А course of nenets folklore: a syllabus...2.1 introduction 2.1.1 the course "nenets...
TRANSCRIPT
А Course of Nenets Folklore: A Syllabus
By ELENA PUSHKAREVA (MOSCOW)
1. A Preliminary Note The course on Nenets folklore is designed for students of higher educational institutions in Russia. The number of sessions may depend on the extent of curriculum of the given institution.*
The study of a people's culture, and folklore in particular, is especially important in a time when the national consciousness of indigenous peoples is awakening and in the higher educational system in the Russian Federation are being reformed in a spirit of democratization and humanness.
The material is organized according to genres. Attention is given to archaic forms of folklore in new historical conditions.
Each class session consists of two parts: introductory and main body. In the introductory portion the aims and the resarch history are discussed. In the second part the problems of the classification are examined and the characteristics of its basic genres—a picture of the continued existence of the folklore—are given.
During the course, time is set aside so that the students may become familiar with the principles and methods of coUecdng folklore material, the use of technology in its recording and cataloging.
The teaching of folklore should assist the students in resolving questions pertaining to instrucdon in schools where programs of folk poetry (lyric songs, narratives, tales, dialoglike folkplays, riddles, etc.) are concerned.
At the end of the course a test will be given. The course "Nenets Folklore" calls for the writing of research papers and theses (term papers).
2. The Program
2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 The course "Nenets Folklore" in the discipline system of Northern
Studies. The significance and origin of the term "folklore" and its other
The author laught ihe course in the A.I. Certsen Leningrad Stale Pedagogical Institute from the academic year 19791988. The course, as accoiding to the curriculum which was approved by the Ministry of Education, RSFSR (1986), consisted of 70 sessions. Sec also the introductory remark to the auihoi's previous article "A Course of Nganasan Folklore", Eurasian Studies Yearbook 67(1995).109I17. The author is indebted to Mr, DAVI D TYSON (Bloomington, Indiana) for the careful transiation of her original Russian manuscript into English.
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114 ELENA PUSHKAREVA
designations in the history of homegrown folklore studies and abroad. The social, ideological, and esthetic essence of folklore. The syncretism of folklore. The traditional and improvisational aspects of folklore. Variation in folklore. The typological, genetic, and historicalcultural basis of the commonalty of Nenets folklore with the folklore of other peoples in the Russian Federation and of the world {global aspects). The communal significance of folklore and its cognitive, educational, and esthetic value. Folklore as the beginnings and basis for national art.
Folklore studies as a science and its connection with the study of literature, language, music, ethnomusicology, art, ethnology, history, psychology, sociology, manufacturing technology, and many other disciplines.
Literature: 1. Gusev, V.E. Estelika fol'klora. Leningrad 1967. 2. Kravtsov, N.I. and Lazutin, S.G. Russkoe ustnoe narodnoe tvor
chestvo. Uchebnik. Moscow 1977. ?•. Meletinskii, E.M. Poetika mifa. Moscow 1976. 4. Propp, V.Ya. Fol'klor i deistviternosi': Izbrannye statii. Moscow
1976. 5. Putilov, B.N. FoFklor i narodnaia kul'tura. Rossiiskaia akademiia
nauk, Muzei antropologii i etnografii im. Petra Velikogo (Kunstkamera). St. Peteresburg 1994.
6. Fol'klor narodov RSFSR. Vypusk 118. Ufa 19741992. 7. Chicherov, V.l . Voprosy teorii i istorii narodnogo tvorchestva.
Moscow 1959.
2.1.2 Folklore schools in scholarship at home and abroad. The founders of the mythology school in folklore studies, Yakob and Whilhelm Grimm. The Finnish school in folklore studies. The anthropological school in folklore studies. The structuralist school in folklore studies. The .school of folklore studies that developed in the USSR and Russia.
Literature: 1. Azadovskii, M.K. Istoriia russkoi folkloristiki . vol. 12. Moscow
19581963. 2. Zemlianova, L.M. Sovremennaia amerikanskaia fol'kloristika.
Moscow 1975. 3. Kokkiara, D. Istoriia foi'kloristiki v Evrope. Moscow 1960. 4. Putilov, B.N. Fol'kloristika. Sovetskoe literaturovedenie za 50 lei.
Leningrad 1968, pp. 259283. 5. Folklore Studies in the Twentieth Century. Proceedings of the Cen
tenary Conference of the Folklore Society. Ed. Venetia Newall, D.S. Brewer. Woodbridge 1980.
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А COURSE OF NENETS FOLKLORE: A SYLLABUS U 5
2.1.3 History of the Collection and Study of Nenets Folklore 18th century; I.S Vater—pioneer in the study of Nenets language and
the first to publish a work of Nenets folklore. 19th century: M.A. Castren—founder of Samoyed philology. Samples
of Nenets folklore in the notes of A. Shrenk. 20th century: T.V. Lekhtisalo. His works on the language, folklore
and mythology of the Nenets. B. Zhitfev about Nenets folklore. The Institute of the Peoples of the North of the USSR Cenual Executive
Cotnmittee in Leningrad—(he scholarly center for the study of the languages, folklore and ethnography of the peoples of the nonh. Researcher of Samoyed (samodiiskiye) languages and their folklore Grigorii N. Prokofev. The students of Georgii N. Prokofev: Anton P. Pyrerka, Georgii D. Verbov, Aleksei A. Savel'ev, Nataliya M. Tereshchenko. Nalaliia M. Tereshchenko as a collector and researcher of Nenets folklore. The group of folklore collectors of the Salekhard Pedagogical Institute in the 1930's. Graduate of the Salekhard Pedagogical Institute Ivan G. Istomin as a collector and publisher of Nenets folklore. The work of Viacheslav A. Tonkov 19301936 in collecting Nenets folklore. Boris O. Dolgikh— researcher of Samoyed (samodiiskaya) folklore.
Folklore expedition of the Northern Branch of the AllUnion Geographic Society of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the leadership of Anna M. Shcherbakova in the Arkhangelsk Oblast's Nenets Okrug in 1946, Anna M. Shcherbakova—researcher of Nenets folklore. The A.I. Gensen Russian State Pedagogical Institute (since 1991 the A.I. Gertsen Leningrad State Pedagogical University) EJepartment of Languages, Folklore, and Literature of the Peoples of the Far North—the center for the study of the languages, folklore, literature and ethnography of the peoples of the Nortii, Zinaida N. Kupriianova—specialist in the field of Nenets folklore. Maksim S. Sinitsyn—collector of Nenets folklore. Gathering of Nenets folklore in the autonomous okrugs under the initiative of the Houses of Folk Creauve Work (since 1970 the Okrug ScientificMethodological Centers for Folk Creative Work and CulturalEducational Work). Igor' A. Bogdanov—collector and researcher of Nenets Musical folklore. Contemporary researchers of Nenets folklore in Hungary, Finland. USA, and Spain,
Literature: 1. Barmich, M.Ia., and Kupriianova. Zinaida Nikolaevna. Pro
sveshchenie nakrainem severe, no. 18. Leningrad 1979, pp. 180181. 2. Vainshtein, S.I. and Dolgikh, B.O. Dni i deianiia podvizhnicheskoi
zhini. Ethograflcheskoe obozrenie 1992, no. 1, pp. 199129. 3. Vasil'ev, V.I. Olkrytie samodiiskogo mira (Iscoriia odnogo nauch
nogopoiska). Glazami etnografov. Moscow 1982. pp. 5175. 4. Castren, A.M. Puteshestvie po Laplandii, Sevemoi Rossii i Sibiri.
Magazin zemlevedeniia i puteshestvii 1860, vol. 6, part 2.
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116 ELENA PUSHKAREV A
5. Kupriianova, Z. Sobranie i izuchenie fol'klora narodov Severa v sovelskuiu epokhu (nenetskii fol'klor). lazyki i fol'lclor narodov Krainego Severa. Leningrad 1969, pp. 2646.
6. Kunnap, A. and Morev, Iu.A.70letie Natalii Mitrofanovny Tereshchenko. Sovetskoe finnougrovedenie 14(1978).7274.
7. Omel'chukA.K. Ryitsari severa. Sverdlovsk 1982. 8. Petrov, G.I. Ekspeditsii i nauchnye komandirovki Instituta narodov
Severa Central'nogo ispol'niternogo komiteta SSSR. Sovetskaiia etnografiia 1936, no.l, pp. 157158.
9. Poppe, N.N. Kastien—issledovatel' samodiiskikh iazykov. Pamiati M.A. Kastrena. К 75letiiu so dnia smerti. Leningrad 1927. pp. 6575.
10. Pyrerka, B. Nenetskii fol'klor i ego sobiratel'. Neva, no.3, 1983. 11. Khomich, L.V. Iz istorii sovetskoi etnografii (izuchenie etnografii
samodiiskikh narodov). Istoricheskaia etnografiia. Traditsii i sovremennost'. Leningrad 1983, pp. 514.
12. Shcherbakova, A.M. Lichnoe delo N 2106975, Arkhiv RGPU im. АЛ. Gertsena, St. Petersburg.
13. Joki, Aulis J.: Toivo Lehtisalo 18871962. Finnischugrische Forschungen. Helsinki 34(1961).149170.
2.2 The Genre Composition of Nenets Folklore 2.2.1 The contemporary condition and continued existence of Nenets
folklore in the Nenets Autonomous okrug of the Arkhangelsk Oblast, the YamaloNenets Autonomous Okrug of the Tiumen Oblast, the DolganoNenets Autonomous Okrug of the Kransoyar Krai, the KhantiMansi Autonomous Okrug of the Tiumen Oblast, the Komi Republic and Mezeri raion of the Arkhangelsk Oblast. Composition of Nenets folklore according to the classification of various researchers: M.A. Castren, Toivo V. Lehtisalo, Zinaida N. Kupriianova, Peter Hajdil, Nataliya M. Tereshchenko, Elena T. Pushkareva, Igor' A. Bogdanov: myths, mythtales, sacrificial calls and invocatory songs to spirits, shaman singings and myths, epic songs (siudbabts and yarabts), the song khynabts, personal songs of various themes (from mythological to sexual and erotic), customary folklore (wedding, reproductiive activities, burial), riddles, shoristories/anecdotes, legends, oral tales, children's folklore.
Literature: 1. Kupriianova, Z. N. Vvedenie. Epicheskie pesni nentsev. Moscow
1965, pp. 1927. 2. Tereshchenko, N. Vvedenie. Nenetskii epos. Leningrad 1990,
pp. 542. 3. Hajdu, P. Beitrage zu den Grundproblemen der jurakischen Volks
dichtung. In the journal Neohelicon. Acta Comparationis Literarum Universalium 1(1978).143158.
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А COURSE OF NENETS FOLKLORE: A SYLLABUS 117
2.2.2 Mythtales 2.2.2.1 The Nenets mythtale: methodological principals, historiogra
phical aspects and contemporary problems of their study. The subject composition and personages: the ethnic specificity of the subject composition, their historical typology and the mythological roots of the forms.
2.2.2.2 The connection between the mythtales about animals and the notions and beliefs of the primitive system: the reflection of mythical notions in the form of the foxNuma, the remains of totemism, and the reflection of shamanic notions. The cumulative mythtales about animals.
2.2.2.3 Mythtales of a magicalfantastic character, the legendary and short story. Their subject composition. The mythtales of a magicalfantastic character: ethnic specifications and the Russian tale in the composition of Nenets mythtales.
2.2.2.4 The Nenets mythtale: the pattern of early poetic forms. The narrator calledre/rangoda. The nairatortaleteller. Lakhanako—the narrator in the stories. Narratorpersonage. The poetic language of the mythtales: dialog, epitaphsuffix, possessive forms.
2.2.2.5 The structural peculiarities of Nenets mythtales: the problem of contamination of topics, structural peculiarities. The reflection of mythological representations: Yamal—one of the central topic; other mythological creatures (Num. Ilebyambertya, Yaminya).
Literature: 1. Vasil'ev, V.I. Obraz kul'tumogo geroia v samodiiskoi traditsii,
Ural'skaia mifologiia. Tezisy dokladov mezhdurodnogo simpoziuma. Syktyvkar 1992, pp. 510.
2. Kupriianova, Z.H. Skazki. Nenetskii fol'klor. Leningrad i960, pp. 25126.
3. Pushkareva, E.T. Mifskazka v foFklore nentsev: istoricheskaia tipologiia i etnicheskaia spetsifika. Avtoreferai kandidatskoi dissertatsii. Leningrad 1983.
4. Pushkareva, E.T. Siuzhetnyi sostav nenetskikh mifovskazok о zhivotnykh. Fol'klornarodov RFSFR. Ufa 1983. pp, 6672.
5. Pushkareva, E.T. Prikliucheniia mladshego khanty. Legendy i mify Severa. Moscow 1985, pp. 5162.
6. Pushkareva, E.T. Tirlei. Publikatsiia. Fol'klor i etnografiia narodov severa SSSR. Leningrad 1986, pp. 136157.
7. Pushkareva, E.T. Russkaia skazka v forklore nentsev. Fol'klor narodov RFSFR. Ufa 1983, pp. 4051.
8. Khelimskii, E.A. Samodiiskaia mifologiia. Mify narodov mira, vol. 2. Moscow 1992, pp. 398401.
9. FrezerD.D. Zolotaiavetv'. Moscow 1986. 10. Shcherbakova, A.M. Nenetsia'vadako'. Leningrad 1960. 11. Lehiisalo, T. Juraksamojedische Volkdichting. Helsinki 1947.
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2.2.3 Epic songs 2.2.3.1 Vladimir Ya. Propp, Viktor M. Zhirmunskii, Eleazar M. Mele
tinskii, Boris N. Putilov about the "prestate" epic of the peoples of the North and Siberia. Siudbabts. The themes of the siudbabts: heroic winning of the bride, revenge for killed relatives, struggle for the herd's reindeer. Structure of the siudbabts. Personages of the siudbabts. The reflection of reindeer raising culture in the siudbabts. Poetic peculiarities of the siudbabts: hyperbole, epithets, metaphors, tautologies. The character of narration. The form of the wordsong.
2.2.3.2 The yarabtssongs. Songs about clan clashes and the obtaining of wives, about the misadventures and sufferings of the hero. The subject scheme of the yarabts. Poetic peculiarities of the yarabts. The correlation of the text of the main performer and the text of the teltangoda. The text and melodic structure of the yarabts.
Literature; 1. Golovnev, A.V. Neneiskaia legenda о glupom khoziaine zemli.
Eksperimenlal'naia arkheologiia. Tobol'sk 1991, 140157. 2. Zhirmunskii, V.M. Vstupitel'noe slovo. Osnovnye problemy izu
cheniia poeticheskogo tvorchestva narodov sibiri i dal'nego vostoka. Ulanude 1961, p. 8.
3. Zhirmunskii, V.M. Narodnyi geroicheskii epos. Sravnitel'noistoricheskie ocherki. Moscow—Leningrad 1962.
4. Meletinskii, E.M. Proiskhozhdenie geroicheskogo eposa. Rannie formy i arkhaicheskie paniiatniki. Moscow 1963.
5. Meletinskii, E.M. Paleoaziatskii mifologicheskii epos. Moscow 1979, 6. Putilov, B.N. Epos narodov Sibiri i ego isloricheskaia tipologiia.
Voporsy iazyka i fol'klora narodnostei Severa, Yakutsk 1972, pp. 12b 142.
7. Putilov, B.N. Metodologiia sravnitel'noistoricheskogo izucheniia fol'klora. Leningrad 1976.
8. Propp, V.la. Russkii geroicheskii epos. Moscow 1958. 9. TereshchenkoN.M. Nenetskii epos. Leningrad 1990. 10. Khelimskii, E.A. Glubinnofonologicheskii izosillabizm nenetsko
go stikha. JSFOu (=Suomalaisugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskiija) 82(1989). 223268.
11. KhomichL.V. Real'nost'i fantaziia v fol'klore nentsev. Fol'klori etnografiia. U etnograficheskikh istokov fol'klomykh siuzhetov i obrazov. Leningrad 1984, pp. 142149,
12. Epicheskie pesni nentsev. Moscow 1965. 13. Lehtisalo, T. Juraksamojedische Volksdichiung. Helsinki 1947.
MSFOU 90. 14. Castren M. A. & Lehtisalo, T. Samojedische Sprachmaterialen.
Helsinki 1960. MSFOu 112.
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А COURSE OF NENETS FOLKLORE; A SYLLABUS 11 9
15. Castren M. A. & Lehdsalo, T. Samojedische Volksdichiung. Helsinki 1940. MSFOu 83.
2.2.4 The khynabts songs 2.2.4.1 The khynabts thematic. The reflection of actual historic events
in the khynabts songs. Interethnic contacts in the khynabts. The structure and poetics of the khynabts. The correlation of the text of the main performer and the teliangoda in the khynabts. The melodic structure of the khynabts. The khynabts songs as an example of intcrgenre formation.
2.2.4.2 The singer of epic tales and of the khynabts songs. Nenets singers—informants for the folklore collectors and researchers. TTie role of the singers in the preservation of the genres in question and in the maintenance of the Nenets poetic language. The leliangoda—the assistant and pupil of the main performer. The teltangoda^—the school of performance mastery. The special demands placed upon the teltangoda. ТЪе hstenersparticipants in the process of performing folklore works and commentators and interpreters of the performed works. Problems in singer performance and in their folkloristic intertpretation.
Literature: 1. Koshechkin, B.I. Syn novoi zemli (Tyko vylko). Moscow 1980. 2. Putilov, B.N. Problemy epicheskogo pevtsa i izuchenie eposa
narodov Sibiri. Epicheskoe tvorchestvo narodov Sibiri. Ulanude 1973, pp. 1112.
3. Pushkareva, E.T. Mifskazka v fol'klore nentsev: istoricheskaia tipologiia i elnicheskaia spetsifika. Avtoreferat kandidatskoi dissertaisii. Uningrad 1983.
4. Sinitsyn, M.S. Po nenetskoi zemle. Moscow 1960. 5. Lehtisalo, T. Vorwort. Reiseberichtungen. Juraksamojedisches
Wonerbuch. Helsinki 1956, pp. VIICII . 6. Pushkareva, E.T. On a Nenets Song. Khynabts. IX European
Seminar in Ethnomusicology (= ESEM). Held in Barcelona, Spain, September 1015. 1993. p. 60.
2.2.5 Legends 2.2.5.1 Three groups of historic legends as delineated by Vladimir I.
Vasil'ev: 2.2.5.1.1 Legends which tell of events having a clear chronological
basis (legends about the leader of the NenetsKhanti uprising of the poor in the 1830's1840's, Vauli Nenyang (Piettomine).
2.2.5.1.2 Legends in which the historic facts are true but do not have a confirmed chronology (the cycle of stories about EnetsNenets "wars" as reflected in Enets, Nenets and Nganasan folklore) and legends about the wars of European tundra Nenets with their fellow tribesmen "Karachei" of
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120 ELENA PUSHKAREVA
the area beyond the Urals. These legend contain no mythical elements an can be regarded as historical narratives.
2.2.5.1.3 Legends telUng of events or episodes which basically have no documentation confirming their ever taking place (legends of the Nenets about the sikhirtya/chud').
2.2.5.2 Eponymic legends. 2.2.5.3 Toponymic legends.
Literature: 1. Azbelev, S.N. Mezhdunarodnaia sistematizatsiia predanii i legend.
Russkii fol'klor, vyp. 10. MoscowLeningrad 1966, pp. 176195. 2. Bobrikova, L.F. О prozaicheskikh zhanrakh fol'klora nentsev, V
pomoshch' uchiteliu shkol Severa, vyp. 13. MoscowLeningrad 1965, pp. 8086.
3. Bobrikova, L.F. Vauli Neniang. Uchenye zapiski, vol. 353. Leningrad 1967. pp. 146154.
4. Vasil'ev, V.L Istoricheskie predaniia nemsev как istochnik pri issledovanii etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii severosamodiiskikh narodov, Etnicheskaia istoriia i fol'klor. Moscow 1977, pp. 124126.
5. Vasil'ev, V.I. Istoricheskie osnovy nekotorykh zhanrov fol'klora narodov Severa, Fol'klor i etnografiia. Leningrad 1984, pp. 137142.
6. Golovnev, A.V. Etnograficheskaia rekonstruktsiia khoziaistvennogo oblika primorskoi kul'tury na severe Zapadnoi Sibiri. Istochniki i metody issiedovaniia sotsial'nykh i kul'tumykh protsessov. Omsk 1988, pp. 92103.
7. Gusev, V.E. Estitika fol'klora. Leningrad 1967. 8. Sokolkov, A.V. К istorii drevnei kul'tury lamala. Eksperimental'
naia arkheologiia, vyp. 1. Tobolsk 1991, pp. 8289. 9. Khomich, L.V. Nenetskie predaniia о sikhirtia, Fol'klor i etno
grafiia. Leningrad 1970, pp. 5969. 10. Chemetsov, V.N. Nizhnee priob'e v 1 tysiacheletii nashei ery.
Materialy i issiedovaniia po arkheologii SSSR. Moscow 1957, no. 58, pp. 136245.
2.2.6 Folklore Concerning Customs 2.2.6.1 Folklore of ceremonies connected with the cycle of economic
production (gathering, hunting, fishing, seaanimal hunting, reindeer herding). Various ceremonies of placation.
2.2.6.2 Folklore concerning the wedding ceremony. The fragmentary nature of the information about wedding folklore.
2.2.6.3 Burial ceremony. There is a large variety of funeral ceremonies among the Nenets. They may be different according to territorial units or local tradition of the groups. Varied nature of the thematic of the performances carried out during the funeral ceremony. Taboo concerning the perfor
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mance of songs during the funeral ceremony. Laughter and joking as an indispensable element of the burial. Taboo (or partial taboo) on conversation and storytelling about sickness and not feeling well.
2.2.7 Shamanic Singing and Myths 2.2.7.1 Texts of musical singing and its musical aspect. Construction
of the world according to the information from shamanic myths. Songs calling forth and appealing to spirits. Sacrificial songs and appeals connected with the shamanic performance. The shamanic perfonnance as the basis for the Nenets theatrical activity: the shaman as the central personage of the action, boys as extras, the teltangoda of the shaman as his companion during his "travels", and the audience as participants on a mass stage.
2.2.7.2 The special language of shamanic singing. Taboo on performing shamanic singing. Influence of shamanic singing and myths on personal mythological songs.
Literature; 1. Khomich, L.V. Shamany u nentsev. Problemy obshchestvennogo
soznaniia aborigenov Sibiri. Leningrad 1961, pp. 541. 2. Hajdu, P. Szoveg es dallam viszonya a szamojed enekeben.
Neprajz ds Nyelvtudomdny 3^(1960).1929. 3. Hajdii, P. Beitrage zu den Grundproblemen der jurakischen Volks
dichtung. Neohelicon. Acta Comparationis Literarum Universaiium (Budapest) 1(1978).143158.
4. Lehtisalo, T. Beitrage zur Kenninis der Renntierzuchi bei den Juraksamojeden. Oslo 1932. Instituitet for sammenlignende kultorforskning. SerieB:SkrifterXVI.
5. Lehtisalo, T. Beobachtungen uber die Jodler. JSFOu 48(1937):2.135.
6. Lehtisalo, T. Der Tod und die Wiedergeburt des kiinftigen Schamanen. JSFOu 48(1937):3.124.
7. Lehtisalo, T. Entwurf einer Mythologie der JurakSamojeden. Helsinki 1924. MSFOu 53.
8. Lehtisalo, T. Juraksamojedische Volksdichtung. Helsinki 1947. MSFOu 90 .
9. Castren, M. A. & Lehtisalo, T. Samojedische Sprachniaterialen Heslinki 1960. MSOu 122.
10. Castren, M. A. & Lehtisalo, T. Samojedische Volksdichtung. Helsinki 1940. MSFOu 83.
2.2.8 Lyric songs 2.2.8.1 Songs of the Nenets. Variety of songs: songs of animals, birds,
and people. The "author" of the songs. The performer of personal songs. The system of song performance. The thematic of songs. Poetic means.
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122 ELENA PUSHKAREVA
Contextual character of the and of the personal song. Narrative and dramatic elements in lyrkic songs.
2.2.8.2 The personal song in the context of other folklore products. The personal song as a modem lyrical song. The personal song as a characteristic of heroes in the literary works of Nenets authors.
Literature: 1. Kupriianova, Z.N. Liricheskie pesni. Nenetskii forklor, pp. 239
257. 2. Neniang, L. Nenetskie pesni. Krasnoyarsk 1985. 3. Pushkareva, E.T. Lichnye pesni nentsev. Sovremennoe finno
ugrovedenie. Opyt i problemy. Leningrad 1990, pp. 8185. 4. Shcherbakova, A.M. Tyko Vylka. Arkhangelsk 1965.
Phonographic records: 1. Muzyka sevemogo siian'ia. Moscow, Melodiia: C90 30129 001.
Published in 1990. 2. Pevuchii Yamal. Leningrad: Melodiia; C90 27639 003. Published in
1988. 3. Pod poliarnoi zvezdoi. Moscow: Melodiia: M90 48949 008.
Published in 1989
2.2.9 Music The Nenets music is predominately vocal: monophonicsung in unison,
duetdialog alternating between two performers. Pseudodiatonic scales and modes and melodic development through microaltered ornamentation. Modal structure of Nenets epic works. Traditional musicians— instrumentalists and vocalists. Musical instruments of the Nenets.
Literature: \. Bogdanov, I. Muzyka Narodov Severa, Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka
SSSR. Muzykal'nyi entsiklopedicheskii slovar'. Moscow 1990, pp. 372373.
2. Gomon. A.G. О nekotorykh osobennostiakh traditsionnykh nenetskikh imoprovizatsii. Finniugorskii muzykal'nyi fol'klor i vzaimosviazi s sosednimi kul'turami. Tallin 1980, pp. 205211.
3. Gomon, A. Expanded Melodic Scale in the Oral Tradition of the Nenets Folksong. UralAltaische Jahbucher 62(1990).7587.
4. Samojedische Melodien. Gesammelt von T. Lehtisalo and Kai Donner. Herausgegeben von A.O. Vaisanen. Helsinki 1965. MSFOu 136.
5. Niemi, Jaakko: Transcriptions of Nenets Songs in A. O. Vaisanen's samojedoschen Melodien. Reevalueted. Niemei Jaakko & Lapsui Anastasia. With numerous subchapters and Appendices. JSFOu 86(1995). 129166.
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А COURSE OF NENETS FOLKLORE: A SYLLABUS 123
2.2.10 Riddles, Aphoristic Expressions, Signs, Protective Charms Riddles. Thematic grouping of riddles. The structure and language of
riddles. The peculiarities of performing riddles. The role of riddles in the intellectual and esthetic upbringing of children. Riddles of different thematic groups in elementary school programs. Aphoristic expressions according to the thematic classification of Nenets writer Leonid V. Laptsui. Signs and protective charms.
Literature: 1. Vada" khara", khobtsoko". Laptsui, Leonid V. Inzer'tolangobts*.
Kniga dlia samostoiatel'nogo chteniia vo 23 klassakh nenetskoi nachal'noi shkoly. Leningrad 1979, pp. 86101.
2. Zagadki. Nenetskii fol'kJor. Leningrad 1960, pp. 258271. 3. Kupriianova, Z.N. К kharakteristike zagodok narodov Severa.
Uchenue zapiski Leningradskogo Gosudartstvennogo Pedagigecheskogo Instimta im. A.I. Gertsena, torn 170, 1958, pp. 275282.
4. Neniang, L. Narodnaia mudrost'. In L. Neniang's Ne tol'ko babushkini skazki. Krasnoyarsk 1992, pp. 134—155.
5. Neniang, L. Zagadki, poslovitsy, obercgi, primety. St. Petersburg 1994.
6. Paremiologicheskii sbomik: Poslovitsa. Zagadka. Moscow 1978, pp. 249314.
2.2.11 Children's folklore 2.2.11.1 Determining children's folklore. Folklore created by adults
for children (the niukubts songs: lullabies, amusement songs, teasing songs, tonguetwisters, calls). Folklore which appears among children (ilie niukubts songs of young sisters and brothers created by older brothers and sisters). The forms of adult folklore performed in children's auditoriums.
2.2.11.2 The songs niukubts. Their thematic and poetic. The author of the niukubts songs.
2.2.11.3 Children's myths and tales. Their ihemanc classes. Personages. The poetic means. Children as folklore performers. The role of children's folklore in children's speech development. The perfection of the performer's skill among children through the teltangoda.
2.2.11.4 The cycle of mythstales about Khabitsya. The cycle of mythstales about Yombo. The utilization of the Khabitsya and Yombo cycles in the system of traditional upbringing of the moralhumor culture of children and adults.
2.2.11.5 Nenets children's games. There are many differenrt types of these games. Many of them serve educational purposes tkinderganen home) Games of sport. Imitations of processes of production activity: bow and arrow practice, the catching of reindeer, hunting. Role games: playing house, the game with dolls of family members, games in which witches
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124 ELENA PUSHKAREVA
and sorcerers pl,ay a role. Mimicking game of fright. The (educational) math game called tyraniyko. The game for speeding up speech abailities od small children (caUed putko).
Literature: 1. Vandoko' nokhoko' (sianakubts). Niar'iana nerm. 1990 po'iiun'
iry ' I ialia es, p. 3. 2. Verbov, G.D. Nenetskie skazki i byliny. Salekhard, 1937. 3. Desiat' durakov. Yompu" in Simchenko, lu.B. Zimnii marshrut po
Gydanu. Moscow 1975, pp. 96110 and 128131. 4. Malkoda khasava (sianakubts). Niar"iana nerm. 1990 po' iiun' 1
ialia, p. 3. 5. Neko khadakenda vadako. Leningrad 1949. 6. Nenetskie skazki in Osharov, M.I. Sevemye skazki. Novosibirsk
1958, pp. 6874. 7. Nenetskie skazki. Skazki narodov Severa. MoscowLeningrad
1959. 8. Pushkareva, E,T. & Lapsui A.T. & langasova, N.M. & Bogdanov,
LA . Niudiakoisia inzelena (Malen'kii slushatel'). Khresiomatiia dlia nenetskikh detskikh sadov. St. Petersburg 1994.
9. Mangbada nc'niakhar" niu. Moscow 1991. 10. Pyria, A. Nenecah wadakuh. MoscowLeningrad 1935. 11. Pyria, A. Pukhuisia'nob'niu. Leningrad 1939. 12. Tonkov, V.A. Nenetskie skazki. Arkhangelsk 1936. 13. Tereshschenko, N.M. Nenetsia' vadako'. Leningrad 1954. 14. Ekhobei sekotsia. Leningrad 1977.
2.3. Folklore as an Academic Subject Matter Folklore as a fact of urban culture. Nenets folklore in elementary and
secondary school programs. Folklore in btxks for reading in elementary schools. Folklore in courses of native liierature in high school classes.
Literature: 1. Bogdanov, I.A. Teoreticheskie i prakticheskie problemy muzykal'
noi etnopedagogiki (na primere narodov Severa). Disserattion, Moscow: Institut nalsional'nykh problem obrazovaniia Ministirstva Obrazovaniia Rossiiskoi Federatsii 1992.
2. Bikmukhametov, R.G. Orbity vzainiodestviia. Moscow 1987. 3. Voskoboinikov, M.G. Literatura narodnostei Severa. Prosvesh
chenie na krainom severe. Sbornik 19. Leningrad 1981, 115122. 4. Komanovskii, B.L. Puli razvitiia literatur narodov Krainego Severa
iDal'nego Vostoka. Magadan 1977. 5. Kupriianova, Z.N. Fol'lor narodnostei krainego severa. Pros
veshchenie na Krainom Severe. Sbornik 19. Leningrad 1981, 123128.
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А COURSE O F NENETS FOLKLORE: A SYLLABUS 12 5
6. Fol'klor narodov Taimyra. Vypusk 2 (Nenetsldi fol'klor). Dudinka 1992.
7. Pushkareva, E.T. Fol'klomye motivy v tvorchestve nenetskogo poeta Ivana luganpelika. Fol'klor narodov Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Ufa 1993.
2.4 Methodology of Collection, Systeniization, and Preservation of Folklore Products
Ways and means at collecting Nenets folklore material. Methodology of its systematizing. Procedures for preserving folklore materials. Archives holdings of Nenets folklore collections.
Literature: 1. Balashov, D.M. Как sobiraf fol'klor. Moscow 1971. 2. Lebedeva, E.P. Как sobirat' proizvedenii uslnogo narodnogo tvor
chestva narodov Severa. V pomoshch uchiteliu shkol Severa. Leningrad 1956, pp. 170181.
3. Mel'nikov, M.N. Sibirskii fol'kJor. Programma polevykh nabliudenii sobratelia. Novosibirsk 1973.
4. Metodicheskaya zapiska po arkhivnomu khraneniiu i sistematizatsii forklomykh materialov. Otvetsvennyi redaktor Propp, V.Ya. Vilnius 1964.
5. Programma pedagogicheskikh institutov. Forklomaia praktika. Moscow 1988.
6. Savushkina, N.L О sobi'ranii forklora: uchebnoe posobie dlia studentovzaochnikov filologicheskogo falul'teta gosudarstvennykh universitetov. Moscow 1974.
3. Methodological Recommendations for the Program
1. Study of the material is carried out in accordance with the listed topics. The study of theoretical issues is accompanied by practical exercises.
2. The program provides for the necessary amount of knowledge concerning Nenets folklore as well as for the acquisition of the ability and skills needed for the recording, analysis, and utilization of the folklore.
3. Included in the program are theoretical, practical, and laboratory sections. Practical work permits the adding to and deepening of theoretical material. It also provides for the development of skills and for the ability to utilize the material while teaching and during its collection and independent analysis.
Goal of practical exercises is to develop the ability to identify genres based on their combined thematic, poetic, and stylistic peculiarities.
The goal of the laboratory exercises is to equip the student with concrete skills in the recording, processing and systemization of folklore materials.
Throughout the entire course the student should carry out regular study of folklore terminology and lexicology used in the literature by consulting dictionaries.
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126 ELENA PUSHKAREVA
By the end of the course the student should possess knowledge and prove professional skills as follows:
1. Knowledge of the theoretical material as provided by the course. 2. To be able to record folklore works and properly register and
document them. 3. To transcribe tape recordings of folklore works from Nenets to
Russian or other language. 4. To establish the genre of a given folklore work pointing out its
characteristic traits. 5. To be able to utilize folklore works independently — during lessons
at school, in academic work, in scientific work, and in culiuraleducational work.
4. Topics of the Practical and Laboratory Exercises
1. Recording of folklore works from the speaker. 2. Recording of folklore products from the speaker onto a taperecor
der and the transfer (ranscription) from the taperecorder, video recording of the performance of folklore works.
3. Translation of the folklore texts from the Nenets language into Russian (or into another international language).
4. Analysis of folklore texts and the determination of their genre. 5. Analysis of the folklore text from a linguistic standpoint. 6. Analysis of the folklore text as a soture on the history and culture of
a given people (here the Nenets). 7. The compilation of a catalog of subjects of Nenets folklore products. 8. Compilation of a bibliography of folklore products and of rei'^arch
contributions on Nenets folklore.
Collatiun оГ Nenets Names and Terms
FoxNum mythological creature (2.2.2.2;, see "Nirni" . Ilcbyambcrtya mythological creature (2.2.2.5) Karachci name of a tribe (2. 2.5.1.2) Y^abilsy ̂mythical creature (2.2.11.4) Ґ^ynab\s type of epic songs (2.2.1) Lakhanako narrator in the stories (2.2.2.4) Niukubts songtype of children s folklore (2.2.11.1) Num God (heaven, sky, weather} (2,2.2.S) 'Pa\ko children's game {22.U.5) Siudbabts type of epic songs (2.2.1) Teliangoda sidekick of the main performer (2 2.2.4) Tyraniyko с/ц'Игел'.̂ game (2.2.11.5) Vauli Ncnyang (Picuomine, 2.2.5.1.1) Yamal Landsend: name of a TundraNenets tribe (2.2.2.5) Yaminya mythological creature (2.2.2.5) Yarabls type ofepoc songs (2.2.1) Yombo mythical creature (2.2.H.4)
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