___________ ecology organization, trophic levels, cycles, biomes, & succession
TRANSCRIPT
___________ Ecology
Organization, Trophic Levels, Cycles, Biomes, & Succession
ECOSYSTEMS AND ORGANISMS
THE NATURE OF ECOLOGY _______ is a study of
connections in nature. How ________ interact
with one _________ and with their _________ environment.
Figure 3-5Figure 3-5
___________ Oxygen _______ Precipitation _____ Soil ____________ Latitude – distance from equator _______ – distance above/below sea level
Important _______ ______ for Terrestrial Environments
The _________ conditions influence the habitat in which an organism lives. These include:
The law of tolerance states that “For each _______ factor, an organism has a _______ of tolerances within which it can ________.”
Law of ___________
Tolerance range
Optimum range
Unavailable niche
Marginal niche
Nu
mb
er
of
org
an
ism
s
Preferred niche
Marginal niche
Unavailable niche
Examples of abiotic factors that influence size of the realized niche
Too
acidicpH Too
alkaline
Too cold Temperature Too hot
Zone of intolerance
Optimum rangeZone of physiological
stress
Zone of physiological
stress
Zone of intolerance
TemperatureLow High
Noorganisms
Feworganisms
Upper limit of tolerance
Po
pu
lati
on
siz
e
Abundance of organismsFew organisms
Noorganisms
Lower limit of tolerance
________ __________ The _________ population of a
particular species that a given habitat can _________ over time.
Limited __________ A population can grow until ________for
limited resources increases & the_______ ________(C.C.) is reached.
________ Growth Cycle
Typical _________ 1. The population __________ the C.C. 2. This is because of a __________ time
____ (the period required for the birth rate to fall & the death rate to rise).
3. The population has a _______ or crashes.
4. The carrying capacity is _________.
A: Represents the _______ potential of the species
B: Shows how the population __________ the carrying capacity
C: Represents the ____________ growth
D: Represents __________ growth
E: __________ capacity- the maximum number of individuals that can be supported by a particular ecosystem.
Habitat ______ ______ – shelter; trees, shrubs,
etc. ______ _______
___________ Vs. ___________
_______________ Chemicals organisms need
in _______ numbers to live, grow, and reproduce.
Ex. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and iron.
_______________ These are needed in
______ or even trace amounts.
Ex. sodium, zinc copper, chlorine, and iodine
‣Living organisms can be studied at different levels of ___________.
‣From ______ to _____ complex, these levels are (in an ecological context):
Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
Biological ____________
Biosphere
Biome
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Individual
Organisms and Species __________ are classified into different
________ based on certain ____________.
Biodiversity - the many forms of life found on the Earth. ________ Diversity – variety of genetic make-up w/in a
single species ________ Diversity – variety of species in different habitats
on the Earth ___________
It gives us food, wood, energy, free recycling, purification & natural pest control.
____________ Genetic tests, count/release, and tagging.
____________
Species Diversity and Niche Structure: Different Species Playing Different Roles Biological communities differ in the ______ and
_________ of species they contain and the ecological roles those species play. _______ ________: number of different species it
and their abundance _______ ________: number of species present in a
sample, community, or taxonomic group _______ ________: how close in numbers each
species in an environment are to each other
TYPES OF ____________ Native, nonnative, indicator, keystone, and
foundation species play different ecological roles in communities. _________: those that normally live and thrive
in a particular community. __________species: those that migrate,
deliberately or accidentally introduced into a community.
_________ Species: Biological Smoke Alarms
_________ that serve as early _________ of _______ to a community or an ecosystem. Presence or absence of ______species because they
are sensitive to __________ and _________ levels.
Case Study: Why are _____________ Vanishing?
_______ serve as _______ species because different parts of their life cycles can be easily disturbed. Figure 7-3Figure 7-3
Case Study: Why are Amphibians Vanishing? ________ loss and ______________. Prolonged drought. ____________. Increases in ___________ radiation. Parasites. Viral and __________ diseases. Overhunting. Natural ___________ or deliberate introduction
of nonnative predators and competitors.
__________ Species: Major Players
__________ species help determine the ________ and ______ of other species in a community thereby helping to _______ it.
____________ Species: Other Major Players
Expansion of keystone species category. Foundation species can ______ and
________ habitats that can benefit other ________ in a community. ___________ push over, break, or uproot trees,
creating forest openings promoting grass growth for other species to utilize.
Exhibiting Colony ________ Disorder. US _____decline in
some areas. Pollution? Pesticides? Diseases? Neonicotinoids?
Key ________ species for eco-concerns. ____ US food supplies
in danger.
_________ of the Honey _____http://youtu.be/1ZlJbDshqD8
____________ A _______ of individual organisms of the same
________ living w/in a particular area. May be difficult to define because:
Population may comprise widely dispersed individuals which come together only _____________, e.g. for mating.
Populations may _________considerably over time.
______________
The population of ____ species ______
& __________ in an area.
Physical environment
Community
________ factorscompetitors
symbionts
predators
parasites
pathogens
____________ ________
factorsatmosphere
temperaturesoil
water
wind speed
wind directioncurrent velocity
Figure 3-6Figure 3-6
An organism’s habitat is the _________ place or environment in which it lives.
Organisms show a ____________ for a particular habitat type, but some are more specific in their _____________ than others.
_________
Lichens, fungi & algae or bacteria, are found on rocks, trees, and bare ground.
Most frogs, like this leopard frog, live in or near fresh water, but a few can survive in
arid habitats.
Habitat The ecological niche
describes the functional ________ or _____ of an organismin its environment.
A niche comprises:the ________ in which the organism lives.
the organism’s activity ________: the periods of time during which it is active.
The _________ it obtainsfrom the habitat.
___________ _______
Adaptations
Activitypatterns
Presence of other organisms
Physicalconditions
Consumers: Eating and Recycling to Survive
_________ (heterotrophs) get their food by eating or breaking down all or parts of other organisms or their remains. ______________
Primary consumers that eat ___________ ____________
Secondary consumers eat primary consumers Third and higher level consumers: carnivores that eat
carnivores. ____________
Feed on _______ plant and animals.
____________ An organism that uses ______ energy
(green plant) or _______ energy (some bacteria) to manufacture its food. Autotrophs Chemotrophs
Producers: Basic Source of ___ Food
Most producers capture ________ to produce _______________ by photosynthesis:
The process in which ________ is synthesized by _______.
__________________
________________Biological conversion of one or more carbon molecules (______ or ________) and nutrients into ________ matter using the oxidation of ________ molecules (hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) or methane as a source of _________.. - No photosynthesis required.
“Bush Hill” in the Gulf of Mexico-Bushes of tube worms- survive off hydrocarbon vents-Deep cold waters in the gulf
___________
_________ Consumers:
___________
Organism that feeds on ________.
__________ Consumers:
__________ or ____________
Organisms that feeds mostly on ________ consumers. Most are animals, but some are plants (Venus fly-trap).
Consumers Continued___________ Consumer
_________ or Omnivore Animals that feed on
animal-_____ animals. Ex. hawks, lions, bass, and sharks
__________ Consumer
__________ or Omnivore Animal that feeds on
_________consumers. Ex. humans.
______________ As plant or animal matter _____ it will
________ down and return the chemicals back to the ______.
This happens very quickly in _________ _________ which results in ___________ soils.
__________ have the deepest and most nutrient rich of all soils
_____________ and ___________
Detrivores obtain nutrients from decaying organic matter
Fungus & Bacteria are decomposers.
‣_____________ are organisms that _______ nutrients in ecosystems causing decay by breaking down compounds and include bacteria and fungi.
‣______________are insects or other _________ that feed on wastes or dead bodies.
Decomposers and Detrivores
____________: Recycle nutrients in ecosystems. ____________: Insects or other scavengers that feed on
wastes or dead bodies.Figure 3-10Figure 3-10
Fig. 3-11, p. 62
Abiotic chemicals(carbon dioxide,
oxygen, nitrogen, minerals)
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat Solarenergy
Consumers(herbivores, carnivores)
Producers(plants)
Decomposers(bacteria, fungi)
Energy flow through a __________ can be shown as a food chain or a food web ___________– shows one
pathway of how energy can move through a system.
__________– shows many pathways that energy can move through a system.
Energy ______ in Ecosystems
_________________ Determines how _______ & ________move from
one organism to another through the ecosystem _______ – point from the producer to the
consumer(points to who eats it)
_______ _________ Shows the ________ in ______ energy
available at each succeeding _______ level in a food chain or web.
________ Levels Energy ________ is one
way to show how energy moves.
All organisms assigned _______ of producers or consumers. Producers at ______ of
the pyramid as they are eaten first. Amount of energy is lost, or
decreases, as more organisms eat each other. Called ____ rule. ________ by 10% to figure out how much energy is left ______.
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem: Losing Energy in Food Chains and Webs
__________ _______: percentage of _______ energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next.
10,000 x .10 = 1,000
Figure 3-14Figure 3-14
_____% Rule In accordance with the ____ law of ____________,
there is a ______ in the amount of energy available to each succeeding organism in a food chain or web.
We assume that _____of the energy at each energy level is ____ because the organism uses the energy. (____)
It is more ________ to eat _______ on the energy pyramid. You get more out of it!
This is why top predators are ____ in number & _________ to extinction.
____________ The _______ matter produced by
plants; ______ weight. _______from wood, garbage &
agricultural waste. Can be used for _________energy!
Relationship Between _________ and _______ Biomass is _____weight & represents
the chemical energy ______ at each energy level.
______ is neither a source of energy, nor has any ___________ value.
To find biomass ___________ – samples are taken, ________, & _________
___________ Two kinds of organisms, such as
lions and zebras, are said to have a ______________ relationship.
__________ Organism that captures and
_____ on parts or all of another _________.
______ Organisms that ___
captured & serves as a source of ______ for another animal.
______________ Cycles __________frequently exhibit marked population cycles of
high and low density that have a certain, predictable periodicity. This is an example of __________feedback. Records of the Canada lynx over a 90 year period revealed a
cycle of population fluctuations that repeated every 10 years (below). These oscillations closely matched, with a lag, the cycles of their principal prey item, the snowshoe hare.
Importance in Population ______ Predators usually kill the _____, _____, or
_____.
This helps to let the rest of the prey have ______ access to the available ______ supply.
It also improves the _______ stock.
Relationships to Human Population ______
Infectious _______can control humans. Ex. the _______ _______.
SPECIES _______________: COMPETITION AND PREDATION
Species can ________ through competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.
Some species evolve ________ that allow them to ______ or _______ competition for resources with other species (resource _________).
__________ - two species live in ____ association for ____ periods _______– ____ species (parasite)
feeds on part of ______ species (host) by living on or in it for a large portion of host's life.
__________– one species _______but doesn't harm or help the other
_________– _____ species benefit
_______: Sponging Off of Others Although parasites can _____ their _____,
they can _______ community biodiversity. Some parasites live in host (________,
tapeworms). Some parasites live _______ host (fleas, ticks,
mistletoe plants, sea lampreys). Some have little contact with host (dump-
nesting birds like cowbirds, some duck species)
_________: Win-Win Relationship
Two species can interact in ways that benefit ____ of them.
Figure 5-9Figure 5-9
____________: Using without Harming
Some species interact in a way that _____ one species but has _____ or ___ effect on the other.
Figure 5-10Figure 5-10
CYCLES
Nitrogencycle
Biosphere
Heat in the environment
Heat Heat Heat
Phosphoruscycle
Carboncycle
Oxygencycle
Watercycle
______ ______
‣ Gaseous carbon is fixed in process of ___________and returned to atmosphere in ___________
‣ Carbon may remain locked up in sinks or __________ that are biotic or abiotic for long periods of time,‣ e.g. in the wood of trees, oceans or in fossil
fuels such as _____ or _____.‣ Carbon enters living part of cycle through
________________. ‣ Carbon is cycled back through system by 3
ways.‣ 1. _______________ – breathe out carbon
dioxide ‣ 2. ______________ – burning of wood or
fossil fuels‣ 3. __________ – sea or waves erode
limestone
_________ Cycling
Burning fossil fuels
Petroleum & Coal
_____ ______ Condensation conversion of gaseous water vapor into liquid
water
Evaporation from the ocean
Evaporation
Evaporation from inland
lakes and rivers
Evaporation from the land
Transport overland: net movement of water vapor by wind
Lakes Ocean storage97% of total water
Transpiration
Transpiration
from plants
RiversWater locked up
in snow and ice
Groundwater movement (slow)
Surface runoff (rapid)
Infiltration: movement of water into soil
Aquifers: groundwater
storage areas
Percolation: downward flow of water
Precipitation
over the
ocean
Rain clouds
Precipitation
Precipitation(rain, sleet, hail, snow, fog)
Precipitation
to land
____________ - water changes from a liquid form to an atmospheric gas.
______________ - Water evaporates from the leaves of plants.
Water vapor __________ into tiny droplets that form clouds.
The water returns to Earth’s surface in the form of ________________.
Water enters streams or seeps into soil where it enters plants through their roots.
_________ ______
Effects of Human _________ on the __________ Cycle
We _______ large amounts of ________ from the earth to make _________.
We _______ phosphorous in _______ soils by clearing ________.
We ________ excess phosphates to ______ systems from runoff of animal _______ and ___________.
____________
Bacteria are ____ as important in the phosphorus cycle as in the nitrogen cycle.
Phosphorus is ____usually found in the _______ or in a gas state _______ as ______.
The phosphorus cycle is _____ and phosphorus is usually found in _____ formations and ocean ________.
Phosphorus is found in ________ because most soil is deficient in it and plants need it.
Phosphorus is usually ________ in water and is not found in most aquatic environments.
_______ ______
________ Nitrogen – _____ of atmosphere but unable to use it
that form (N2). ________ must change it so we can use it.
Nitrogen ________ – combining nitrogen with hydrogen to form ammonia.
This is the ______ step of the nitrogen cycle where specialized bacteria _____ gaseous nitrogen to ______ that can be used by plants. This is done by cyanobacteria or bacteria living in the nodules on the _______ of various plants.
____________ Ammonia is converted to nitrite, then to
nitrate
Plant roots _____ ammonium ions and nitrate ions for use in making molecules such as DNA, amino acids and proteins.
____________
_______________ After nitrogen has served its purpose in
living organisms, decomposing bacteria convert the nitrogen-rich compounds, wastes, and dead bodies into simpler compounds such as ammonia. ________________
•Nitrate ions and nitrite ions are converted into nitrous oxide gas and nitrogen gas.This happens when a soil nutrient is reduced and released into the atmosphere as a gas.
Effects of Human __________ on the _________ Cycle We alter the nitrogen cycle by:
Adding ______ that contribute to _____ rain. Adding nitrous _____ to the atmosphere through
farming practices which can warm the ___________ and deplete _______.
Contaminating ________ water from nitrate ions in inorganic ____________.
Releasing nitrogen into the _________ through _____________.
Figure 14 Nitrogen CycleBacteria carry out many important steps including conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form, ammonia.
________ _______
Sedimentation of sulfides and sulfates
Organic deposition
Mining
Reduced sulfur (H2S)
Decomposition and other processing
Microorganisms
SO2 from combustible fossil fuels Sulfates in the atmosphere (SO4
2-)
Inorganic sulfur
Sulfur in fossil fuels
Iron sulfides in deep soil and sediments
Uplifting in groundwater
and and weathering
Uptake by plants
Sulfur in living organisms
Acid precipitation
Sulfates in water (SO4
2-)Sulfates in soil(SO4
2-)
SO2 and sulfates from volcanoes, hot springs and biogenic activity
Sulfur Cycling
Sulfur is naturally occurring in ________or _________forms and is a sedimentary cycle.
Sulfur is an essential component of __________and is important in determining the _________of precipitation, surface water, and soil.
Sulfur ___________through the biosphere as:
hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfate (SO4
2-), and elemental sulfur (S)
Sulfur in petrol
Molecular bridges in proteins
Elemental sulfur
Effects of Human _______ on the Sulfur Cycle
We add sulfur _______ to the atmosphere by: _________coal and oil ________ sulfur containing petroleum. Convert sulfur-containing _______ ores into free
metals such as copper, lead, and zinc releasing sulfur dioxide into the _____________
BIOMES
_________ Major ______ characterized by its climate,
soil, plants, animals, and other organisms that live there.
The most important factors in a biome are __________ and ___________.
Biomes tend to converge around ________ lines on the globe.
__________ air cells circle each hemisphere of the Earth and distribute rainfall in different ecosystems and biomes.
The interaction of these cells is a major contributor the formation of biomes.
________ and Weather_______
Dry air descends at
the poles
Polar cell
Air rising at the equator causes the
formation of rain clouds
Rising air allows cloud formation in temperate regions
After losing its moisture, dry air
descends
Hadley cell Ferrel
cell
Polar Temperate Desert Tropical Desert Temperate Polar
CLIMATE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
___________ is a ______ area’s _____-term physical conditions such as temperature and precipitation.
_________ is a region’s ______ weather conditions over a _____ time. Latitude and elevation ( altitude) help determine
climate.
Earth’s Current Climate Zones
Figure 7-2Figure 7-2
BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND
Different _______ lead to ________ communities of organisms, especially _________. Each biome contains _____ecosystems whose
communities have adapted to _________ in climate, soil, and other environmental factors.
BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND
BIOMES: CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND
Biome type is determined by ____________, ____________, and ______ type
Figure 7-9Figure 7-9
______ regions (annual rainfall generally less than ____ cm). The desert biome is found in two belts, centered at _____latitude north and south of the Equator and covers _____of Earth.
Deserts receive most of their rainfall in ________. The ________ regions are in central Australia and the middle of the Sahara Desert in Africa.
Organisms include __________ tolerant plants and animals.
___________
Ayres Rock, Australia Sand dunes, Namibia
DESERT BIOMES
________ BIOMES Forests have enough
_______ to support stands of _____ and are found in _______, _________, and ______ regions.
______ (_____ forest or N. coniferous) _______ the tundra (northern part of N.
America & Russia). Covers ___% of earth’s land.
Winters are ______, dry & cold w/ sunlight 6 to 8 hours a day. The summers are _____ and mild, w/ sunlight ____ hours a day.
___________ BIOMES High-elevation ________ of
biodiversity Contain taiga and tundra like
conditions and organisms. Often have ______-covered
peaks that ______ solar radiation and gradually release _______ to lower-elevation streams and ecosystems.
Play critical role in ___________ cycle.
Figure 7-17Figure 7-17
__________ Coniferous Forests Consist mostly of
________ evergreen trees that keep their _____ year-round to help the trees _______ long and cold winters.
Also called boreal or taiga. Can be found in elevated areas as well.
_________ Rainforest
Near the ________. It has ____ temperatures, high ______ & heavy ________.
Tropical Rain Forest Tropical rain forests have
_____ rainfall and a _____ diversity of species. Have year-round
___________ warm temperatures and high humidity.
Dominated by broadleaf _______trees.
Nutrient ______ soil
Figure 7-14Figure 7-14
Tropical Rain Forest
Filling such _____ enables species to _____ or minimize ___________ and coexist
Figure 7-15Figure 7-15
___________ Rain Forests
_______ areas support huge cone-bearing evergreen trees such as _______ and _________in a cool moist environment.
Temperate ___________ Forest It has ________ temperatures, long, warm
summers, cold winters &lots of ____. Trees include oaks, hickory, maple, and beech.
Temperate deciduous forestTemperate deciduous forest
Temperate ___________ Forest
Most of the trees survive winter by _________ their ______, which decay and produce a nutrient-____ soil.
Broadleaf deciduous trees.
______ has one of largest.
Figure 5-22Figure 5-22
______________ The rainfall is ______ & ____ are
common. It has______& ____ that are good for grazing animals.
GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL BIOMES
__________ __________ & ___________ grassland. _____ all year long with alternating wet & dry seasons. Has grasses with widely ______ clumps of trees. Contain ________ resistant and ______ resistant plants.
_________ (temperate grassland) These are _________ areas. ________ climate
with mile winters & wet, w/ summers being long, hot, & dry.
Has dense thickets of spiny ______ that are subject to periodic _______.
__________ Grasslands or ________
The _____ winters and _____ dry summers.
Highly _________, have deep and ________ soil that make them ideal for growing _____ and grazing ______.
Figure 7-12Figure 7-12
_______ (_____ grasslands) Covers ___% of earth’s land. Most of the
year, these ______ plains are bitterly cold with ice & snow. It has a 6 to 8 week summer w/ sunlight nearly ____ hours a day.
Tundra or Polar Grasslands Found in _______ or
high in __________ Covered with ice and
snow except during a ______ summer.
Dominated by ____________ perennial plants.
Has 1 inch layer of frozen soil called the _________.
SUCCESSION
The process where _____& _______ of a particular area are ______ by other more ________ species over
__________
__________ Succession Primary begins with a _______ area where there
is ___ soil (ex. bare rock, glacier moraines, newly formed volcanic islands). Soil ________ begins with lichens or moss.
._________ Succession
Secondary begins in an area where the natural community has been ________, _________, or ________, but soil or bottom sediments remain cyclone damage, forest fires, hillside slips
and clear-cutting.
_________ Communities _____ structured species. _______ niches, ____ species interactions. Ex. Lichens and moss.
________ Communities Dominated by a few, _________
plant species. _______ organism. Narrow _____ ______species
Interactions.
_______
Land or rock lichen small shrubs large shrubs small trees large trees
Water – bare bottom small/few underwater vegetation temporary pond and prairie forest and swamp
HUMAN AFFECTS ON TERRESTRIAL BIOMES
HUMAN ______ ON TERRESTRIAL BIOMES
Ecosystems are constantly _________ in response to changing environmental ________.
Human activities have ________ or _______more than ____ of the world’s terrestrial ecosystems.
Humans have had a number of specific harmful effects on the world’s deserts, grasslands, forests, and mountains.
_____________ ______destruction- Humans
eliminate wildlife _______.
Introduction of Non-native (_______) species
They displace ______ species They _______ biodiversity The can adapt very ______ to local habitats They contribute to habitat ________ They can ___________ very ________
___________ of Species Ex. The ________ chestnut had a fungus
that spread & virtually eliminated the _________ chestnut.
Kudzu. Pg. 201
__________ Over-hunting/hunting of top predators
for big game.
__________ CFC’s, CO2, oil spills.
____________ Cut/burn techniques & the loss of habitat.
__________ Habitat _________ - Trying to
rebuild what was ______ ___________-Returning
vegetation to an area that has been ______ or ______by human use. Can be done by
___________, cleaning up pollution, regulations (_____) or any other activity designed to “____” a destroyed area.
Natural Capital Degradation
Desert
Large desert cities
Soil destruction by off-road vehicles
Soil salinization from irrigation
Depletion of groundwater
Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction
Oil production and off-road vehicles in arctic tundra
Overgrazing by livestock
Release of CO2 to atmosphere from grassland burning
Conversion to cropland
Grasslands
Natural Capital Degradation
Clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, timber, and urban development
Conversion of diverse forests to tree plantations
Damage from off-road vehicles
Natural Capital Degradation
Forests
Pollution of forest streams
Natural Capital Degradation
Mountains
Agriculture
Timber extraction
Mineral extraction
Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs
Increasing tourism
Urban air pollution
Increased ultraviolet radiationfrom ozone depletion
Soil damage from off-roadvehicles