WORLD WAR I

Causes for WWI (MANIA) IN Notes

Militarism- policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war.

Alliances- agreements (friendships) between nations to provide aid and protect on another

Nationalism- extreme pride in one’s country Imperialism- when one country takes over

another country economically and politically Assassination- of Austrian Archduke Franz

Ferdinand from Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditure

Militarism

Country Percentage

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany 73%

Alliances

Alliances

Austria

Russia

Germany

Serbia

France

U.K.

What does this political cartoon mean?

"The Chain of Friendship", is an American cartoon from 1914 depicting the web of alliances, captioned, "If Austria attacks Serbia, Russia will fall upon Austria, Germany upon Russia, and France and England upon Germany."

Alliances

ALLIESCENTRAL POWERS Britain

France Russia Serbia

Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire

(Turkey)

The Powers known as the Allies in World War I were

predominantly: Great Britain, France, Russia and Italy. Italy initially

had a treaty with Germany, but recanted and secretly allied with

the Allied Powers.

ItalyItaly

Nationalism Nationalism became a

widespread force in Europe during the 19th century.

Its is often defined as, “pride in one’s country,” but its represented more than that.

It was a growing sense of pride that people felt, which caused them to desire the best for their nation.

This desire was at the root of making European problems.

Imperialism

Great Britain, Germany, and France needed foreign markets after the increase in manufacturing caused by the Industrial Revolution.

These countries compete for economic expansion in Africa. Several crises foreshadowed the war involved the clash of Germany against Britain and France

ASSASSINATION of Archduke

Franz Ferdinand from Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist.

Assassination

Assassination

The changes of war

New weapons crippled the “frozen front” due to Industrial Revolution. Poison gas (mustard & chlorine gas) Hand grenades Flame throwers Tanks Airplanes Machine Guns Long Range Guns Subs (U-Boats) Trench Warfare

Mustard Gas

Airplanes

Tanks

Tanks & Airplanes

Long Range Guns & Machine Guns

Trenches

Elaborate systems of defense barbed wire Concrete machine gun

nests Mortar batteries Troops lived in holes

underground

Trenches

Trench Warfare

Offensive attacks included:

Going over the top into “No Mans Land”

Soldiers faced shell fire, machine guns, and poison gas.

Retreat back to trench

Myth

Reality

Trench Facts

Every soldier carried iron rations- emergency food that consisted of a can of bully beef, biscuits and a tin of tea and sugar

A single pair of rats could produce up to 880 offspring in a year

A total of 3,894 men in the British Army were convicted of self-inflicted wounds. A firing squad offense-none were executed, but all served prison terms.

The British army treated 20,000 soldiers for trench foot during the winter of 1914-1915.

One-third of all casualties on the Western Front may have been killed or wounded in a trench.

A lit candle was fairly effective in removing lice, but the skill of burning the lice without setting yourself on fire was difficult to learn.

Soldiers in the trenches often depended on impure water collected from shell-holes or other cavities, causing disease.

Trench Facts

The war ends

1917 – Russia surrenders (a separate peace)

U.S. joins the war on the Allied side

Nov. 11, 1918 Armistice

Death Toll of War

Allied Powers Central Powers

42 million served 23 million served

22 million casualties 15 million casualties

The Results

Germany surrendered. Allies impose the Treaty of Versailles

Declares Germany was guilty for the war. Germany must pay reparations to Allies

This sets the stage for WWII The League of Nations was formed to

try to prevent war in the future.

The

Big

FourWoodrow Wilson USA

David Lloyd-George Great Britain

Georges Clemenceau FranceVittorio Orlando Italy

The Treaty of Versailles June 1919

What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?Germany’s armed forces :

•German army reduced to 100,000 men.

•Germany was not allowed to

have tanks.

•Germany was not allowed an airforce

100,000

•The area known as the Rhineland was to be demilitarized.

•The German navy was to have no submarines or large battle-ships

Territorial Losses

Germany lost ALL of her overseas colonies

Alsace-Lorraine was given to France

"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies."

Article 231

The War Guilt Clause

GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR!!!!!

This meant that:

REPARATIONS•Germany agreed to pay for the damage caused by her armies during the war.

•The sum they had to pay: $31.4 BILLION!!!!•Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria

Germany

Austria

The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28th June 1919. It officially

ended the 1st World War. Many historians believe that it was a major cause of the 2nd World War.