copyright © allyn & bacon 2007 world of children 1 st ed chapter 14 cognitive development in...

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

World of Children 1st ed

Chapter 14

Cognitive Development

in Adolescence


Piaget’s Worksheet

Take out packet on Piaget Fill in the last stage


Cognitive Development

Piaget’s final stageFormal Operational Thought

Characterized by 5 abilities hypothetico-deductive reasoning abstract thought separation of reality from possibility combinational logic reflective thinking


Formal Operational Thought

Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoningthe use of deductive reasoning to systematically manipulate variables, test hypotheses, and reach correct conclusions formal scientific reasoning”

“HUH?”


Example of Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning Pg. 481

Children & adolescents asked

1.Considered all variables & possible combinations

2. Systematically test each factor one at a time

3. Find the conclusionWhat is the answer??



Abstract Thoughtthe ability to think about things that are not concrete or tangible, such as ideas or concepts like truth, justice, fairness.

Love mother , hate peer Love freedom, hate exploitation


Formal Operational ThoughtSeparation of Reality from Possibility

what is possible is not an extension of what is real, but what is real is only one of the possibilities

Ability to envision what “could be” offers exhilarating freedom

Become discouraged when compare reality they experience w/idealistic visions.

Ability to envision multitudes of possibilities leads to … spending 2 hours getting dressed.



Combinational Logicthe ability to generate and systematically consider all possible combinations of a set of elements

I want to write, travel, help others, create new products. What career

path can I take?



Reflective Thinkingthe ability to critically analyze own thoughts, opinions, and beliefs and compare to others’

Aka “metacognition” w/in information processing


Adolescent Egocentrism Piaget thought that adolescents still show a level of

immaturity. the inability to distinguish between own thoughts and

thoughts of others imaginary audience – adolescents believe that other

people are as concerned about their behavior, feelings, thoughts and appearance as they are themselves

“ I’m not going to school. Everyone is going to make fun of my new haircut.”

personal fable – false beliefs adolescents have about their own thoughts, influence and risks


Adolescent Egocentrism

Adolescents tend to believe that they are unique – no one else thinks the

way they do or understands the way they feel

(personal uniqueness) They are a source of special information have special influence over events

(omnipotence) bad things will not happen to them because

of their uniqueness (invulnerability)


Cognitive Development Piaget believed that formal operational

thought was last major cognitive stage Others propose postformal reasoning

characterized by increased emphasis on what is practical

within a given context increased ability to accept contradiction in

the world. Things are not always consistent w/ logical conclusions

relativistic reasoning judgments and decisions based on

increasing knowledge and belief about what it means to live a “good life”


Evaluation of Piaget’s theory Support

children do move from being more egocentric to being less egocentric

results have been replicated (object permanence & conservation)

cross-cultural studies indicate children move through 4 stages in same order

Criticism underestimated

abilities of young children

overestimated abilities of adolescents and adults

children seem to be in more than one stage at a time


Piaget’s Legacy He changed psychology’s view of

children from passive reactors to active participants

He left a huge store of facts about children and child development from his research, observations and writings

His theory changed the field of education

His work stimulated vast amounts of research in many areas of child development


Group Work

Divide into 3 equal groups Look at 487-488 Pick one type of socio-cultural view

and be ready to teach the class in 10 minutes

Discuss each theory


Sociocultural Views ofCognitive Development

situated cognition : thinking always takes place within a specific context, and always in relation to a specific situation or interaction. To understand the thinking, you must understand the context.

guided participation : children are included in sociocultural activities to the extent that their cognitive development allows. As children learn to do more, they become more involved

socially shared cognition : thought is a shared group activity, and even individual thought comes from the interactions between people


Intelligence: the ability to learn, think logically about abstract concepts, & adapt to the environment

Psychometric approach – the attempt to quantify people’s psychological skills and abilities, usually using paper/pencil tests

focused more on indicators of intelligence (facts and vocabulary) rather than cognitive process


Intelligence

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory – emphasis on how mental processes, experience and situational contexts relate to intellectual thought

3 interrelated subtheories componential subtheory experiential subtheory contextual subtheory


Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory


Intelligence

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences – emphasis on idea that intelligence is not a single concept; rather that there are several types of intelligence.

linguistic

bodily-kinesthetic

inter-personal

spatial

naturalistlogical-

mathematical

musical

intra-personal


Assessing Intelligence

first attempts in 1905 by Binet and Simon – children’s answers to questions were compared to average pattern

in 1916 Terman created scale to measure intelligence quotient (IQ) – determined by dividing mental age by chronological age, then multiplying by 100.



today intelligence tests used to diagnose and treat various problems cognitive deficits learning disabilities attention deficits specific problems with reading or

memory tests must be reliable (consistent)

and valid (measure what it is supposed to)



Most widely used tests Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

standardized on almost 5000 people from ages 2 to 85, from a variety of socioeconomic and ethnic groups.

high reliability, reasonable degree of validity Wechsler Scales

3 different scales for different agesstandardized using large

representative samplehigh reliability, adequate validity



J. Sattler: (2001). Assessment of children, 4th ed. San Diego, CA: Jerome M. Sattler.


Mental Retardation

Can range from mild to profound below normal intellectual functioning

(IQ of less than 75) deficits in adaptive behavior (daily

activities) early onset (before age 18)

85% are in mild category – can learn to live and work independently

1-2% are profoundly retarded – will need lifelong care


Mental Retardation

Causes : genetic disorders – Down syndrome, Fragile X prenatal brain damage due to alcohol or drugs oxygen deprivation or other complication at

birth environmental factors

exposure to lead poor nutrition lack of stimulation parental retardation


Gifted and Talented Children

Achievement well above average in one or more areas globally gifted – exceptional ability in all

areas unevenly gifted – exceptional ability in 1 or

2 areas but average or below in others

Characteristics of Gifted Children precocious – learn early and progress faster independent learners – often teach

themselves and have their own unique way of organizing information

“rage to master” – crave information about their favorite topics, push adults for more


Issues with Intelligence Tests

Against Tests were

developed and administered by middle class whites

Minorities may lack test-taking skill and experience

Test results lead to inferior educational placement

For Useful in

evaluating present functioning

Can provide access to special programs

Can help evaluate programs

Can predict future performance


Language Development adolescent register : form of speech used by

adolescents to identify themselves as part of a social, cultural or generational group

60’s groovy, 70’s cool, 80’s awesome,90’s phat

genderlects : differences in the ways boys and girls talk boys use more slang and profanity girls ask more questions, and talk about feelings

dialect : consistent and systematic variety of a single language shared by a specific group geographic (New England, the South) cultural (Ebonics)


Decision Making in Adolescence

improved ability to make “good” decisions – ones that reflect careful consideration of different options

younger adolescents more influenced by peer pressure than older teens


Vocational Decisions

Influenced by interests values SES parents gender ethnicity rewards job market

copyright © allyn & bacon 2007 world of children 1 st ed chapter 14 cognitive development in...

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