Due to the lack of time, here is the Ppt. for the lecture on World War I (the slides left)

Exam for this unit (#8) is still Thursday for the Objective portion of the exam & Friday for the FRQ essay

Western Front: France, 1918 Spring 1918, Germany

launched massive offensive on the Western Front.

American Expeditionary Force AEF composed of soldiers and

Marines sent to France under Pershing (small initial force increased to over 2 million by Nov. 1918.)

Late May, 1918, Germany came within 40 mile of Paris. 30,000 U.S. troops thrown into

the breach at Chateau-Thierry, in the heart of the German advance. 1st significant engagement of

US troops in a European war.

U.S. headlines boasted (exaggerating) Americans had saved Paris.

By July, Germany’s drive spent and U.S. forces participated in French counteroffensive in the Second Battle of the Marne. -- Significance: Beginning of German withdrawal from France

Sept 1918, 9 U.S. divisions joined 4 French divisions to push Germans from the St. Mihiel salient, a major German stronghold in France. -- 15,000 Germans captured; set stage for Allied offensive

General John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing: head of a separate U.S. army.

Americans had been dissatisfied with merely bolstering British and French forces and demanded a separate army.

Army assigned a front of 85 miles, stretching northwestward from the Switzerland.

Pershing’s army undertook the Meuse-Argonne offensive, from Sept. to Nov., 1918. Part of last major Allied attack involving millions of men. Largest battle thus far in U.S. history: 47 days and engaged 1.2

million American soldiers; 10% casualties (112,000)

End of the war Germany suffering from

desertion of its allies, British blockade’s causing critical food shortages, and Allied assaults.

Germany’s surrender spurred by Wilson’s 14 Points German generals warned

their gov’t of their imminent defeat.

German gov’t turned to seemingly moderate Wilson in October

1918, seeking a peace based on the 14 Points.

Wilson demanded Kaiser’s removal before an armistice could be negotiated.

Nov. 11, 1918, Germany laid down her arms. Segregation in American army

Blacks initially divided on whether or not to support the war. -- W.E.B. Du Bois issued editorial in The Crisis for blacks to support the war.

Most blacks did labor duty. 400,000 black troops excluded from Paris victory parade in

1919-- Black and brown colonial troops who fought for Britain & France were allowed.

Black soldiers later lamented they had been treated with dignity by the Europeans but not by Americans back home.

Casualties Americans lost about 112,432 men total: 48,000 battle

deaths; 62,000 dead of disease; 230,000 wounded About 10 million soldiers died on all sides About 20 million civilian casualties resulted:

Most from the Russian Revolution Many as a result of influenza epidemic, over 1 million Armenians

at the hands of the Turks 750,000 German civilians starved due to Allied blockade.

Country Dead Wounded POW/MIA Total Mobilized

Austria-Hungary 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 7,800,000

Belgium 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 267,000

British Empire 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 8,904,467

Bulgaria 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 1,200,000

France 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 8,410,000

Germany 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 11,000,000

Greece 5,000 21,000 1,000 27,000 230,000

Italy 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 5,615,000

Japan 300 907 3 1,210 800,000

Montenegro 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 50,000

Portugal 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 100,000

Romania 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 750,000

Russia 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 12,000,000

Serbia 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 707,343

Turkey 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 2,850,000

US 116,516 204,002 0 320,518 4,734,991

TOTALS 8,528,831 21,189,154 7,746,419 37,464,404 65,418,801

Allied Powers Cost in Dollars in 1914-18

United States 22,625,253,000

Great Britain 35,334,012,000

France 24,265,583,000

Russia 22,293,950,000

Italy 12,413,998,000

Belgium 1,154,468,000

Romania 1,600,000,000

Japan 40,000,000

Serbia 399,400,000

Greece 270,000,000

Canada 1,665,576,000

Australia 1,423,208,000

New Zealand 378,750,000

India 601,279,000

South Africa 300,000,000

British Colonies 125,000,000

Others 500,000,000

Total of all Costs 125,690,477,000

Central Powers

Cost in Dollars in 1914-18

Germany 37,775,000,000

Austria-Hungary

20,622,960,000

Turkey 1,430,000,000

Bulgaria 815,200,000

Total of all Costs

60,643,160,000

THE FINANCIAL COSTS OF THE WAR

9. Wilson loses Congress at home.

Wilson’s post-war popularity in the world unprecedented-- President seen as a savior by millions in Europe.

Republican victory in Congressional election of 1918

Wilson broke the bi-partisan truce held during the war to appeal for a Democratic victory in the 1918 Congressional elections.

Move backfired; Republicans regained their majority in Congress.

Wilson returned to Europe with less political clout.

WILSON PROMOTED THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

SOME PEOPLE WERE SUSPICIOUS OF WILSON’S

IDEAS FOR PEACE

SOME BELIEVED THE LEAGUE WAS NECESSARY

OTHERS BELIEVED THE LEAGUE WOULD NOT WORK

Wilson infuriated Republicans by personally going to the Paris peace conference.

Hitherto, no president had traveled to Europe. Republican Senators excluded in the peace delegation.

10. Versailles Peace Conference (beginning Jan. 18, 1919)

Big Four: Wilson -- U.S., David Lloyd George – Britain; Georges Clemenceau – France, Vittorio Orlando – Italy

Drove the peace conference; each had his own agenda. Europeans did not embrace Wilson’s ideas despite his

popularity in Europe.

GEORGE ORLANDO CLEMENCEAU WILSON

(George)WANTED TO MAINTAIN TRADE RELATIONS WITH

GERMANY BUT WANTED COLONIES

Orlando)WANTED LAND PROMISED DURING WWI

(Clemenceau)WANTED TO PUNISH GERMANY AND PREVENT FUTURE

INVASION

(Wilson)WANTED 14 POINTS AND FAIR PEACE FOR

ALL

He might foil their imperialistic plans; get masses to demand change in gov't.

Masses also wanted Germany to be punished in the treaty.

Meanwhile, Europe seemed to be slipping into anarchy with communist threat in several countries (including Germany)

Wilson’s goal was a world parliament to be known as the League of Nations.

Wilson forced to compromise on self-determination of Central Powers’ colonies.

Mandates -- Victors would not receive conquered territory outright but only as trustees of the League of Nations (Middle East)

In reality, solution little more than old prewar colonialism. Europeans supported League Covenant, the Constitution

for League of Nations Collective security was chief aim: Called on all members to protect

the "territorial integrity" and "political independence" of all other members.

Article X of Versailles Treaty: created the League of NationsFive permanent members to be U.S., Fr. Br., It, and Japan

42 Allied and neutral countries would meet in a general assembly Germany and Russia excluded.

Versailles Treaty Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty ("war-guilt" clause)

Placed sole blame for WWI on Germany. Germany obliged to pay reparations to the Allies = $31 billion over

30 years. Germany forced to accept severe military restrictions and loss of

territory. Germany left out of League of Nations (Russia also)

Self-determination granted to Poland, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Yugoslavia, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia -- Self-determination failed in Africa and in India

The Allied and Associated Governments confirm and

Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the

loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated

Governments and their national have been subjected as a consequence of the war

imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her

allies. GERMAN WAR GUILT CLAUSE

TREATY OF VERSAILLES,

EUROPE

1914 1919

THE BLACK AREAS WERE CONTROLLED BY GERMANY PRIOR

TO WWI, THE TREATY MADE THEM

MANDATES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.

ONLY FOUR COUNTRIES WERE

INDEPENDENT: ETHIOPIA, LIBERIA,

EGYPT, AND MOROCCO.

ALL OTHER TERRITORY WAS

DIVIDED BETWEEN BRITAIN, FRANCE, SPAIN, PORTUGAL,

BELGIUM, AND ITALY

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE WAS

BROKEN APART AND

SEVERAL NEW INDEPENDENT

COUNTRIES EMERGED:

SYRIA, JORDAN,

SAUDI ARABIA AND IRAQ

ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC WERE ALSO DIVIDED UP

Significant opposition to treaty at home Republicans led by Henry

Cabot Lodge threatened to kill treaty if Wilson did not provide provisions for preserving Monroe Doctrine and providing a means for U.S. to leave the League if it so desired. -- "Irreconcilables": opposed League in any form.

Wilson’s Allied adversaries at Versailles now in a stronger bargaining position

Completion of treaty When Wilson returned to

France, delegates had separated the League from the Treaty due to growing unrest in Europe and certain colonial regions.

SENATOR HENRY CABOT LODGE LED

THE FIGHT AGAINST THE TREATY

Cabot speech against joining League

CARTOON SHOWS WILSON TRYING TO PROTECT THE

LEAGUE OF NATIONS FROM

THE SENATE.

WILSON NEGOTIATED THE TREATY OF

VERSAILLES WITHOUT ANY INPUT FROM THE SENATE WHICH LED TO

BITTERNESS. CABOT AND OTHERS ARGUED AGAINST JOINING AN

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION THAT

MIGHT HAVE VETO POWER OVER U.S.

ACTIONS.

Final signing ceremony at Hall of Mirrors at Versailles on June, 28, 1919

Germany had agreed to armistice for a peace based on the 14 Points but now forced to sign a treaty containing only about 4 of the original 14 Points. -- Cries of betrayal swept Germany.

Wilson forced to compromise away some of less cherished 14 Points in order to salvage League of Nations.

American reaction Isolationists opposed

entanglement and League of Nations (e.g. Republicans) Future role of U.S. in Latin America

created controversy.

Anti-German critics charged treaty not harsh enough against Germany.

Liberals like the New York Nation thought the treaty too harsh.

German & Italian Americans outraged the treaty unfavorable to their native lands.

Irish-Americans (many in gov’t) angry it gave Britain too much influence and felt it could force U.S. aid to Britain to crush Irish independence.

Many blacks angry peace conference dictated fate of former German African colonies without African representation.

Jews only large group that favored the treaty wholeheartedly. -- Treaty provided for eventual British control of Palestine; Zionists saw this as a step towards Jewish homeland.

11. Defeat of Versailles Treaty (1919) Americans initially favored Versailles Treaty with the

League of Nations. Republicans opposed to treaty

Senator Lodge wished to amend; no real hope of defeating it. -- Republicans could then claim political credit for the changes.

Lodge opposed treaty as infringement of the Monroe Doctrine Treaty got bogged down in the Senate

SINCE THE U.S. DID NOT JOIN, THE LEAGUE BECAME INEFFECTIVE IN

PREVENTING FUTURE WARS

Video: Defeat of Treaty in the U.S. (3:26)

Wilson’s speaking tour, Fall of 1919 Wilson feared any senatorial modification to Treaty.Wilson decided to appeal over the heads of the Senate to

the people by going on an ambitious speechmaking tour. Physicians & friends advised Wilson against it as his health was in

question. Wilson obsessed with the treaty "Irreconcilable" senators Borah & Johnson went to each city a

few days later with the Republican view; opposed treaty in any form.

Wilson collapsed in Pueblo, Colorado on September 25,1919.

Several days later, a stroke paralyzed one side of his body.

Lodge Reservations Lodge unable to amend treaty

outright; wrote 14 formal reservations to it. Reserved rights of U.S. under the

Monroe Doctrine and the Constitution and otherwise sought to protect American sovereignty.-- Focused on Article X -- Congress wanted to reserve war-declaring power for itself.

Wilson rejected the Lodge Reservations Ordered Democrats to vote

against treaty with Lodge Reservations attached.

Senate resistance to ratify the treaty

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge

Nov. 19, 1919, loyal Democrats in the Senate & "irreconcilables" rejected treaty, 55-39

Ironically, 4/5 of senators favored the treaty, with or without, reservations.

Wilson again urged treaty to be defeated (1920) Many historians believe Wilson’s health

made him intransigent—NEVER RATIFIED.

Separate peace with Germany ratified on 07/25/1921-- War officially ended by Congress on 07/2/1921.

World War I political results U.S became world's economic &

political leader Communism instituted in Russia.

Britain, France, Austria & Turkey went into various states of decline.

Germany devastated by Versailles Treaty-- Led to rise of Hitler

12.Election of 1920Republicans nominated Warren

G. Harding of Ohio. spoke of returning America to

"normalcy" Democrats nominated James M.

Cox of Ohio who strongly supported the League -- Running mate was Franklin D. Roosevelt

Result:

Harding defeated Cox First time full-suffrage for women in national election. End of Progressivism Isolationists turned results into a death sentence for the

League of Nations. Later, U.S. would bear part of the blame for WWII as it undercut the League

of Nations by refusing to join it. U.S. did not emerge as a world leader

Two main causes for the failure of peace after WWI: The Great Depression (precipitating cause) "War psychosis" (dubbed by Wilson and others): hatreds raised up in

Europe by a war that lasted so long that Europe’s leaders lost all perspective

13. Impact of World War I on American Society Women

Played an increased role in the economy and volunteerism for the war effort (some worked in factories)

Gained suffrage (19th Amendment in 1920) Prohibition of Alcohol (18th Amendment in 1919) Massive migration of African Americans to the North Increased nativism (severe immigration laws eventually

passed in 1921 & 1924) Civil liberties suspended during the war Red Scare in 1919: anti-communist crusade Millions of men left home to fight the war in Europe Volunteerism/patriotism during the war U.S. returned to isolationism after the war