Define the following terms in your own words: Prehistory Nomad Culture

Chapter 1Prehistory- 2500 BCE

Prehistoric People No written records – how do we

know anything? (written records start 5,000 ago) Archaeologists

Find fossils Find artifacts – things

tools, jewelry Anthropologists

Study artifacts Culture – people’s uniqueway of life

Paleontologists Find and study fossils – bones, teeth What do these tell us?

Culture

Culture Common Practices: Food, clothing/jewelry,

sports, tools/technology, social customs, work Shared Understandings: language, symbols,

religious beliefs, values, the arts, political beliefs

Social Organization: family, class and caste, relationships b/w individual and community, government, economic system, view of authority

How it’s learned – observation, direct instruction through language. Family, Friends, Media, School, Religion, Government.

Hominids

Australopithecus (Southern Ape) - walked upright and had opposable thumbs – 4-1 million yrs ago.

The Leakey’s - Husband & wife anthropologists 1978 Tanzania - Footprints

Donald Johanson 1974 Ethiopia Lucy, oldest known Hominid skeleton Lived 3.5 million years ago

Lucy

Hominid Development

Evolution Australopithecus— Lucy

4 mil-1 mil BCE

Homo habilis — “skilled man” 2.5 mil – 1.5 mil BCE – new species East Africa Basic tools – allowed for meat eating, traveling, more energy=bigger brain

Evolution Homo erectus “upright man” – another new

species 1.6 mil – 200,000 BCE More sophisticated tools

Fire! = weapons, toolmaking, extension of day/warmth,safety (=homes),cooking (affects jaw size) Hunter/gatherer, maybe builtshelters, maybe spoken language (=cooperation/planning, naming/idea exchange), migration – 1st hominids to move from Africa, to Asia/Europe, probably 500,000 yrs ago. – hunted animals that traveled

Evolution Homo Sapiens- “wise man” - many believe evolved from

Homo Erectus, physically resemble, but much larger brains Neanderthals- died out? Modern humans have very

small amounts of their DNA 200,000 – 30,000 BCE – lived in Europe and W. Asia

during ice age Ritual burials – 1st to do so, caring for sick/injured Spoken language – possibly sign language/simple

words Music – discovery of a flute in the 1990’s

Us

Homo Sapiens Sapiens (Cro-Magnon) – Modern humans Evolved in East Africa, also from Homo Erectus (new

theory – stayed in Africa longer, ate fish = bigger brains)

Began to evolve around 100-150,000 years ago, left Africa about 85,000 yrs ago, appeared in Europe 40,000 years ago, by 30,000 yrs ago – only “people” on Earth (we think!)

Other migrations – 65,000-50,000 yrs ago, people began heading toward Australia from S.E. Asia (boats). 30,000-13,000, people crossed Bering Strait (on foot), or followed coast in boats to the Americas

Us, cont.

Cro-Magnon man becomes more “modern” – art, technology, agriculture, domestication of animals

Art – cave paintings, painting of the dead, carving of small statues, baking clay, trade, belief in spirits/gods (religious ceremonies to ask for help, protection), jewelry, first calendars?

Over 100 new tools (spear thrower, fish hook, sewing needle)

Advanced speech Created larger groups/tribes, planned hunts

Migration Map

Lascaux, France

Australia

Argentina

Neolithic Ice Man

Time PeriodPaleolithic Age

“Old Stone Age” 2.5 million to about 8000 BCE Invention of tools, mastery over fire, development of language Last ice age ended about

10,000BCE

Neolithic Age “New Stone Age” 8000- 3000 BCE pottery, crops, domesticate and

raise livestock

Beginning of Agriculture

Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Rev.) People had always been Nomads,

Hunter/Gatherers Then…agriculture become the primary

way of life Leads to far reaching changes in human life – Settlement, “civilization” Began in Middle East, Developed independently around the

world

How? Maybe scattered seeds and returned the next

season to find plants growing Slash and Burn Farming Change in climate – ice age ending, this

changes plant life (huge forests growing, drier land, longer growing seasons), changes animals (dying off of big mammals, hunting of smaller mammals)

More wild grain supports population growth = pressure to find new food sources

Domestication of animals - tamed goats, horses, pigs, dogs – like farming, developed slowly

Domestication = herds = constant source of meat, milk, fur

Neolithic Revolution China

Yellow River Valley grain

Africa Nile River Valley wheat, barley

Peru Andes Tomatoes, potatoes

Mexico/ Central America Corn, bean, squash

5 Characteristics of a Civilization

1. Advanced Cities- center of trade, not always population based

2. Specialized workers- skilled, artisans made goods by hand

3. Complex Institutions- long lasting, government, religion and economy

4. Record keeping- Scribes using Cuneiform “wedge shaped”

5. Improved Technology- Bronze Age

Catal Huyuk

Discovered in 1958

Obsidian trade Religious

shrines Agricultural

surplus =Skilled Workers

8000 year old "forked mound”

Oldest

CivilizationTurkey

Cuneiform Examples

Ur’s Specifics Walled City

security

Agriculture with irrigation

Inner city life artisans, trades Marketplace- trade system of Barter

Sacred Space- Ziggurat “Mountain of God” also functioned as

a storehouse

Specialization of workers Center of trade Bronze Age – starts about 3000 BCE Social Classes emerge Barter system – no money yet

City of Ur

BCE

1. What are the 5 characteristics of a civilization?

2. What is the first city with irrigation?3. Draw a ziggurat

CE

Describe life for the prehistoric man in exactly 12 words.