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TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Intelligent Networks
Pasi Kemppainen
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• Introduction to Intelligent Networks Objectives History Standardisation Network components Services Markets and players Future
• Introduction to mobile intelligent networks GSM networking and standardisation principles CAMEL UMTS/3G
Agenda
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• IN business objectives additional revenues
• more traffic• new services• new customers
cost-efficiency• lower level of investments• lower service introduction costs• decrease operational costs• multivendor systems and networks
IN Business Objectives
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better customer service• rapid service introduction• differentiated services• centralized service/subscriber management• management over multiple networks
Reliability
Reasonable costs
Security
FeaturesEase of subscription
Personalisation
Tailorised billing
Connectivity
Ease of useCustomer care
Customer
IN Business Objectives
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1960
SPCsElectro-mechanicalRelayswitches
1970
Support forMgmt
1980
Centraliseddatabases,CC and800 -services
1985
FeatureNode
1990 1995
“intelligence”
Time
non-IN
History - non-IN
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• SPC (Stored Program Control) exchanges in 1960s Computer technology and telephone network merged Routing intelligence in switches Offered services call waiting and traditional PBX (AT&T)
• Mid-1970s support for management and maintenance Databases located at network control points Value added services practical and economical to offer
• 1984 deregulation of the telecommunications markets in the USA AT&T’s regional telephone business split into baby bells
History - pre-IN
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• Centralised databases in 1980s (AT&T) First calling card and 800-services AT&T Software Defined Network (“pre-VPN”) Term ‘Intelligent Network’, Bellcore 1984
• term more for marketing purposes than for technology
‘Feature Node’ concept 1985 (Ameritech) objectives• total separation of services and switching• vendor independence • new services quickly and economically• services offered by third party
History - pre-IN
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1960
SPCsElectro-mechanicalRelayswitches
1970
Support forMgmt
1980
Centraliseddatabases,CC and800 -services
1985
FeatureNode
IN/1
1990
IN/1+
AINRel 0.0IN/2
1995
AINRel .0.1
AINRel 0.2
“intelligence”
Time
non-IN
BellcoreIN
History - AIN
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• IN/1, Bellcore 1986 Terminology (SCP, SSP) Centralised architecture
• SCP only a simple “number translator”• in service provision both SSP and SCP had to be updated (i.e.,
proprietary SSP-SCP protocols)• SS#7 signalling
Framework only for three new services• freephone• credit card billing• private numbering plan
Dropped by the regional operating companies• new regulations did not allow provision of services in national scale
History - IN/1
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• IN/2, Bellcore 1987 Generalization of the IN/1 approach
• no service-specific specifications
No switch dependency Rapid deployment of new services with standardized service logic
intepreter IP concept was introduced Functional components (FC)
• network capabilities availalable to services• FC’s were called by SCP and executed by SSP
Project timescales discovered unrealistic
History - IN/2
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• IN/1+, Bellcore 1991 Interim, downsized solution to IN/2 Timescales unrealistic, too Both IN/2 and IN/1+ were rejected by telcos
History - IN/1+
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• AIN (Advanced IN), Bellcore 1989 Influenced by IN/2 Phased standardization
• AIN Release 0.1 - 1991• AIN Release 0.2 - 1993• AIN Release 1.0 - 1995
Multivendor Interaction Forum (MVI)• in co-operation with other organisations and companies• solid industry standard• better interoperability with different systems• objective to achieve applicable specifications• introduced SLEE, SCE and IN call modelling
History - AIN
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Reported AIN Release situation • AIN rel 0.1, IN/1-based implementations ‘94• AIN rel 0.2, technical specifications for AIN ‘95-’96• AIN rel. 1.0 not anymore the target AIN-architecture (ANSI/TIA work)
Bellcore has withdrawn support for the AIN specifications• US operators’ own long-term plans were not aligned with AIN• US operators are now adapting ITU-T CS because of the ongoing global
liberalisation of telecommunications markets
ANSI/TIA-consortium is working to consolidate the CS and AIN specifications
• the mobile specification work is aligned with the standardization process• ITU-T supports mobile IN (GSM) through CS2 and CS3 (CAMEL) and
ANSI supports IS-41 through WIN (Wireless IN)
History - AIN
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1960
SPCsElectro-mechanicalRelayswitches
1970
Support forMgmt
1980
Centraliseddatabases,CC and800 -services
1985
FeatureNode
IN/1
1990
IN/1+
AINRel 0.0IN/2
CS
1995
CS1
AINRel .0.1
CS2
AINRel 0.2
“intelligence”
Time
non-IN
BellcoreIN
GlobalIN
History - Global IN
AINRel 1.0
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• CS (Capability Sets), ITU-T 1989 Framework equivalent to AIN Define basic IN-services (e.g. freephone, premium rate and UPT)
and service features Introduced IN conceptual model (INCM)
• 4-plane framework of IN structured telecommunications network
Service independent building blocks, SIBs• basic IN-service functional entities (e.g. digit collect and analyse, time and
date functions)• ideal service creation by grouping SIBs
History - CS
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Development in downwards compatible phases• CS1, published 1992 (ETSI specified downsized CORE CS1 specification 1994)
• CS2, design started 1992, first stable specifications out 6/96 (approved 1998)
• CS3, design focus on internet, mobility, multimedia and broadband networks (approved 2000)
• CS4 work started to consolidate the IETF and ITU-T/ETSI standards
CS1CS2
CS3
AINCS
History - CS
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• CS1 includes e.g. IN Conseptual Model (INCM)
• Service Plane (Services, Service Features)• Global Functional Plane (SIBs)• Distributed Functional Plane (Functional Entities)• Physical Plane (Physical Entities, protocols)
INAP interfaces for SSP - SCP - IP Basic Call Model (BCM)
History - CS1
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• CS2 includes e.g. All CS1 functionality (+INAP for SCP - SDP) Internetworking e.g.
• TMN (service and subscriber data management) • TCP/IP (WWW, intranets)
Advanced SRF (scripts) Feature interaction discovery methodologies Basic Non-Call Related Call Model (BNCM) New functional entities e.g.
• Call Unrelated Switching Function• Service Control User Access Function
Present - CS2
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1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010
“intelligence”
Time
Pre-IN
Future - Towards 3G/UMTS
AIN
CSx
GSM
WB/BB
Internet / WWW
GSM 2+ CAMEL, CS2, CS3
GSM 2+ GPRS, CS3
Fixed: ATM, FR, xDSL, cable, (D)WDM Mobile: HSCSD, EDGE, WCDMA
3G/UMTS3G/
UMTS
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CS3
v2+GSM v2
“telecommunicationsnetwork and services
intelligence”
time1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Analogoustelephonyservices
Modemservices
SS 6
SS 7Packet datanetworks, TCP/IP
World Wide Web
ISDNCorporateNetworks
NMT
GSM v1
IN CS1
ATM
3G/UMTSWLAN
TMN
OMG OMAIETF
TNI-RM
CS2
Evolution of Telecommunications
ODP/TINA
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SSP SSCP
SSF SSF
CCF CCF
SDF
SCF
SN
SCF
SDF
SRF
SSF
CCF
SRF
IP
SS#7 network
SCF
SDPSDF
AD SDF
SCF
SMSSMF
SCESCEF
Signalling
Management
SignallingTransferPoint (STP)
CCAF
NAP
CCAF
CCF
CCAF
SRF
Transport
Optional FE
IN Network Architecture
SCPSCP
STP
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SSF SSF
SCF
SDF
SRF
SMFSMAF
SCEF
CCAF CCF CCF CCF CCAF
Service managementService controlCall and Resource controlBearer control (below)
Operations Management Center
Local Exchange
SSP
IP
Local Exchange+ SSP
SCP
IN Architecture - Example
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Functional Entity Definition Related productsCall Control Agent Function (CCAF)
Provides the means to connect the subscriber terminal (i.e., phone) to switch (SSP). Controls the establishment and releases of calls on behalf subscriber's terminal.
Network Access Point (NAP), Service Switching Point (SSP)
Call Control Function (CCF)
Provides the means for establishing and controlling bearer services on behalf network users; the CCF refers to call and connection handling in classical sense
Service Switching Point (SSP)
Service Switching Function (SSF)
Provides the means to recognise calls requiring IN service processing, and to interact with call processing and service logic on behalf of these calls
Service Switching Point (SSP)
Service Control Function (SCF)
Provides the logical control applied to a call requiring IN service and handles service related processing activities, e.g. analysis translattion, screenig, routing; in other words the SCF contains the IN service logic
Service Control Point (SCP), adjuct (AD), Service Node (SN)
Service Data Function (SDF)
Handles the access to service-related and network data and provides a logical view of the data to the SCF
Service Control Point (SCP), adjuct (AD), Service Node (SN)
Specialised Resource Function (SRF)
Provides end-user interaction with the IN-structured network through control over resources such as DTMF receivers, voice, recognation capabilities, protocol conversion, announcements etc.
Service Node (SN), Intelligent Peripheral (IP)
Service Management Function (SMF)
Provides service provisioning deployment and management control; the SMF allows access to all IN functional entities for the transfer of information related to service logic and service data
Service Management System (SMS)
Service Creation Environment Function (SCEF)
provides the capability for the creation, verification and testing of new IN services
Service Creation Environment (SCE)
IN Terminology
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• Service Switching Point, SSP PSTN exchange modified to recognise and trigger IN-services Can have dialogues with different SCPs
• trigger points define the required IN services in calls• interconnections via Signalling Transfer Points (or not)
Dialogues with SCP’s based on SS7 signalling - no actual payload (e.g. voice) is transmitted in SS7 SSP+”SCF”+”SDF” = SSCP, Service Switching and Control
Point
IN Architecture
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• Service Control Point, SCP Service logic implemented in Service Logic Program (SLP) Services (SLPs) are run in Service Logic Execution Environment
(SLEE) e.g. OS, runtime modules, management procedures etc Service data can be located in Service Data Point i.e. (relational)
database• usually integrated to SCP• commercial product (Oracle,Sybase) or proprietary (in-memory/real-time)
database
Service interfaces to SSP/IP abstracted with TCAP or INAP (OSI application layer) High system availability with doubled and/or mated pair systems
IN Architecture
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• Adjuct, AD Functionally equivalent to SCP, but has
• direct communications link to SSP (X.25, IP, Frame Relay)• supports one-to-one relationship with SSP• usually small geographical coverage
IN Architecture
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• Intelligent Peripheral, IP Usually integrated with SSP or SN
• interface to SSP/SN incl. both signaling and data• TUP/ISUP call control signaling, service control usually proprietary
Service logic in SSP/SN/SCP• interface to SCP only signaling i.e. TCAP/INAP
Manages resources such as• announcements• speech recognitions• digit collection• protocol conversions
IN Architecture
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• Service Node, SN Complete set of resources and services for advanced IN services
• can have the functionality of SSP, SCP and IP• usually used for advanced voice-processing functionality e.g. voice
messaging
IN Architecture
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• Service Management System, SMS Supports both centralised subscriber and service data
management• ensure data consistency in distributed SCPs’ databases (SDPs)• service subscriber to an 800-service can configure call routing• operator can load new services to the SCPs• operator can gather statistics and billing data to the OSS (Operations
Support System)
Usually closely coupled with the SCP • no standard SMS-SCP interface protocols exist in CS1• CS2 specifies TMN as the management framework
IN Architecture
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• Service Creation Environment, SCE Framework for defining, developing and testing SLPs e.g.
• graphical SIB-based ‘drag and drop’• graphical SDL-based• high level, 4GL language based• low level C-language based with special resources e.g. libraries and
runtimes• proprietary graphic and/or text based
Services are loaded via SMS to SCPs
IN Architecture
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• Services are the core of IN Rapid service creation and deployment Time to market the competitive advantage Different services for different needs
• Ideally service environments facilitate the profiling of existing services as well as the provision of
customised service requirements third party service provision service creation/customisation by the subscribers
IN Services
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• Service categories Mass market services
• well-defined set of ‘basic’ service features• no customer differentiation• e.g. 800, premium rate, VPN, mobile services
Profiled services• same service features as in mass market services• user data can be easily and rapidly modified by the service subscriber
or the users• 800 service with dynamic routing, premium rate with information
selection, UPT
IN Services
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Custom services• tailored services for specific subscriber and end-user needs• service creation by subcribers• personal assistants, VPN and mobility in Intranet, voice and media
integration (VoIP)
Mass market services
Profiled services
Custom services
1980 1990 2000
ServiceComplexity /Value to customers
IN Services
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• Mass market services 800-service i.e. freephone
• the oldest and most widely used IN-service• the most profitable• in phone calls the subscriber is charged, not users• based on pure number translation with or without intelligent routing e.g.
call distribution call queueing time and date dependencies
• very widely used in USA, in Europe slow uptake
IN Services
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Premium rate• 700-service (also 600-service in Finland)• user is charged for the use of services• typically provision of information, direct selling, chat lines and televoting
Virtual Private Network, VPN• defined as a logical closed user group, implemented over public switched
telecommunications facilities• provision of private numbering plan• call charging on the basis of duration of usage• usage for switched voice, switched data or both• single interface for all domestic and international needs e.g. Sonera’s
02040 xxxx -numbering plan
IN Services
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Mobile/wireless services• basically all IN services are also available for mobile users• in addition mobility brings new opportunities for service offerings
mobile centrex services location sensitive billing and services universal voice mail
• mobile IN services roaming enabled by GSM CAMEL standard
IN Services
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• Profiled services Dynamic 800 call routing
• control of the service data in call routing via switching environment• subcriber can have own SMS to gather information of the service usage
Bank account query• DTMF coded user ID and password
Personal Communications Service (PCS)• users have unique PINs (Personal identification Number)• network access terminal independency
IN Services
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• Custom services Differentiated IN/telecommunication services for subscriber
basis• not possible with traditional IN technologies
IN-GSM-IP (WWW) integration CAMEL services
IN Services
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Deregulation
Liberalization
Competition
Differentation
Cost-efficiency
Time-to-market
Deregulation and liberalization process
Towards differentiated value-added services andcost-efficient technologies and business processes also in telecommunications business
Telecommunications Markets
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Telecommunications Markets• For the telecom infrastructure, there has been introduced
at least three different, yet complementing, service platform emphasises: telecommunications, IN and GSM in particular, enhanced value
added services platforms (the market differentation emphasis) e.g.
• HP• Ericsson• Lucent• Siemens• Nokia• Alcatel (incl. DSC Communications)• Nortel• Others: Compaq, Tecnomen, Logica
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Telecommunications Markets telecommunications and Internet-based telephony
interworking and integration platforms (the unified messaging and overlay switching emphasis)
• IVR-system vendors: Homisco/VoiceNet, Intervoice, …• tradional CTI-vendors: Genesys, …, and PBX-vendors• service node vendors: Teligent, Votek, IBM, …• enhanced service platform (ESP) vendors: Vicorp, Aethos, …• voice-over-IP vendors: Vocaltec, Elemedia, Databeam, ... AND Microsoft
telecommunications and Internet service infrastructure consolidation platforms (the service convergence emphasis)
• Intellitel Communications• ObjectSwitch, Corp.• Omnisoft, Inc.
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td proprietarytechnologies :
creaming priceshighest profits
standardization :advertizinghigh priceshigh profits
market segmentation :price competitiondifferentationlow profits market
competition :
overcapacityfalling pricesniche marketslower profits
Introductory Growth Maturity Decline
sales
VOD
IN
WLL
Internet-access
SDH
LANInternationalcalls
Domesticcalls
EDI
GSM
�Telecommunications market life cycle
Telecommunications Markets
(D)WDM
WAN
Security
WLAN
xDSL VoIP
WAPGPRS3G
SMS
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• IN business objectives additional revenues
• more traffic• new services• new customers
cost-efficiency• lower level of investments• lower service introduction costs• decrease operational costs• multivendor systems and networks
IN Business Objectives
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better customer service• rapid service introduction• differentiated services• centralized service/subscriber management• management over multiple networks
Reliability
Reasonable costs
Security
FeaturesEase of subscrition
Personalisation
Tailorised billing
Connectivity
Ease of useCustomer care
Customer
IN Business Objectives
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The vast majority of capital will be spent on SSF/CCF functionality and SCP-related products
• competition rises cost-efficiency• expect strategic partnerships and alliances
Personal mobility (PCS) became the killer application IP/web-integration in mobile services is inevitable (WAP,
GPRS) Will CAMEL take place? Liberation of Telco industry in Europe has fierced the
competition Expect consolidation of telecommunications operators and
service providers to continue
IN Markets
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Axiom IntelligentNetworks
Internet
Switching Circuit PacketSignalling SS7 TCP/IPPayload Trunk TCP/IPCongestion control Good PoorStandards De-jure De-factoService logic Centralized DistributedManagement Centralized DistributedNetwork API INAP, MAP, CAP Various: HTTP, SMTP ...Security Safe Not so safeBilling Centralized DistributedBusiness Oligopoly Free competitionTechnology Expensive,
proprietaryCost-efficient, standard tools
Open for 3rd party No YesTerminals Phones, PDAs ComputersSpeech Yes “Yes” (VoIP)Broadband ATM, WDM ATM, GbitEth, WDMMobility GSM, 3G/UMTS No. (IP v6 (?), mobile IP (?))Killer application PCS, GPRS WWW, e-commerce
IN vs. Internet
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• Intelligent Network, IN objectives Open standards, vendor independence Rapid service creation and deployment Centralised subscriber and service data management Differentiated services to customers
Rapid adaptation to market needs and competitionCompetitive advantage
Intelligents Networks - Summary
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• Intelligent Networks (IN) emphasis on service creation and deployment in
telecommunications networks e.g.• number translation services (800/700, VPN, …)• televoting• pre-paid services
IN objectives• rapid service creation and time to market• multivendor solutions• cost-efficiency
standardised networking interfaces and functionality (BellcoreAIN, ITU-T CS{1,2,3}) service and subscriber information (‘network intelligence’) is
stored in databases
Mobile Networking Evolution
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• Intelligent Network architecture
Kaukoverkko
SME
Alueverkko
muut PLMN:t,esim. PCS- tai
toisen operaattorinsamanlainen GSM-
verkko
PSTN
LE
Muidenmaiden KV-
keskukset
SSP
SSP
SSP
LE
SMS
EIR IPSDP
KansainvälinenSSP
Alueverkko
SSPLE
SCP
SCE
Mobile Networking Evolution
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• GSM networks first second generation (2G) global digital mobile networking
standard• first generation (1G) mobile networks based on analog systems (NMT,
AMPS)
emphasis on • wide networking coverage (national level, international roaming)• new value added services (short messages, voice mails, …)• interoperability with other networks (PSTN, IN, other GSM networks)
networking intelligence based on databases (registers)• IN functionality already exists in GSM networks • it is obvious that mobile networking evolution will align with IN evolution• objective is to utilise the exisiting IN standardisation and merge fixed and
mobile networking standardisation
Mobile Networking Evolution
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• GSM network architecture
NSS
OSS
BSS
muut PLMN:t,esim. PCS- tai
toisen operaattorinsamanlainen GSM-
verkko
PLMN
MSBTS
liitetty kaikkiin BSC:ihin
muut verkot:esimerkiksi
PSTN, ISDN,PSPDN tai
CSPDN
GMSC
MSC
MSBSC
BTS
OMC
EIR HLREIRAuC
VLR
SMS-GMSCtai
SMS-IWGMSC
SC
BSS
BSCMS
BTS
liitetty kaikkiin NSS:n elementteihin
Mobile Networking Evolution
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• GSM and IN integration: CAMEL GSM Phase 2+-defines CAMEL standard (Customised Applications
for Mobile network Enhanced Logic) for IN service provisioning• defines standard interfaces inbetween IN and GSM components• offers global roaming for value added services• enables new service operators to offer services globally
CAMEL enables the use of home operator or service operator services
• services will roam even in national networks• service billing can be managed in the home operator network (not desired by the
visited operators due to the lost revenues)
Mobile Networking Evolution
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CAMEL• CAMEL standardisation CAMEL Phase 1 objective was rapid time to market
• short numbering• call barring• extended call transfer (time and place independence)
CAMEL Phase 2 extends the phase 1 and is backward compatible• prepaid with advice of charging• private numbering• flexible charging• service numbers (e.g. 800 and 700 services)
CAMEL Phase 3 features e.g.• MO SMS triggering• SRF based IN services• GPRS prepaid services• fraud control
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Mobile Networking Evolution
NSS
OSS
BSS
muut PLMN:t,esim. PCS- tai
toisen operaattorinsamanlainen GSM-
verkko
PLMN
MSBTS
liitetty kaikkiin BSC:ihin
muut verkot:esimerkiksi
PSTN, ISDN,PSPDN tai
CSPDN
GMSC
VMSC
MSBSC
BTS
OMC
EIR HLREIRAuC
VLR
SMS-GMSCtai
SMS-IWGMSC
SC
BSS
BSCMS
BTS
liitetty kaikkiin NSS:n elementteihin
Kaukoverkko
SCP
SDP
IP
SSP
Koti-GSM-verkko
CSEHLR
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Mobile Networking Evolution• UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
Service) and 3G networks will be evolutionary from 2G/2.5G networks UMTS radio networks will be hierarchical (revolution, not
evolution) and based on WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access). Theoretical bandwidths
• ~2 Mbit/s picocells• ~340 kbit/s microcells• ~64 kbit/s macrocells• ~14,4 kbit/s elsewhere
UMTS core networking infrastructure will be based on IN/GSM SS7 signalling network foundation (evolution, not revolution)
• wideband IP connectivity by GPRS, service roaming by CAMEL
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• UMTS network architecture
Mobile Networking Evolution
GPRS-infrastruktuuri
GnGn
Gi
Gi
VLRGR
GGSN
yhteys muihinGPRS-verkkoihin,
esimerkiksiInternetin avulla
IP-pohjainen GPRS-runkoverkko
GGSN
pakettidata-verkko:
esimerkiksiX.25 taiInternet
NSS
OSS
muut PLMN:t,esim. PCS- tai
toisen operaattorinsamanlainen
UMTS-verkko
muut verkot:esimerkiksi
PSTN, ISDN,PSPDN tai
CSPDN
(ATM)GMSC
(ATM)MSC
OMC
EIR HLRSCPCSE
VLR
SMS-GMSCtai
SMS-IWGMSC
SC
liitetty kaikkiin NSS:n elementteihin
Kannettavatietokone
MakrosoluMikrosolu
PLMN
MSW-BTS
MSRNC
W-BTS
mSCP
Pikosolu
RNC
W-BTS
MS
mSCP
SGSN
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• UMTS services traditional GSM services, in addition
• sophisticated radio network services in theory 2 Mbit/s - 14,4 kbit/s (in real life 300 kbit/s - 9,6 kbit/s)
• wideband multimedia services mp3 and mpeg4 based streaming services? WWW- and Java based user interfaces? wireless PDA/HPC appliances? wireless multi-conferencing services?
• virtual and private corporate mobile networks• global network connectivity?• GPS (Global Positioning System) connectivity?
Mobile Networking Evolution
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• Summary IN architecture will be in the core of mobile intelligent networks
• emphasis on networking functionality and registers (databases)• other future core networking functionality
ubiquitous IP connectivity (GPRS) global service roaming (CAMEL) provisioning of interactive services (WAP, WWW) new charging modes
UMTS will unify IN and GSM architectures, wideband radio networking and IP networks into universal communications networks
Mobile Convergence
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Mobile Convergence• Summary, cont. Wireless LAN (WLAN) networks will bring faster, cheaper and
more reliable IP connectivity• however, the speech quality, coverage and roaming will not be comparable
to GSM/UMTS networks
”4G networking” is about utilising and managing the best possible mobile/wireless connectivity seamlessly for the user e.g.
• 2G/3G roaming• 3G/WLAN roaming• network independent number portability
the weakest link might be the appliances’ support for multiple simultaneous network connections
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• UMTS is not the ultimate solution for all mobility and wireless services needs WLAN networks will bring faster, cheaper and more reliable IP
connectivity• however, the speech quality, coverage and roaming will not be comparable to
the combined GSM/UMTS networks
• More important than UMTS itself, will be the seamless integration of different networking accesses and services GPRS and WLAN roaming between operators and service providers CAMEL for national and global CS (voice+data) services roaming Mobile Number Portability for operator independent numbering
• Appliances will be the critical success factor Multinetwork mode appliances for GPRS (wap) and WLAN (web)
Mobile Convergence Reality Check
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