Effects of two tame systems on physiological parameters of Arab horses subjected to load in the trailer Effects of two tame systems on physiological parameters of Arab horses subjected to load in the trailer

“… many people observe,but few people see”.

Monty Roberts

UNIVERSITY OF THE STUDY OF MOLISEDepartment of Animal, Vegetables and

Enviromental Sciences

D. Casamassima, M.Palazzo, T. Presutti, R. Pizzo, M. Cinone

10 Th Convegno New findings in equine practiceDruento (TO), 31 Ottobre/1 Novembre 2008

OBJECTIVE

Evaluate some blood and physiological parameters in Arab horses tested to load in the trailer and subjected to training techniques of traditional type and natural type of Pat Parelli with horseman program’s method.

The main methods of tame are: the traditional tame the natural tameNatural tame represents a new method of not violent communication with the horse that recognizes how to it must be granted the freedom of joining up or not.

The different learning methods include the use of

Positive reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

Lateral hypothalamus

Septum and medial bundle of anterior brain

Reticular formation of the trunk of encephalous

Periventricular area of mid-brain Periduttale area of mid-brain

Medial bundle of the proencephalous(recompence)

Periventricular system

(punishment)

Positive reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

In natural tame fundamental concept is to create a relation based on the confidence.Between different type of natural tame we report::

Friendly game

Yo-yo game

Natural Horse-Man-Ship (Pat Parelli)

1 - Phase of preliminary knowledge

2 - Phase of predatory stimulus with flight (negative

reinforcement)

3 - Phase of submission with docility (positive reinforcement)

Join up ( Monty Roberts)

The text, of the duration of 7 days, has been lead near the Horse Center of Montaratro, Lucera (FG), on 15 horses of Arabic race of the age of 4-6 years and 400±20 Kg b.w. subdivided in 2 homogenous groups.

The constituted groups have been therefore characterize to you:

Control group 9 subjects trains with tecniques of traditional type

Experimental group 6 subjects trains with the method of horseman’s program

Every horse of every group has been made to go up on a trailer in order to estimate the effect of 2 methods of dome on the income difficulty on means through the answer of some consequent physiological and metabolic parameters to the treatment to which the animals came subordinates.

To such aim the horses of every group have been subordinates, for three consecutive days, to blood abstractions and to relief of rectal temperature, respiratory actions and heart-rate with the brought back cadence:

a) Blood abstractions

P1= relief in the early morning with animals at rest

P2= relief 15 min before going on the trailer

P3= just after going on the trailer

P4 and P5= relief 45 and 90 min, respectively, after the end of performance

To the aim to cancel the influence of the circadian rhythm of some parameters, first of all the cortisol that shows variable levels of secretion during the day, has been carried out the rotation of the horses as far as the order of beginning of blood abstractions second experimental scheme of Latin square.

The blood, captured from jugular external vein with method Vacutainer, has been centrifuged for 15 min to 3000 rpm and on the serum have been determined the following parameters: glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, NEFA, total proteins, albumin, urea, creatinine, CK, AST, ALT, sodium, potassium, ROMs, b-endorphin and cortisol; it has been also executed, on entire blood, hemocytometric examination with counts of red globules, white globules, Plt and determination of Hct value.

b) Physiological parameters

It has been moreover with the same carried out cadence the relief of respiratory actions, of the rectal temperature and of heart-rate antecedent to every blood abstraction.

Data were analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures of SPSS (SPSS, 2006 Inc. Chicago, IL).

Differences among means were evaluated using the Scheffe’ s test.

Statistical analysis

Table 1. Some statistically significant physiological and blood parameters for every type of tame

RELIEFS Loading in the trailer

Traditional tame ES Natural Tame ES

1p 2p 3p 4p 5p 1p 2p 3p 4p 5p

Glucose (mmol/l) 4.80a 5.10a 5.55b 5.22 5.07a 0.05 4.89a 5.01a 5.68b 5.25a 5.12a 0.06

NEFA (mmol/l) 0.17a 0.25a 0.39b 0.26ab 0.21a 0.02 0.16 0.23 0.31 0.21 0.20 0.02

Triglycerides (mmol/l) 0.38 0.45 0.48a 0.47a 0.33b 0.02 0.39 0.49a 0.50a 0.41 0.30b 0.02

ROMs (U Carr) 270.4a 310.0a 445.7b 390.0b 266.3a 14.0 265.6a 311.5ab 364.6b 289.9a 269.9a 6.18

Cortisol (mmol/l) 290.8ac 363.8a 480.9b 395.8bc 250.8a 6.54 240.9 301.0 379.1a 256.0 210.9b 6.23

RBC (106/mm3) 6.83a 7.51 8.06b 7.31 6.88a 0.09 6.56 6.81 6.73 6.30 5.75 0.15

HGB (g/dL) 11.64a 12.49a 13.87b 11.93a 11.24a 0.18 10.87 11.78 11.53 10.99 10.19 0.25

HCT (%) 32.51a 34.21ab 37.37b 31.71b 28.99bc 0.59 27.72 31.79 28.08 28.95 26.83 0.96

RF (acts/min.) 9.44a 11.0 19.11b 14.33 11.89 1.39 8.67 9.17 8.00 8.50 8.33 0.28

In the same raw, means followed by different letters are significantly different at P<0.05 (a,b,c)

Table 2. Some physiological parameters between tames in Arab horses

RELIEFS Loading in the trailer

TT NT ES TT NT ES TT NT ES TT NT ES TT NT ES TT NT

1p 2p 3p 4p 5p mean mean

ROMs (U Carr) 270.3 265.6 2.9 310.0 311.5 4.2 445.7a 364.6b 14.7 389.9a 289.9b 14.9 266.3 269.9 5.1 336.5a 301.4b

Cortisol (nmol/l) 290.9 240.9 16.6 363.8 301.0 26.7 480.9 379.1 34.9 395.7b 255.9a 22.8 250.8b 210.9a 10.1 356.4a 277.6b

K+ (mmol/L) 3.8 3.9 0.1 3.7a 4.2b 0.1 4.0 3.9 0.1 3.7 3.8 0.1 3.7 3.8 0.1 3.82a 3.90b

RBC (106/mm3) 6.8 6.6 0.1 7.5a 6.8b 0.2 8.1a 6.7b 0.2 7.3 6.3 0.3 6.9a 5.7b 0.2 7.32a 6.43b

HGB (g/dL) 11.6 10.9 0.2 12.5 11.7 0.3 13.9a 11.5b 0.5 11.9 11.0 0.3 11.2a 10.2b 0.2 12.24a 11.07b

HCT (%) 32.5a 27.7b 1.1 34.2 31.8 0.9 37.4a 28.1b 1.5 31.7 28.9 1.5 29.0 26.8 0.8 32.96a 28.67b

MCHC (g/dL) 36.6 37.9 0.5 36.9 37.3 0.4 36.3a 39.6b 0.5 34.8a 38.8b 0.7 35.1a 39.3b 0.6 35.95a 38.59b

RF (acts/min.) 9.4 8.7 0.5 11.0 9.2 0.8 19.1a 8.0b 6.0 14.3a 8.5b 1.4 12.7a 8.3b 0.9 13.64a 8.53b

In the same raw, means followed by different letters are significantly different at P<0.05 (a,b)

TT = traditional tame; NT = natural tame; RF = respiratory frequency

……Conclusions

In the subjects of traditional tame significant differences have been in glucose, NEFA, ROMs, cortisol, RBC, HGB,

HCT and respiratory frequency .

In the horses of natural tame, instead, significant changes have been only in

glucose and ROMs.

From our results we can conclude that in loading operations on trailer it’s more convenient to use the natural tame than

traditional as, minimizing the physical stress, also positively influence the

welfare of horses.

MOTTI E PROVERBI

Al cavallo sazio sembra amara l'erba.Cavallo montato,moglie da montare.

Doma presto ed usa tardi.Misero il cavallo che non ha padrone.

Caval che si duole,il maniscalco vuole.Dodici galline ed un gallo, mangian quanto un cavallo.

Cavallo che inciampa e non cade,è buon segnale.Cavallo che mangia,paga.

A cavalier novizio, cavallo senza vizio.Quando i cavalli ruzzano, il padrone stenta.

Non è sì melanconico cavallo che al veder la biada non si rallegri.Si frusta sempre il cavallo che tira.

Il caval che dura la pena, mangiar deve l'avena.

Thank you for attention