci.edu----------------------------Jesús LedesmaInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerújledesma@imarpe.gob----------------------------Violeta LeónInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúvleon@imarpe.pe----------------------------Philippe MartinezUMR 5805 EPOC - OASUSite de TalenceUniversité Bordeaux 1Avenue des Facultés33405 Talence Cedex Francephilippe.martinez@u-bordeaux1.fr----------------------------

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NotesContact List

Jorge TamInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerújtam@imarpe.pe----------------------------Pedro TapiaUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaAv. Honorio Delgado 430Urb. IngenieríaSan Martín de PorresPerúpedro.tapia.o@upch.pe----------------------------Grace TrasmonteInstituto Geofísico del PerúCalle Badajoz # 169Mayorazgo IV EtapaAte VitartePerúgrace.trasmonte@igp.gob.pe----------------------------Rob Upstill-GoddardSchool of Marine Science and TechnologyRidley BuildingUniversity of Newcastle upon TyneNE1 7RUUKrob.goddard@newcastle.ac.uk----------------------------Luis VasquezInstituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE)Esquina Gamarra y Gral Valle s/nP.O. Box 22 CallaoPerúlvasquez@imarpe.gob.pe----------------------------Rainer VolkamerUniversity of ColoradoDepartment of Chemistry University of Colorado at BoulderUCB 215, M325Boulder CO 80309-0215USARainer.Volkamer@Colorado.EDU----------------------------

Roland von GlasowUniversity of East AngliaSchool of Environmental SciencesNorwichNR4 7TJUKR.von-Glasow@uea.ac.uk----------------------------Doug WallaceIFM-GEOMAR FB Marine BiogeochemieDuesternbrooker Weg 20Kiel 24105Germanydwallace@ifm-geomar.de----------------------------Deli WangState Key laboratory of Marine and Environmental ScienceXiamen University182 Daxue RoadXiamenChina 361005deliwang1@gmail.com----------------------------Brian WardNational University of IrelandCCPO/OEASSchool of PhysicsUniversity RoadGalway, VA Irelandbward@nuigalway.ie----------------------------