cultural: technological: political: spiritual:
TRANSCRIPT
Cultural:
Technological:
Political:
Spiritual:
Cultural Trends:• Better educated, urban
populace was more critical of the Church than rural peasantry
• Renaissance monarchs were growing impatient with the power of the Church
• Society was more humanistic and secular
• Growing individualism
--John Wyclif
Technological Trends: Printing Press• Invention of movable type
was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
• Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
• Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
• Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
• Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Political Trends: England• Notion of the
Renaissance Prince• Recent War of the
Roses created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIII• The significance of a
male heir to the Tudors
Political Trends: The Holy Roman Empire• Decentralized politics• Pope successfully
challenged the monarch here
• New HRE, Charles V, is young, politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Luther’s protest
• Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
• Circumstances favor Luther
Spiritual Trends:• Growing piety, mysticism
and religious zeal (passion) among European masses
• Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
• Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
• Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
• Millenarian “fever”
100 Years War and Black Death
Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church
The Corruption within the Catholic Church
• Charges of greed• Worldly political power
challenged• People tired of
dependence on the Church and the limits it enforced
• Reject “original sin”• Catholic church
becomes defensive in the face of criticism
• Scholars contradict Church
Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic
The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church
People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church
In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions
The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions
Martin Luther
John Calvin
Henry VIII
Lived from 1483-1546 in Germany
Father encouraged him to study law
A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk
He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven
He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort
In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for
“The righteous shall live by faith.”
Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.
A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)
He criticized:
The Power of the Pope
The Extreme Wealth of the Church
Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)
Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs
Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany
Gained support from people and criticism from Church
•The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible.
•This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.
Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas
Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms
The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants
Started in Switzerland – Calvinists
England = Puritans
Scotland = Presbyterians
Holland = Dutch Reform
France = Huguenots
Germany = Reform Church
Puritan Hugeunots
Presbyterian
Religious/Social Effects:• Catholic Church unified; Protestant
denominations grow• Schools created throughout Europe by BOTH
groups• Status of women unchanged
Political Effects:• Catholic Church’s power lessened• Religion no longer unites Europe• Kings and states more powerful• Church’s authority questioned=rise of inquiry
and experimentation• 18th Century: The Enlightenment
Effects of the Reformation
The Counterreformation: The Church seeks to reform
Pope Paul IIICouncil of Trent: Cardinals investigate abuses1540- Approved Jesuits (founded in 1539 by Ignatius Loyola)Inquisition punished heretics
Pope Paul IVCarried out Council DecreesList of Forbidden Books
Three major activities:• Found and staff schools in Europe• Send out missionaries to all continents• Stop spread of Protestantism
Why were effects long-lasting?• New Catholic communities• Schools still exist
The Jesuits
Ignatius of Loyola