Evaluate early Latin American responses to the U.S., including Bolivar, Sarmiento, Matias Romero (H&Z 44) and Marti. Were they justified in their positions? Why or why not?

Find someone else and ask them how they view nineteenth-century interactions between North and South America. Do their views resemble or differ from your own, why or why not?

What was Manifest Destiny? Albert Bierstadt 1867

Who was Marti?

José Martí (1853-1895) Cultural Nationalism in Cuba

a Cuban national hero Poet, an essayist, a journalist

revolutionary philosopher, a translator, a professor, a publisher, and a political theorist. Symbol for Cuba's bid for independence against Spain in the 19th century, and is referred to as the

"Apostle of Cuban Independence".

“In order to govern well, the leader must pay attention to local realities. The wise leader in the Western Hemisphere does not need to know how the Germans or the French govern themselves, but he does need to know his own country, its history, geography, and people, and how to respond to the needs of the country and people in a fashion harmonious with its traditions and aspirations. Meaningful and useful government complements the society it government, must originate within that country and its people. Governments must be a part of locality, not an exotic foreign import.” ◦ José Martí

Weeks: 59-66 Multiple Causes: Two-Ocean Navy for U.S. The War of the Pacific

(1879-1883) The Olney Doctrine and

Venezuela (62-63) Growing Pan-Americanism

1896, US congress: “US government should be prepared to protect the legitimate interests of our citizens, by intervention if necessary.”

By 1914, $ 336 million invested in Caribbean,$ 98 million invested Central America

United Fruit Company in Central America

1898-1934 Heyday of US Interventions

William Randolph Hearst  “You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish

the war.”

President Grover Cleveland

“All classes of Spanish Citizens are violently opposed to a real or genuine autonomy because it would throw the island into the hands of the Cubans—and rather than that they prefer annexation to the US or some form of American protectorate.”

1852-3: Argentina 1853 Nicaragua 1854: Nicaragua, Greytown William Walker President 1855 1855: Uruguay 1894: Nicaragua By 1890s, ideology of expansion widespread in

upper circles of military, politicians, businessmen, even leaders of farmers’ movements

During decade, pressure for war escalated

“A new consciousness seems to have come upon us—the consciousness of strength—and with it a new appetite, the yearning to show our strength... Ambition, interest, land hunger, pride, the mere joy of fighting, whatever it may be, we are animated by a new sensation. We are face to face with a strange destiny. The taste of Empire is in the mouth of the people even as the taste of blood in the jungle....”

 

“American factories are making more that the American people can use; American soil is producing more than they can consume. Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of the world must and shall be ours.”

“It seems to be conceded that every year we shall be confronted with an increasing surplus of manufactured goods for sale in foreign markets if American operatives and artisans are to be kept employed the year around. The enlargement of foreign consumption of the products of our mills and workshops has, therefore, become a serious problem of statesmanship as well as of commerce.

Yellow Journalism?

To commit this country not to the recognition of any particular government in Cuba might subject us to the embarrassing conditions of international obligation toward the organization so recognized. In case of intervention our conduct would be subject to the approval or disapproval of such government. We would be required to submit to its direction and to assume to it the mere relation of friendly ally.

Assistant Sec. of Navy, T. Roosevelt, ordered George Dewey to attack Spanish Fleet at Manila harbor.

Roosevelt himself joined fray, leading “Rough Riders” in a

much-publicized assault upon Cuba’s San Juan Hill.

The Platt Amendment (???) What does Weeks say? Read together, Pages....58-59, H&Z 82)

Permits US to intervene in Cuban affairs “for the preservation of Cuban independence, and the maintenance of a government adequate fort the protection of life, property, and individual liberty.”

Later provision ratified as treaty in 1903. Cuba became a protectorate of the US, even while sovereign nation in name.

1. Conservative 2. Liberal 3. Realist 4. Radical

As result of the war, interest in Central America quickened, especially in the construction of canal thru Panama

Other Conclusions?