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Ad Herennium (A Rhetoric Handbook) The Introduction (exordium) is the beginning of the discourse, and by it the hearer's mind is prepared for attention. The Narration (narrationem) or Statement of Facts sets forth the events that have occurred or might have occurred. By means of the Division (divisionem) we make clear what matters are agreed upon and what are contested, and announce what points we intend to take up. Proof (confirmationem) is the presentation of our arguments, together with their corroboration. Refutation (confutationem) is the destruction of our adversaries' arguments. The Conclusion (conclusionem) is the end of the discourse, formed in accordance with the principles of the art. 1 Shabbat Derashot in Synagogue Acts 13:14-41 14 And on the Sabbath day they went into the synagogue and sat down. 15 After the reading of the law and the prophets, the officials of the synagogue sent them a message, saying, "Brothers, if you have any word of exhortation for the people, give it." 16 So Paul stood up and with a gesture began to speak: (Exordium) "You Israelites, and others who fear God, listen. (Narration) 17 The God of this people Israel chose our ancestors and made the people great during their stay in the land of Egypt, and with uplifted arm he led them out of it. 18 For about forty years he put up with them in the wilderness. 19 After he had destroyed seven nations in the land of Canaan, he gave them their land as an inheritance 20 for about four hundred fifty years. After that he gave them judges until the time of the prophet Samuel. 21 Then they asked for a king; and God gave them Saul son of Kish, a man of the tribe of Benjamin, who reigned for forty years. 22 When he had removed him, he made David their king. In his testimony about him he said, 'I have found David, son of Jesse, to be a man after my heart, who will carry out all my wishes.' 23 Of this man's posterity God has brought to Israel a Savior, Jesus, as he promised; 24 before his coming John had already proclaimed a baptism of repentance to all the people of Israel. 25 And as John was finishing his work, he said, 'What do you suppose that I am? I am not he. No, but one is 1 Ad Herennium, trans. Harry Caplan, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1954), 1.4.

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Ad Herennium (A Rhetoric Handbook)The Introduction (exordium) is the beginning of the discourse, and by it the hearer's mind is prepared for attention. The Narration (narrationem) or Statement of Facts sets forth the events that have occurred or might have occurred. By means of the Division (divisionem) we make clear what matters are agreed upon and what are contested, and announce what points we intend to take up. Proof (confirmationem) is the presentation of our arguments, together with their corroboration. Refutation (confutationem) is the destruction of our adversaries' arguments. The Conclusion (conclusionem) is the end of the discourse, formed in accordance with the principles of the art.1

Shabbat Derashot in Synagogue

Acts 13:14-41

14 And on the Sabbath day they went into the synagogue and sat down. 15 After the reading of the law and the prophets, the officials of the synagogue sent them a message, saying, "Brothers, if you have any word of exhortation for the people, give it." 16 So Paul stood up and with a gesture began to speak:

(Exordium) "You Israelites, and others who fear God, listen.

(Narration) 17 The God of this people Israel chose our ancestors and made the people great during their stay in the land of Egypt, and with uplifted arm he led them out of it. 18 For about forty years he put up with them in the wilderness. 19 After he had destroyed seven nations in the land of Canaan, he gave them their land as an inheritance 20 for about four hundred fifty years. After that he gave them judges until the time of the prophet Samuel. 21 Then they asked for a king; and God gave them Saul son of Kish, a man of the tribe of Benjamin, who reigned for forty years. 22 When he had removed him, he made David their king. In his testimony about him he said, 'I have found David, son of Jesse, to be a man after my heart, who will carry out all my wishes.'

23 Of this man's posterity God has brought to Israel a Savior, Jesus, as he promised; 24 before his coming John had already proclaimed a baptism of repentance to all the people of Israel. 25 And as John was finishing his work, he said, 'What do you suppose that I am? I am not he. No, but one is coming after me; I am not worthy to untie the thong of the sandals on his feet."

(Partition/Proposition) 26 "My brothers, you descendants of Abraham's family, and others who fear God, to us the message of this salvation has been sent.

(Refutation) 27 Because the residents of Jerusalem and their leaders did not recognize him or understand the words of the prophets that are read every Sabbath, they fulfilled those words by condemning him. 28 Even though they found no cause for a sentence of death, they asked Pilate to have him killed. 29 When they had carried out everything that was written about him, they took him down from the tree and laid him in a tomb. 30 But God raised him from the dead; 31 and for many days he appeared to those who came up with him from Galilee to Jerusalem, and they are now his witnesses to the people. 32 And we bring you the good news that what God promised to our ancestors 33 he has fulfilled for us, their children, by raising Jesus;

(Proof)

(1) as also it is written in the second psalm, 'You are my Son; today I have begotten you' (Ps 2:7).

(2) 34 As to his raising him from the dead, no more to return to corruption, he has spoken in this way, 'I will give you the holy promises made to David' (Isaiah 55:3).

1 Ad Herennium, trans. Harry Caplan, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1954), 1.4.

(3) 35 Therefore he has also said in another psalm, 'You will not let your Holy One experience corruption' (Psalms 16:10). 36 For David, after he had served the purpose of God in his own generation, died, was laid beside his ancestors, and experienced corruption; 37 but he whom God raised up experienced no corruption.

(Conclusion) 38 Let it be known to you therefore, my brothers, that through this man forgiveness of sins is proclaimed to you; 39 by this Jesus everyone who believes is set free from all those sins from which you could not be freed by the law of Moses. 40 Beware, therefore, that what the prophets said does not happen to you: 41 'Look, you scoffers! Be amazed and perish, for in your days I am doing a work, a work that you will never believe, even if someone tells you.'"

Philo, Special Laws, 2.62:

Accordingly, on the seventh day there are spread before the people in every city innumerable lessons of prudence, and temperance, and courage, and justice, and all other virtues; during the giving of which the common people sit down, keeping silence and pricking up their ears, with all possible attention, from their thirst for wholesome instruction; but some of those who are very learned explain to them what is of great importance and use, lessons by which the whole of their lives may be improved.

Sabbath Derashot in Talmudic Times תוספתא מסכת סוטה )ליברמן( פרק ז.1

מעשה בר' יוחנן בן ברוקה ור' לעזר חסמא שבאו מיבנה ללוד והקבילו פני ר' יהוש' בפקיעין אמ' להם ר' יהושע מה חידוש היה בבית המדרש היום אמרו לו תלמידיך אנו ומימיך אנו שותין

אמ' להם אי אפשר שלא יהא חידוש בבית המדרש שבת של מי היתה אמרו לו של ר' לעזר בן עזריה היתה

אמ' להם היכן היתה הגדה הקהל את האנשים והנשים והטף אמ' להם מה דרש בה

אמ' לו ר' כך דרש בה אם אנשים באו ללמוד נשים באו לשמוע טפילין למה הן באין כדי ליתןשכר למביאיהן

2. Y. Besah 1:7, 60cMaisha the grandson of R. Yehoshua ben Levi was carried in a litter to go up and preach in public on the Sabbath.

הלכה ד תלמוד ירושלמי )וילנא( מסכת סוטה פרק א.3 ר' מאיר הוה יליף דריש בכנישתא דחמתא כל לילי שובא והוה תמה חדא איתתא יליפה שמעה קלי'. חד זמן עני דריש אזלת בעית מיעול לבייתה ואשכחת בוצינא מיטפי אמר לה בעלה הן הויית'. אמרה

ליה מישמעא קליה דדרושא. אמר לה מכך וכך דלית ההיא איתתא עללה להכא לבייתה עד זמן דהיא אזלה ורקקה גו אפוי דדרושא. צפה ר"מ ברוח הקודש ועבד גרמיה חשש בעייניה. אמר כל איתתא

דידעה מילחוש לעיינה תיתי תילחושי. אמרין לה מגירתא הא ענייתיך תיעלין לביתיך עבדי גרמיך לחשה ליה ואת רקקה גו עייניה. אתת לגביה אמר לה חכמה את מילחוש לעיינא. מאימתיה עליה אמרה ליה

לא. אמר לה ורוקקין בגויה שבע זימנין והוא טב ליה. מן דרקקת אמר לה אזלין אמרין לבעליך חד זמן אמרת ליה והיא רקקה שבעה זימנין. אמרו לו תלמידיו רבי כך מבזין את התורה. אילו אמרת לן לא

הוינן מייתי ליה ומלקין ליה ספסליה ומרציין ומרצייה ליה לאיתתיה. אמר לון ולא יהא כבוד מאיר ככבוד קונו. ומה אם שם הקודש שנכתב בקדושה אמר הכתוב שיימחה על המים בשביל להטיל שלום בין איש

:לאשתו. וכבוד מאיר לא כל שכןR. Meir would teach a lesson in the synagogue of Hammata every Sabbath night. There was a woman who would come regularly to hear him. One time the lesson lasted a longer time than usual. [C] She went home and found that the light had gone out. Her husband said to her, “Where have you been?” She replied to him, “I was listening to the lesson.”He said to her, “May God do such-and-so and even more, if this woman enters my house before she goes and spits in the face of that sage who gave the lesson.”R. Meir perceived with the help of the Holy Spirit [what had happened] and he pretended to have a pain in his eye.He said, “Any woman who knows how to recite a charm over an eye ― let her come and heal mine.”The woman’s neighbors said to her, “Lo, your time to go back home has come. Pretend to be a charmer and go and spit in R. Meir’s eye.”She came to him. He said to her, “Do you know how to heal a sore eye through making a charm?” She became frightened and said to him, “No.”He said to her, “Do they not spit into it seven times, and it is good for it?” After she had spit in his eye, he said to her, “Go and tell your husband that you did it one time.”She said to him, “And lo, I spit seven times?”R. Meir’s disciples said to him, “Rabbi, in such a way do they disgracefully treat the Torah [which is yours]? If you had told us about the Incident with the husband, would we not have brought him and flogged him at the stock, until he was reconciled with his wife?”He said to them, “And should the honor owing to Meir be tantamount to the honor owing to Meir’s creator? Now if the Holy Name, which is written in a state of sanctification, the Scripture has said is to be blotted out

with water so as to bring peace between a man and his wife, should not the honor owing to Meir be dealt with in the same way!”

4. Bavli Besah 15bOur Rabbis taught: It happened that R. Eliezer was once sitting and lecturing the whole day [of the Festival] on Festival laws. [When] the first group left [the lecture hall] he said: These are people of butts; [when] the second group [left] he said: These are people of casks; [when] the third group [left] he said: These are people of pitchers; [when] the fourth group [left] he said: These are people of flasks: [when] the fifth group [left] he said: These are people of beakers. [When] the sixth group began to go out he said: These are the people of the curse. He cast his eyes at his disciples and their faces began to change, [whereupon] he said to them: My sons, not of you said I this, but of those who have gone out, who put aside life eternal and occupy themselves with the life temporal [or ephemeral]. When they were taking their leave he said to them: Go your way, eat the fat, and drink the sweet, and send portions unto him for whom nothing is prepared: for this day is holy unto our Lord: neither be ye grieved; for the joy of the Lord is your [strength] stronghold.

תלמוד בבלי מסכת ברכות דף כח עמוד ב .5 רב אויא חלש ולא אתא לפרקא דרב יוסף. למחר כי אתא, בעא אביי לאנוחי דעתיה דרב יוסף. אמר ליה:

מאי טעמא לא אתא מר לפרקא? אמר ליה: דהוה חליש לבאי ולא מצינא. אמר ליה: אמאי לא טעמת מידי ואתית? אמר ליה: לא סבר לה מר להא דרב הונא? דאמר רב הונא: אסור לו לאדם שיטעום כלום קודם

שיתפלל תפלת המוספין!

6. Bavli Berakhot 6bR. Zera says: At first when I saw the scholars running to the lecture on a Sabbath day, I thought that they were desecrating the Sabbath. But since I have heard the saying of R. Tanhum in the name of R. Joshua b. Levi: A man should always, even on a Sabbath, run to listen to the word of Halachah, as it is said: They shall walk after the Lord, who shall roar like a lion, I also run. R. Zera says: The merit of attending a lecture lies in the running.

7. Song of Songs Rabbah 1:15:2When the elder sits and preaches many proselytes become converted at the same time.

8. Bavli Sanhedrin 38bWhen R. Meir used to preach in his pirka, he would preach one third halakha, one third aggadah, and one third parables.

תלמוד בבלי מסכת חולין דף טו עמוד א.9כי מורי להו רב לתלמידיה - מורי להו כר' מאיר, וכי דריש בפירקא - דריש כרבי יהודה משום עמי הארץ

תלמוד בבלי מסכת פסחים דף נ עמוד א.10 אמר רב נחמן בר יצחק: לא כעולם הזה העולם הבא; העולם הזה - נכתב ביו"ד ה"י ונקרא באל"ף דל"ת,

אבל לעולם הבא כולו אחד - נקרא ביו"ד ה"י, ונכתב ביו"ד ה"י. סבר רבא למדרשה בפירקא. אמר ליה ההוא סבא: לעלם כתיב, רבי אבינא רמי: כתיב, )שמות ג( זה שמי לעלם, וזה זכרי לדר דר. אמר הקדוש ברוך הוא:

.לא כשאני נכתב אני נקרא, נכתב אני ביו"ד ה"א, ונקרא אני באל"ף דל"ת

11. Leviticus Rabbah 1:6

R. Tanhuma opened (patah): “Gold is plentiful, jewels abundant, but wise speech is a precious object” (Prov 20:15). In the way of the world, a person who has gold, silver, precious stones, pearls, and every desirable good in the world but who has no knowledge, what benefit does he have? The proverb states: If you have knowledge, what do you lack? If you lack knowledge, what do you have?

“Gold is plentiful”: Everyone brought his gift of gold for the Tabernacle, as it is written, “This is the gift…” (Exod 25:3).

“Jewels abundant”: This is the gift of the chieftains, as it is written, “The chieftains brought” (Exod 35:27).

“But wise speech is a precious object”: Moshe’s soul was grieved saying, “Everyone brought their gifts for the Tabernacle but I did not bring anything.” So the Holy One Blessed be He said to him, “By your life, your speech is more beloved to me than all of these.” Know that this is so for out of all of them, Scripture only called Moses, as it is written, “He called to Moses” (Lev 1:1).

ה סימן וישלח פרשת( ורשא )תנחומא מדרש.12?בשבת זהב של בעיר אשה שתצא מהו רבינו ילמדנו

יצאה ואם, נקובה שאינה במחט ולא חותם עליה שיש בטבעת ולא זהב של בעיר אשה תצא לא רבותינו שנו כך פטורה חצרה לתוך אבל חטאת חייבת הרבים לרשות בהן

תכשיטין נתנו שלא, לאשה הוא ופגם בה מסתכלין שהעם מפני ה"לר בהן לצאת אסור בחול אף אמרי רבנן, הגנב לפני ביותר הכשר לפני פרצה נותנין שאין ביתה לתוך בהן מתקשטת שתהא אלא לאשה

ראה, בתולה על אתבונן ומה לעיני כרתי ברית( א:לא איוב )באיוב כתיב מה ראה נחמני בר שמואל רבי אמר נסתכל לא לאחיו או לבנו ישאנה או לעצמו ישאנה שמא בה להסתכל רשאי שאדם בתולה ומה איוב של צדקתו

תכשל שלא לרחוב תצא ולא הבית בתוך יושבת להיות אשה צריכה לכך, וכמה כמה אחת על איש באשת, בה איש באשת מסתכלין ונמצאו אדם לבני מכשול תביא ולא עצמה

הארץ את ומלאו ורבו פרו להם ויאמר אלהים אותם ויברך'( א בראשית )כתיב שכך לך תדע שלום בר יהודה ר"א כובשת האשה ואין, הארץ את כובש האיש, האיש כובשת האשה ואין, האשה כובש האיש כתיב וכבשה, וכבשה

תקלה גרמה פדרנית רגילה שהיתה בשביל יעקב בת דינה שהרי, לעצמה תקלה ותגרום תצא שלא, הארץ את.דינה ותצא בענין שקראו ממה מנין, לעצמה

Two Rabbinic Rhetorical Orations

Bavli Shabbat 30aThis question was asked before R. Tanhum of Newai: May one extinguish a lit lamp for a sick person on the Sabbath? He opened (patah) and said:

[Exordium]You, Solomon, where is your knowledge? Where is your wisdom? Is it not enough that your words contradict those of David your father, but your words even contradict themselves!

[Partition][1] David your father said: “The dead cannot praise the Lord” (Ps 115:17). [2] But you said: “I praise the dead who have already died” (Eccl 4:2). [3] Then you went back and said: “Even a live dog is better than a dead lion” (Eccl 9:4).

[Confirmation]This is not a difficulty.

[1] That which David said, “The dead cannot praise the Lord”: This is what he meant: a person should always engage in Torah and commandments before he dies, for once he dies he idles from Torah and commandments and the Holy One, blessed be He, has no praise from him. This is what R. Yohanan said: What does this verse mean: “In death is freedom” (Ps 88:6)? Once a person dies, he becomes free from Torah and commandments.

[2][a] That which Solomon said, “I praise the dead who have already died”: When Israel sinned in the desert, Moses stood before the Holy One, blessed be He, and recited many prayers and supplication before Him but he was not answered. But when he said, “Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel your servants” (Exod 32:13), he was immediately answered. Has Solomon not said correctly, “I praise the dead who have already died”?

[b] Another interpretation: In the way of the world, when an officer of flesh and blood issues a decree, it is doubtful whether people will fulfill it or not. And even if you wish to say that they will fulfill it, they will only do so during his lifetime but not once he dies. However, Moses, our rabbi, issued many decrees and made many

enactments and they remain in force forever. Has Solomon not said correctly, “I praise the dead who have already died”?

[c] Another interpretation: “I praise the dead…” As Rav Yehuda said in the name of Rav, for Rav Yehuda said in the name of Rav, what does the verse mean, “Show me a sign of Your favor that my enemies may see and feel ashamed” (Ps 86:17)? David said before the Holy One, blessed be He: “Master of the World, forgive me for that sin.” He replied, “You are forgiven.” He said to Him, “Show me a sign in my lifetime.” He replied, “I will not make it known during your lifetime; I will make it known during the life of your son Solomon.” When Solomon built the Temple, he wanted to bring the Ark into the Holy of Holies but the gates stuck together. Solomon recited twenty four prayers but he was not answered.[…] Once he said, “Lord, God, do not reject your anointed one; remember the loyalty of Your servant David” (2 Chron 6:42), he was immediately answered. Has Solomon not said correctly, “I praise the dead who have already died”? […]

[3] That which Solomon said: “Even a live dog is better than a dead lion”: As Rav Yehuda said in the name of Rav, for Rav Yehuda said in the name of Rav, what does the verse mean, “Tell me, O Lord, what my end is, what is the measure of my days: I would know how fleeting my life is” (Ps 39:5). David said before the Holy One, blessed be He: “Master of the World, tell me God my end.” He replied, “There is a decree before me that we do not make known the end of flesh and blood.” “What is the measure of my days?” “There is a decree before me that we do not make known the measure of days of humans.” “Let me know how fleeting my life it.” He replied, “You will die on the Sabbath.” [David said,] “Let me die on Sunday.” He replied, “The kingdom of Solomon your son has already come and no kingdom can touch the next one even so much as a hairbreadth.” [David said,] “Let me die before the Sabbath.” He replied, “‘Better is one day in your courts than a thousand’ (Ps 84:11). Better to me is one day of you sitting and engaging in Torah than a thousand burnt offerings that Solomon your son will sacrifice to me upon the altar.”Every Sabbath say, [David] would sit and recite [Torah] all day long. On the day that his soul was destined to rest (menah), the angel of death stood before him but was unable to [kill] him because his mouth did not cease from recitation. He [the angel of death] said, “What can I do to him?” There was a garden behind his [David’s] house. The angel of death came and climbed up and was shaking the trees. He [David] went out to see. He was climbing up the step, the step fell from under him, he went silent, and his soul rested (nah).Solomon sent to the House of Study, “My father died and is lying in the sun and the dogs of my father’s house are hungry. What should I do?” The sent to him, “Cut up a dead animal and leave (hanah) it for the dogs. As for you father, place (hanah) a loaf of bread or a baby on him and carry him.” Has Solomon not said correctly, “Even a live dog is better than a dead lion”

[Epilogue]Regarding the question that I asked you, A lamp is called a lamp and the soul of a person is called a lamp. It is better that the lamp of flesh and blood should be extinguished before the lamp of the Holy One blessed be He.

Mishnah Pesahim 10:2-5 (ms. Kaufman)

They pour for him the second cup and here the child asks. If the child has no understanding then his father teaches him: “Why is this night different from all other nights? [a] For on all other nights we dip only once but on this night twice. [b] For on all other nights we eat leavened bread and unleavened bread but on this night it is all unleavened bread. [c] For on all other nights we eat broiled, boiled, or cooked but on this night it is all broiled.”

[Narrative]According to the understanding of the son does the father teach him. He begins with shame and concludes with praise and he expounds from “My father was a wandering Aramean” (Deut 26:5) until he finishes the entire pericope.

[Partition]Rabban Gamaliel says: Whoever did not explain these three things on Passover has not fulfilled his obligation: [c] Passover, [b] unleavened bread, and [a] bitter herbs.

[Confirmation][c] Passover - because the Omnipresent passed over the houses of our forefathers in Egypt.[a] Bitter herbs because the Egyptians made the lives of our forefathers bitter.[b] Unleavened bread – because they were redeemed.

[Epilogue]Therefore we are obliged to thank, laud, praise, glorify, exalt, and extol He who has done for us and for our forefathers all of these miracles and has released us from slavery to freedom and we will recite before Him, “Haleluyah.”

משנה מסכת פסחים פרק ימשנה א

ערבי פסחים סמוך למנחה לא יאכל אדם עד שתחשך ואפילו עני שבישראל לא יאכל עד שיסב ולא יפחתו לו: מארבע כוסות של יין ואפילו מן התמחוי

משנה ב כ מברך על היין ובית הלל אומרים מברך על היין"מזגו לו כוס ראשון בית שמאי אומרים מברך על היום ואח

ואחר כך מברך על היום

משנה ג הביאו לפניו מטבל בחזרת עד שמגיע לפרפרת הפת הביאו לפניו מצה וחזרת וחרוסת ושני תבשילין אף על פי

: שאין חרוסת מצוה רבי אליעזר בר צדוק אומר מצוה ובמקדש היו מביאים לפניו גופו של פסח

משנה ד מזגו לו כוס שני וכאן הבן שואל אביו ואם אין דעת בבן אביו מלמדו מה נשתנה הלילה הזה מכל הלילות שבכל הלילות אנו אוכלין חמץ ומצה הלילה הזה כולו מצה שבכל הלילות אנו אוכלין שאר ירקות הלילה הזה מרור שבכל הלילות אנו אוכלין בשר צלי שלוק ומבושל הלילה הזה כולו צלי שבכל הלילות אנו מטבילין פעם אחת הלילה הזה שתי פעמים ולפי דעתו של בן אביו מלמדו מתחיל בגנות ומסיים בשבח ודורש מארמי אובד אבי

: עד שיגמור כל הפרשה כולה

משנה ה רבן גמליאל היה אומר כל שלא אמר שלשה דברים אלו בפסח לא יצא ידי חובתו ואלו הן פסח מצה ומרור פסח על שום שפסח המקום על בתי אבותינו במצרים מצה על שום שנגאלו אבותינו במצרים מרור על שום

הוא יצא ממצרים שמררו המצריים את חיי אבותינו במצרים בכל דור ודור חייב אדם לראות את עצמו כאילו לי בצאתי ממצרים לפיכך אנחנו חייבין' והגדת לבנך ביום ההוא לאמר בעבור זה עשה ה(שמות יג)שנאמר

להודות להלל לשבח לפאר לרומם להדר לברך לעלה ולקלס למי שעשה לאבותינו ולנו את כל הניסים האלו הוציאנו מעבדות לחירות מיגון לשמחה ומאבל ליום טוב ומאפילה לאור גדול ומשעבוד לגאולה ונאמר לפניו

:הללויה

Passover Haggadah

תלמוד בבלי מסכת פסחים דף קטז עמוד ב אמר רב אחא בר יעקב: סומא פטור מלומר הגדה. כתיב הכא בעבור זה וכתיב התם )דברים כא( בננו זה, מה

להלן - פרט לסומא, אף כאן - פרט לסומין איני? והאמר מרימר: שאלתינהו לרבנן דבי רב יוסף. מאן דאמר אגדתא בי רב יוסף? אמרו: רב יוסף. מאן דאמר אגדתא בי רב ששת? אמרו: רב ששת. - קסברי רבנן: מצה

.בזמן הזה דרבנן

וכאן הבן שואל אביו ואם אין דעת בבן אביו מלמדו מה נשתנה הלילה הזה מכל הלילות שבכל הלילות אנו אוכלין חמץ ומצה הלילה הזה כולו מצה

שבכל הלילות אנו אוכלין שאר ירקות הלילה הזה מרור שבכל הלילות אנו אוכלין בשר צלי שלוק ומבושל הלילה הזה כולו צלי

שבכל הלילות אנו מטבילין פעם אחת הלילה הזה שתי פעמים

Narrative ולפי דעתו של בן אביו מלמדו מתחיל בגנות ומסיים בשבח ודורש מארמי אובד אבי עד שיגמור כל הפרשה

: כולהPartition

משנה הרבן גמליאל היה אומר כל שלא אמר שלשה דברים אלו בפסח לא יצא ידי חובתו ואלו הן

פסח מצה

ומרור

Confirmationפסח על שום שפסח המקום על בתי אבותינו במצרים

מצה על שום שנגאלו אבותינו במצרים מרור על שום שמררו המצריים את חיי אבותינו במצרים

והגדת לבנך ביום ההוא(שמות יג)הוא יצא ממצרים שנאמר בכל דור ודור חייב אדם לראות את עצמו כאילולי בצאתי ממצרים ' לאמר בעבור זה עשה ה

Epilogue לפיכך אנחנו חייבין להודות להלל לשבח לפאר לרומם להדר לברך לעלה ולקלס למי שעשה לאבותינו ולנו את כל הניסים האלו הוציאנו מעבדות לחירות מיגון לשמחה ומאבל ליום טוב ומאפילה לאור גדול ומשעבוד

:לגאולה ונאמר לפניו הללויה