НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ...
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НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ БІОРЕСУРСІВ І
ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ УКРАЇНИ
Кафедра романо-германських мов і перекладу
"ЗАТВЕРДЖУЮ"
Декан факультету
________(В.Д. Шинкарук)
"___" _______________2015 р.
РОЗГЛЯНУТО І СХВАЛЕНО
на засіданні кафедри романо-германських
мов і перекладу
Протокол № 10 від 14.04.2015 р.
завідувач кафедри
__________(О.В. Іванова)
НАВЧАЛЬНО-МЕТОДИЧНИЙ КОМПЛЕКС ДИСЦИПЛІНИ
“ПЕРЕКЛАД ДІЛОВОГО МОВЛЕННЯ ТА КОРЕСПОНДЕНЦІЇ”
(АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА)
IV КУРС
напрям підготовки 6.020303 «Філологія»
галузь знань 0203 «Гуманітарні науки»
ОКР «Бакалавр»
Факультет гуманітарно-педагогічний
Розробники:асистент,канд. філол. наук, Г.О. Скалевська
2015
НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ БІОРЕСУРСІВ
І ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ УКРАЇНИ
Кафедра романо-германських мов і перекладу
―ЗАТВЕРДЖУЮ‖
Декан гуманітарно-педагогічного
факультету
____________ В. Д. Шинкарук
"___" _______________ 2015 р.
РОЗГЛЯНУТО І СХВАЛЕНО
на засіданні кафедри романо-германських
мов і перекладу
Протокол № 11 від 21 травня 2015 р.
Завідувач кафедри
_____________ О. В. Іванова
РОБОЧА ПРОГРАМА НАВЧАЛЬНОЇ ДИСЦИПЛІНИ
“ПЕРЕКЛАД ДІЛОВОГО МОВЛЕННЯ ТА КОРЕСПОНДЕНЦІЇ”
(англійська мова)
4 курс
напрям підготовки 6.020303 «Філологія»____________________________
спеціальність____________________________________________________________________
спеціалізація ____________________________________________________________________
Факультет гуманітарно-педагогічний____________________________
Розробники: асистент кафедри романо-германських мов і перекладу,_____________________
канд. філол. наук, Г. О. Скалевська______________________________________ (посада, науковий ступінь, вчене звання)
Київ – 2015 р.
1. Опис навчальної дисципліни
Переклад ділового мовлення і кореспонденції
Галузь знань, напрям підготовки, спеціальність, освітньо-кваліфікаційний рівень
Освітньо-кваліфікаційний рівень Бакалавр
Напрям підготовки 6.020303 «Філологія»
Спеціальність
Спеціалізація
Характеристика навчальної дисципліни
Вид Обов‘язкова
Загальна кількість годин 45
Кількість кредитів ECTS 1,5
Кількість змістових модулів 2
Курсовий проект (робота) (за наявності) непередбачено
Форма контролю Залік
Показники навчальної дисципліни для денної та заочної форм навчання
денна форма навчання заочна форма навчання
Рік підготовки (курс) 4-й –
Семестр 8-й –
Лекційні заняття 13 год. –
Практичні, семінарські заняття – –
Лабораторні заняття 39 год. –
Самостійна робота 19 год. –
Індивідуальні завдання – –
Кількість тижневих аудиторних
годин для денної форми навчання
2 год. –
2. Мета та завданнянавчальноїдисципліни
Мета навчальної дисципліни - ознайомити слухачів курсу з базовими теоретичними
положеннями, які складають основу сучасних технологій перекладу ділової кореспонденції;
сформувати в студентів основні практичні навички обробки тексту при перекладі з
англійської мови на рідну та з рідної на англійську.
Завдання навчальної дисципліни - розвивати творче мислення при виборі способів
перекладу, а також при виконанні практичних завдань у спеціальних навчальних ситуаціях,
які вимагають професійної компетенції перекладача; сформувати у студентів початкову
теоретичну базу, загальні уявлення про особливості ділового спілкування та особливості
роботи з діловими паперами; сформувати основи вмінь використання знань на практиці під
час ведення ділової бесіди або спілкування по телефону в ділових цілях з урахуванням
конкретних умов; ознайомити з найбільш відомими зразками мовленнєвої поведінки під час
проведення ділових зборів, презентацій та переговорів; ознайомити з особливостями
оформлення найбільш вживаних ділових паперів.
У результаті вивчення дисципліни «Переклад ділового мовлення і кореспонденції» та
засвоєння навчальних модулів студент повинен:
Знати:
– базові поняття та терміни, що стосуються міжмовної ділової комунікації;
– стратегії усної та писемної ділової комунікації та мовні засоби її відтворення;
– основні види ділових паперів та ключові вимоги до їх складання;
– клішовану лексику, що використовується під час ділового листування;
– особливості ведення ділових телефонних розмов, переговорів, нарад та презентацій
англійською та українською мовами;
– особливості використання спеціалізованої термінології для оформлення контрактів;
– термінологію ділового спілкування загального та вузькоспеціального спрямування.
Вміти:
– складати різні вили ділових паперів та здійснювати їх адекватний переклад
англійською та українською мовами;
– використовувати відповідні стратегії ділового спілкування під час проведення
міжнародних нарад, презентацій, переговорів, тощо;
– вільно оперувати загальної та вузькоспеціальною термінологією ділового спілкування
та знаходити її адекватні іншомовні відповідники;
– якісно перекладати тексти діловогомовлення з англійськоїмови на українську та
навпаки.
3. Програма та структура навчальноїдисципліни для
повноготермінуденноїформинавчання.
Назви змістових
модулів і тем
Кількість годин
денна форма Заочна форма
тиж
ні
усь
ого
у тому числі усь
ого
у тому числі
л п лаб інд с.р. л п ла
б
інд с.р
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Змістовий модуль 1. Види та особливості перекладу діловихпаперів.
Тема 1. Англійська мова
як мова світової
комунікації. Світ бізнесу
– ключові терміни і
поняття.
1 3 1 1 1
Тема 2. Ділова
англійська мова
(регістри та майстерність
комунікації).Особливості
оформлення листів-
запитів.
2 3 1 1 1
Тема 3.Особливості
ділової бесіди по
телефону: використання
типових зразків
мовлення у типових
мовленнєвих ситуаціях.
Техніка ведення ділових
переговорів.
3 3 1 1 1
Тема 4. Типові моделі
різних видів ділової
бесіди. Особливості
написання відповідей на
запити. Оформлення
листів-пропозицій.
4 3 1 1 1
Тема 5.Особливості
написання ділової
кореспонденції. Частини
ділового листа та їх
розміщення.
5 3 1 1 1
Тема 6.Порівняльний 6 3 1 1 1
аналіз зразків написання
ділових листів
англійською та
українською мовами.
Абревіатури.
Особливості оформлення
листів-замовлень.
Тема 7.Стратифікація
англійського словника
(загальна англійська
лексика;словник
загальних бізнес-
термінів; спеціалізована
термінологія).
7 3 1 1 1
Разом за змістовим
модулем 1
21 7 7 7
Змістовий модуль 2. Переклад ділового спілкування.
Тема 8.Особливості
контрактів в сучасному
світі. Різновиди
контрактів.
Використання
спеціалізованої
термінології для
оформлення контрактів.
Інвойсування(виставлен
ня рахунку).
8 4 1 1 2
Тема 9. Розкриття
поняття ―ділова зустріч‖,
зразок проведення
ділової зустрічі.
Функції/ролі учасників
ділової зустрічі.
9 4 1 1 2
Тема 10.Мовленнєві
шаблони. Термінологія
ділового спілкування
загального використання
Оформлення платежів за
надані послуги.
10 4 1 1 2
Тема 11. Розкриття
поняття ―презентація‖,
зразок проведення
презентації.
Інформативні
презентації, Мотивуючі
презентації.
11 4 1 1 2
Тема 12.Підготовка до
проведення презентації.
Використання наочності
при проведені
презентації. Особливості
використання
лексичного матеріалу
при проведені
12 4 1 1 2
презентації.
Тема 13.Розкриття
поняття ―переговори‖.
Типи переговорів. Зразки
ведення переговорів.
Етапи проведення
переговорів.
13 4 1 1 2
Разом за змістовим
модулем 2
24 6 6 12
Усього годин 45 13 13 19
4. Теми лабораторних занять.
№
з/п
Назва теми Кількість
годин
1. Англійська мова як мова світової комунікації. Світ бізнесу – ключові терміни
і поняття.
1
2. Ділова англійська мова (регістри та майстерність комунікації). Особливості
оформлення листів-запитів.
1
3. Особливості ділової бесіди по телефону: використання типових зразків
мовлення у типових мовленнєвих ситуаціях.
Техніка ведення ділових переговорів.
1
4. Типові моделі різних видів ділової бесіди. Особливості написання відповідей
на запити. Оформлення листів-пропозицій.
1
5. Особливості написання ділової кореспонденції. Частини ділового листа та їх
розміщення.
1
6. Порівняльний аналіз зразків написання ділових листів англійською та
українською мовами. Абревіатури. Особливості оформлення листів-
замовлень.
1
7. Стратифікація англійського словника (загальна англійська лексика; словник
загальних бізнес-термінів; спеціалізована термінологія). МКР №1.
1
8. Особливості контрактів в сучасному світі. Різновиди контрактів.
Використання спеціалізованої термінології для оформлення контрактів.
Інвойсування(виставлення рахунку).
1
9. Розкриття поняття ―ділова зустріч‖, зразок проведення ділової зустрічі.
Функції/ролі учасників ділової зустрічі.
1
10. Мовленнєві шаблони. Термінологія ділового спілкування загального
використання. Оформлення платежів за надані послуги.
1
11. Розкриття поняття ―презентація‖, зразок проведення презентації.
Інформативні презентації, Мотивуючі презентації.
1
12. Підготовка до проведення презентації. Використання наочності при проведені
презентації. Особливості використання лексичного матеріалу при проведені
презентації.
1
13. Розкриття поняття ―переговори‖. Типи переговорів. Зразки ведення
переговорів. Етапи проведення переговорів. МКР №2.
1
5. Контрольніпитання, комплектитестів для визначеннярівнязасвоєннязнань
студентами
Питання для самоконтролю
1. What are the main peculiar features of business communication?
2. What barriers to effective business communication can you distinguish?
3. How can a notion ―business letter‖ be defined?
4. How should your letters sound?
5. What are stylistic peculiarities of business letters?
6. What are linguistic peculiarities of business letters?
7. What are communicative peculiarities of business letters?
8. How should a business letter be structurally organized?
9. What are the peculiar features of patterns of punctuations used in business letters?
10. What are the peculiar features of business letter styles?
11. What is the message as one of the important element of the business letter?
12. What is the method for writing any letter?
13. How can you organize the information of your letter?
14. What is the form of a complimentary close if the letter starts with the salutation ―Dear Mr
Brown‖?
15. Point out the difference between business letter layout in English and Ukrainian.
16. What are the components of the semantic structure of a business letter?
17. What role do abbreviations play in business letter writing?
18. What are the ways of translating English syntactic constructions used in business letters?
19. What are common and different features used in business letter writing in English and
Ukrainian?
20. What purpose does a resume serve?
21. If you had little or no experience, which resume would probably be better:
a) chronological b) functional
22. What is the communicative aim of business letters within the trade?
23. What is the difference between business and informal telephone talk?
24. How to make a business call to people you do not know?
25. What are the most frequent techniques of negotiations?
Зразки тестових завдань
Task 1.Continue the following definitions A business letter is - ___________________________________________________________
Communication is the process - __________________________________________________
Semi-indented Letter Style is characterized by - _____________________________________
Open Pattern of Punctuation is characterized by -____________________________________
The main features of effective negotiations are -_____________________________________
The structure of the telephone conversation includes - ________________________________
Task 2.Put the following parts of a business letter into the right order
1) Salutation 2) Body Text 3)Letterhead 4)Complimentary Close
5) Inside Name and Address 6)Date 7)Surname and Signature
Task 3.Find the odd variant out
Barriers to effective communication include: 1) behavior; 2) etiquette standards; 3)stereotypes; 4)barriers of perception; 5) barriers of
cooperation.
Linguists distinguish such pattern of punctuation: 1) theopenpatternofpunctuation 2)
theclosedpatternofpunctuation 3) the blocked patternofpunctuation .
Linguists distinguish such business letterstyles: 1)Semi - indented LetterStyle2) Fully -
blockedLetterStyle 3) Fully-indented LetterStyle.
Task 4. Match the words or word combinations with the equivalent:
1) a.a.r1) проти всіх ризиків 2) поточний рахунок 3) сума
2) B/L1) коносамент 2) чек 3)кредитне авізо
3)O/o1) за дорученням2) поштовий грошовий переказ3) документи за готівковий розрахунок
4) offer1) пропозиція 2) запит 3)замовлення
5)accidentinsurance 1) страхування від нещасних випадків
2)протипожежне страхування
3) страхування проти всіх ризиків
6)freeonboard1) франко-борт 2) товар, який перевозиться 3) франко у борта корабля
6. Методинавчання
Навчання здійснюється з використанням комунікативно зорієнтованої методики та
інтегративного підходу, в рамках якого розвиваються всі види мовної та мовленнєвої
компетенції студентів.
7. Форми контролю
Навчальні досягнення студентів контролюються та оцінюються як під час поточної
роботи з навчальним матеріалом, так і в кінці кожного модуля та семестру.
Для контролю засвоєння навчального матеріалу у рамках аудиторної роботи проводиться
усне опитування, перевіряється виконання домашнього завдання студентами, проводяться
поточне тестування у вигляді перекладів, закритих та відкритих тестів.
У кінці кожного модуля проводяться модульні контрольні роботи.
У кінці8 семестру проводиться залік.
8. Розподіл балів, які отримують студенти. Оцінювання студента відбувається згідно
із положенням «Про екзамени та заліки у НУБіПУкраїни» від 20.02.2015 р. протокол № 6 з
табл. 1.
Оцінка
національна
Оцінка
ЄКТС
Визначення оцінки ЄКТС Рейтинг студента,
бали
Відмінно А ВІДМІННО – відмінне виконання лише
з незначною кількістю помилок 90 – 100
Добре
В ДУЖЕ ДОБРЕ – вище середнього рівня
з кількома помилками 82 – 89
С ДОБРЕ – в загальному правильна робота
з певною кількістю грубих помилок 74 – 81
Задовільно
D ЗАДОВІЛЬНО – непогано, але зі
значною кількістю недоліків 64 – 73
E ДОСТАТНЬО – виконання задовольняє
мінімальні критерії 60 – 63
Незадовільно
FX НЕЗАДОВІЛЬНО – потрібно працювати
перед тим, як отримати залік (позитивну
оцінку)
35 – 59
F НЕЗАДОВІЛЬНО – необхідна серйозна
подальша робота 01 – 34
Для визначення рейтингу студента (слухача) із засвоєння дисципліни Rдис (до 100 балів)
одержаний рейтинг з атестації (до 30 балів) додається до рейтингу студента (слухача) з
навчальної роботи Rнр(до 70 балів):Rдис = Rнр + Rат.
9. Методичне забезпечення.
Робоча навчальна програма дисципліни, конспект лекцій з дисципліни, комплекс
контрольних завдань для перевірки залишкових знань з дисципліни, комплекти завдань для
контрольних робіт.
10. Рекомендована література:
Основна:
1. Анодина Н.Н. Деловое письмо: методика составления и правила оформления. М.:
Омега-Л, 2006. – 112 с.
2. Богацкий И.С., Дюканова Н.М. Бизнес-курсанглийскогоязыка. Словарь-справочник. –
К.: «Логос», 1999. – 352 с.
3. Васильева Л. Деловая переписка на английскомязыке. – М.: Айрис-пресс, 2004. – 352
4. Гриценко Т.Б., Гриценко С.П., Іщенко Т.Д., Мельничук Т.Ф., Чуприк Н.В., Анохіна Л.П.
Етика ділового спілкування: Навч. посіб. – К.: Центр учбової літератури, 2007. – 344 с.
5. Дубинка С.А., Пихлак А.И. Деловаякорреспонденция на английскомязыке. - Мн.: Наука
и техника, 1989. – 296 с.
6. Израилевич Е.Е. Деловаякорреспонденция на английскомязыке. – М.: ЮНВЕС, Иностр.
яз., 2001. – 496 с.
7. Кузин Ф.А. Культура деловогообщения: Практическоепособие. – М.: Ось-89, 2000. –
320с.
8. ЛэйхиффДж.М., ПенроузДж.М. Бизнес-коммуникации. – Спб: Питер, 2001. – 688с.
9. Мелех И.Я. Какписать письма на английскомязыке: Справ.-учеб. пособие. М.: Астрель,
2001. – 112 с.
10. Назарова Т.Б. Английскийязыкделовогообщения: Курс лекций и практикум: Учеб.
пособие. – М.: ООО «Изд-воАстрель», ООО «Изд-во АСТ»: ООО «Транзиткнига», 2004. –
272 с.
11. Особливості ділового письма англійською мовою: Практичний посібник
(Businesswritingspecifics: Practicalmanual) /Укладачі Л.В.Федоряченко, О.В.Куровська. – К.:
Товариство «Знання», КОО, 1998. – 114 с.
12. Осовська Г.В. Комунікації в менеджменті: Курс лекцій. – К.: «Кондор». – 2003. – 218 с.
13. Слепович В.С. Деловойанглийский. Businesscommunication. – Мн.: «ТетраСистемс», 2001.
– 256 с.
14. Тимошенко Н.Л. Корпоративна культура: діловий етикет: Навч. посіб. – К.: Знання, 2006.
– 391 с.
15. Хміль Ф.І. Ділове спілкування: Навч. посіб. – К.: «Академвидав», 2004. – 280 с.
16. Чмут Т.К., Чайка Г.Л. Етика ділового спілкування: Навч. посіб. – К.: Вікар, 2002. – 223 с.
17. Ashley A. A Handbook of Commercial Correspondence. - Oxford, Oxford University Press,
1992. – 295 p.
18. Buerkel-Rothfuss, Nancy. Communication. Competencies and Contexts. – New York: Random
House, 1985. – 385 p.
19. BusinessCorrespondence: Навч. Посібник. – Тернопіль: Навчальна книга – Богдан, 2004. –
36 с.
20. Himstreet, William C., Baty, Wayne Murlin. Business Communications. Principles and
Methods. – Boston: PWS-KENT Publishing Co., 1987. – 629p
Допоміжна:
1. Давиденко Л., Гриненко І. Письмові завдання з англійської мови. – Тернопіль:
Підручники і посібники, 2000. – 112 с.
2. Коноваленко М.Ю. Обман в деловомобщении. Методыдиагностики. – Ростов н/Д:
Феникс, 2005. – 224 с.
3. Кнодель Л.В. Англійська мова у практичному спілкуванні: Посібник. – К.: Вид-во
ПАЛИВОДА А.В., 2007. – 164 с.
4. Настольная книга секретаря-референта. Контракты, деловаякорреспонденция,
документация на английском и русскомязыках. – М.: «Узд-во Менеджер», 2000. – 240 с.
5. Письменна О.О. Англійська мова для працевлаштування. – К.: Абрис, 2003. – 80 с.
6. Сайпрес Л. Практика деловогообщения: Путеводитель по миру деловогоанглийского. –
М.: Рольф, 2001. – 336 с.
7. Хміль Ф.І. Ділове спілкування: Навч. посіб. – К.: «Академвидав», 2004. – 280с.
8. Шелкова Т.Г., Мелех И.Я. Как вести беседу по телефону. Практическоепособие по
разговорномуанглийскомуязыку: Учебноепособие. – М.: Высш. шк., 1989. – 96 с.
9. Oleksiyenko L. Structural and communicative organization of business telephone talks // The
Ukrainian Society for the Study of English. – 2000. - # 1. – P. 63-65.
КОНСПЕКТИ ЛЕКЦІЙ З ДИСЦИПЛІНИ
LECTURE 1.DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
1.Formal letters.
2.Informal letters.
3.Notesverbales.
1. In the United Nations official communications may take the form of formal or
informal letters, notes verbales, or memoranda. The following descriptions will suggest the
appropriate form to use in different circumstances.
Formal letters are those employing diplomatic style and phraseology. Normally
such letters are addressed only to heads of State or Government, ministers for foreign affairs and
permanent representatives.
Subjects which require formal letters include, among others, official statements of policy by the
Secretary-General, actions taken or ‗contemplated of the Secretary-General in connection with
decisions or recommendations of organs of the United Nations, acknowledgements of the
credentials or appointments of permanent representatives, and similar information to Governments
and permanent missions on matters involving the duties and responsibilities of the Secretary-
General under the Charter.
The proper salutation for a formal letter is ―Sir‖ or ―Madam‖ followed by a comma. In
addressing a person with ambassadorial rank, the form ―Excellency‖ may be used. The salutation
should begin with the same margin as the text and should be typed six or more lines below the
reference number, depending on the length of the letter. The text should begin with the expression
―I have the honour to ...‖, except in the case of formal letters from undersecretaries or officials of
equivalent rank to permanent representatives. These begin with ―I am directed by the Secretary-
General to ...‖ or ―On behalf of the Secretary-General, I have the honour to ...‖. The expression ―I
have the honour to ...‖ is usually required only in the opening sentence. Succeeding paragraphs
should normally begin without this introductory phrase. Where it is necessary to refer to a
resolution or act of one of the organs of the United Nations or to a previous communication from
the Secretary-General, the appropriate form is ―I have the honour to refer to ...‖ or ―I invite your
attention to ...‖. If a request is made of the addressee, the expression ―I should be grateful‖ is
appropriate. The complimentary close for formal letters is ―Accept, Sir (Madam), the assurance (s)
of my highest consideration‖. It should be indented as a separate paragraph.
Formal letters to ministers for foreign affairs or permanent representatives should, as a rule,
include the name of the addressee in the address. The address should also contain personal titles
such as ―His Excellency‖, ―Her Excellency‖ and ―Ambassador‖, written in full. The full address
should be given on the ‗envelope, but details such as street address and room number maybe
omitted on the letter itself.
The date should be in the form ―2 August 2002‖. The names of the months should not be
abbreviated, and cardinal numbers should be used. The date should appear in the upper right-hand
part of the page on the same horizontal line as the reference number, ending at least fifteen spaces
from the right-hand edge. The left-hand margin should be twenty spaces from the edge of the page
and the right-hand margin about fifteen.
To contribute effectively to the conduct of the business of the United Nations, its
official correspondence must be clear and accurate in content, direct and dignified in
style, correct in form and attractive in appearance. (From “United Nations
Correspondence Manual”)
2. Informal letters are used for the day-to-day correspondence of the Secretariat with persons
outside the Secretariat and for communications addressed to other organizations in the United
Nations system. They are also used for letters from the Secretary-General or from under-secretaries-
general or assistant secretaries-general to permanent representatives or senior members of missions
or delegations, except when the subject makes a formal letter more suitable.
The salutation of an informal letter should begin with the same margin as the text and be
followed by a comma. It should be six or more lines below the reference number, depending on the
length of the letter.
The complimentary closing should be centred above the signature block.
The salutation and corresponding closing may take any of the following forms, as appropriate:
Salutation Corresponding Closing
Dear Sir ( Dear Madam), Yours truly,
Dear Sirs ( Dear Mesdames),
Dear Mr.... (Dear Mrs...), Yours sincerely,
Dear Miss.... (Dear Ms...), ( or Sincerely yours),
Dear Mr. (Madam) Ambassador I remain, dear Mr.(Madam)
Ambassador,
Yours sincerely,
When the name of the addressee is known, it should be used. The forms "Dear Sir" and "Dear
Madam" are appropriate only in impersonal letters. In circular letters the form "Dear Sir or Madam"
may be used.
On informal letters the date should appear in the upper right-hand part of the page on the same
horizontal line as the reference number, ending at least fifteen spaces from the right-hand edge.
The left-hand margin should be twenty spaces from the edge of the page and the right-hand
margin about fifteen. {From "UnitedNations Correspondence Manual")
3.A note verbale (referred to in the text of a communication simply as a "note") is a formal note
written in the third person. This form is always used in replying to an incoming note verbale; an
incoming letter is answered by a letter. Notes verbales may be addressed to a permanent
representative (or an observer) or a permanent mission, a minister for foreign affairs or a ministry of
foreign affairs. Where direct correspondence with any other government officer or office has been
authorized, it must be in letter form. The note verbale is not normally used for communications with
other organizations in the United Nations system, and should never be used for communications
with non-governmental organizations or the public.
Typical uses of notes verbales include the exchange of information between the United Nations
and Governments or permanent missions, the transmission of decisions or recommendations of
United Nations organs, requests for and acknowledgements of information and documents, the
transmission of information regarding the time and place of meetings, acknowledgements of
changes in the membership of permanent missions or delegations and other requests or
acknowledgements to Governments relating to the substantive work of the United Nations.
A note verbale contains no complimentary closing. Its salutation forms part of the opening
sentence of the text and begins with the regular paragraphing. In selecting the form of the salutation,
it is important to note the following instructions:
A note verbale may be written in the name of the Secretary-General or of the Secretariat, but not
in the name of a department or of an official of the Secretariat. When a note verbale is sent in the
name of the Secretary-General, it is addressed to a person, e. g.:
"The Secretary-General of the United Nations presents Ms compliments to the Permanent
Representative of... to the United Nations and has the honour to ...".
When a note verbale is sent in the name of the Secretariat, it is addressed to an office, not a
person, e.g.:
"The Secretariat of the United Nations presents its compliments to the Permanent Mission of ...
to the United Nations and has the honour to ...".
A note verbale in reply to one addressed to the Secretary-General should always be sent in the
name of the Secretary-General. Thus, if a note verbale from a permanent mission is addressed to the
Secretary-General, the reply will be sent in the name of the Secretary-General to the Permanent
Representative.
LECTURE 2.FULL POWERS
1.A full power.
2. The form of the full powers issued nowadays to representatives for such purposes as the
negotiation and signature of a treaty.
A diplomatic agent to whom a particular negotiation is entrusted for the conclusion of a treaty or
convention, or an agent who is deputed to take part in a congress or conference for a similar
purpose, requires as a general rule a special authorization, called a full power, from the head of the
state whom he represents; or, it may be from its government, if the proposed treaty arrangement is
to be between governments.
Full powers to ratify a treaty or to accede to a treaty are now obsolete, presumably because
ratification and accession are the acts of governments themselves.
At a time when most states were governed by more or less absolute monarchs, when weeks and
months were consumed in travelling from one capital to another, and when there was no mode of
communication faster than a horse, a full power invested its recipient with power to bind his
principal, provided that he acted within the limits of its authority. Today a full power means
something quite different; it invests the agent with power to negotiate and to sign a treaty but not
with power to bind his principal, except in those cases where the signing of a treaty alone suffices
for this purpose.
When the representatives of the negotiating states enter upon their task, the first step is the
mutual submission of their full powers for verification. In the case of a multipartite negotiation, the
duty of verification falls upon the "headquarters government" or, in the case of treaties concluded
under the auspices of the United Nations, upon its Secretariat, assisted in each case by a small
committee of plenipotentiaries. It would be useless to enter upon negotiations without this
assurance that the representatives present were duly authorized to speak and sign on behalf of their
states or governments. It is not essential that the full powers should be actually exchanged and
retained by the opposite party. Sometimes certified copies are retained, and sometimes the full
powers issued ad hoc are handed to a "headquarters government", which preserves them in the
archives of the treaty. Practice is not uniform.
The full powers vary greatly in form, according to the particular constitution or the settled
practice of the country which issues them. Differences may also exist according to the degree of
importance ascribed to the treaty, or whether it is to be concluded between heads of state or, on the
other hand, between governments. The essential feature of all such documents is that they should
show by their terms that the representative to whom they are issued is invested with all necessary
authority on the part of the state concerned to take part in the negotiations pending, and to conclude
and sign, subject if necessary to ratification, the treaty instrument which may result from these
negotiations.
LECTURE 3. INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS
1. A role of diplomatic correspondence among other forms of the diplomatic activity of a state.
2. The main forms of written official communications between states.
3. Letters of credence and letters of recall.
One major and, in fact, increasingly important aspect of diplomatic work is the drafting of
diplomatic documents.
There are many different forms of official diplomatic documents. A considerable proportion
consists of documents that are of a purely intradepartmental nature. Another category of diplomatic
documents are those through which official international intercourse goes on in written form. Such
documents express the position of a state on a particular question of international affairs. Some of
them are confidential by virtue of specific circumstances (there are even oral messages or oral
statements whose contents are read out but not officially handed over to the addressees).
A large number of diplomatic documents are never published owing to the insignificance of
their subject matter (for instance, notes requesting visas).But a fairly large proportion of diplomatic
documents, particularly those relating to important international problems, are made public.
Until recently diplomatic practice distinguished the following five forms of written official
communications:
(1) personal notes, (2) verbal notes (notes verbales), (3) aides-memoire, (4) memoranda, and (5)
semi-official letters.
A personal note takes the form of a letter drawn up in the first person on behalf of its signatory.
It begins with a salutation and ends with a complimentary phrase, that is, a standard expression of
polite respect.
A verbal note is considered to be the most commonly used form of diplomatic communication.
It is drawn up in the third person and is not usually signed. It begins and ends with standard
formulas of courtesy.
Some handbooks on diplomatic practice, notably the fundamental book by Ernest Satow, do not
name personal notes as an independent form of diplomatic communication, but simply refer to
"notes". It is, however, stipulated that a note may be either in the first or in the third person. [...].
In diplomatic practice it is now common to distinguish between personal notes and verbal notes,
the former being a note drawn up in the first person and signed, and the latter being drawn up in the
third person and either initialed or left unsigned.
Until fairly recently the choice of the form of a note, signed or unsigned, was regarded as a
definite indication of the state of relations between the countries concerned. Nowadays verbal notes
have become part and parcel of the international intercourse, and no one would now regard a verbal
note sent to an embassy as a display of any ill will.
The aide-memoire.Diplomatic practice knows two types of aides-memoire: (a) handed over
personally and (b) delivered by a courier. The purpose of transmitting an aide-memoire is to
facilitate the further progress of a transaction and to prevent the subject of a personal conversation
or an oral statement from being misinterpreted or misunderstood.
A memorandum may be a separate and independent document or it may be appended to a
personal note or a verbal note. In the latter case the memorandum elaborates and justifies the
subject matter dealt with in the note. The distinguishing feature of a memorandum is a detailed
exposition of the factual or legal aspects of a particular question.
In describing the memorandum, Ernest Satow notes that this form of diplomatic document is
often a detailed statement of facts, and of arguments based thereon, not differing essentially from a
note, except that it does not begin or end with a formula of courtesy, and need not be signed, but it
may be convenient to accompany it with a short covering note. In earlier times these were often
termed deduction or expose de motifs.
Semi-official, or informal, letters are sent to officials, with whom one is acquainted, in cases
involving personal favours (thanks for an invitation, a request for assistance) or relating to
administrative matters.
Most forms of diplomatic documents contain the following components, or elements:
(a) protocol formulas;
(b) purport;
(c) argumentation;
(d) exposition of the fact or facts.
Included under the heading of "protocol formulas" are the proper titling of the person addressed,
an expression of respect for the addressee at the beginning and the complimentary phrase which
concludes the document. Protocol formulas are used in personal messages of heads of government
or state, personal notes, verbal notes, and aides-memoire delivered by a courier (the latter form has
almost completely gone out of use). Other forms of diplomatic documents contain no protocol
formulas.
As the name itself suggests, the purport is the principal part of a diplomatic document. In extent
it may be very short as compared with the other parts. Yet it is the purport that carries the main idea
of the document and is, in fact, a concentrated expression of a state's position on the main issue
under discussion. To point out the purport correctly means to correctly grasp the meaning of a
diplomatic document.
By their content diplomatic documents, whatever their form (notes, declarations, aides-
memoire, etc.), may be classified as follows:
a) documents containing proposals;
b) documents registering a protest;
c) documents warning of possible measures of retaliation;
d) documents establishing a political or international legal
e) position in respect of an act committed by another state or statesor in respect of an
international event;
f) documents announcing measures contemplated or implemented, which are of international
significance;
g) documents recording an agreement or a degree of accord reached.
Naturally, this classification is in some respect conditional, since in practice any diplomatic
document may combine several of the above-mentioned characteristics. Even in that case, however,
one of the meanings seems to be predominant.
It is customary in diplomatic correspondence to observe the rules of tact and politeness, to avoid
harsh expressions wounding to the dignity of the country to which a diplomatic document is
addressed. (From "Modern Diplomacy " by K. Anatoliev)
In view of the importance of the position, official as well as personal, of the head of a
diplomatic mission, custom requires that the government which sends the envoy ascertains before
his appointment that he will be persona grata. The request for agrement or acceptance is presented
either through the head of mission of the receiving state or the charge d'affaires who is temporarily
in charge of the mission, or through the diplomatic mission of the sending state in the receiving
state. As soon as consent is obtained the appointment is made public.
The new head of mission is provided by the government with official letters called letters of
credence or, colloquially, credentials. These letters are placed in an envelope sealed with wax, and
must, in principle, be opened by the head of state at the time of presentation. A true copy (copie d
'usage) is added which is destined to be delivered by the head of mission to the Minister for Foreign
Affairs at the time of his arrival. These letters confer upon the foreign envoy the authority for his
mission and determine bearing of his appointment.
The protocol forms of his official document include one which accredits, personally, the new
head of mission to the head of state and requests faith and credence in the former's statements.
In most states, the presentation of credentials by a diplomatic representative implies recognition
dejureof a provisional government
Political agents sent to de facto recognized foreign governments are simply provided with
credentials addressed from Minister for Foreign Affairs to Minister for Foreign Affairs. In certain
states, however -- the United States and Japan, for instance, — the presentation of credentials
addressed by head of state to head of state does not carry with it recognition de jure of the local
government. The delivery of credentials can, at that time, be accompanied by formal reserves which
specify the character of the relations between both states.
Charges d'affaires with letters (Vienna Convention, art. 14c) receive lettres de cabinet or cabinet
letters addressed by Minister for Foreign Affairs to Minister for Foreign Affairs. These letters are
delivered directly to the Minister for Foreign Affairs on arrival of the charge d'affaireswho, from
that moment, is considered as having officially assumed his functions.
Before the arrival of a head of mission the charge d'affairesm'akes known to the Minister for
Foreign Affairs the date and hour of arrival of the incumbent and ascertains when the Minister will
receive the new head of mission on his first visit. The charge d'affaires should also call on the Dean
of the diplomatic corps and announce the arrival of the new head of mission.
The arrival of a head of mission in the capital where he is to exercise his functions does not call
for any official ceremony. The new agent must be considered incognito until he presents his
credentials to the head of state. It is customary, however, for the local authorities to show him and
those accompanying him certain attentions, such as customs and frontier police facilities and
reception at his place of arrival by an official of the protocol service, etc. Local customs determine
these various attentions.
Delivery of the credentials of the new head of mission should be preceded by the sending of the
letters of recall of the agent whose mission has been brought to an end. These letters are presented
by the head of mission on the occasion of his audience to take leave. They can also be brought by
the new diplomatic representative. This is always the case in the United Kingdom.
As soon as the new head of mission has arrived he is informed by the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of the day and hour when the Foreign Minister will receive him for the delivery of the
copied'usageof the credentials, which will be in his possession, and perhaps of the letters of recall
of his predecessor. The custom of each Ministry of Foreign Affairs is to indicate the form in which
the new head of mission should make his visit and, should the occasion arise, other visits. He has
recourse to the protocol service for all information which he may need for his purpose.
It is the general custom for the new arrival, immediately after his private reception by the
Foreign Minister, to call, unofficially, on the Dean of the diplomatic corps in order to ascertain local
protocol requirements.
The Minister for Foreign Affairs is not required to return the visit of the new head of mission;
this also applies to the Dean of the diplomatic corps.
When a copy of the credentials of a new head of mission has been examined and found correct
in substance as well as in form, the protocol service at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will, in
accordance with local custom, arrange an audience for the new head of mission with the head of
state, for delivery of the credentials.
The reception by the head of state of an ambassador or a minister plenipotentiary constitutes
official recognition of this representative. The protocol service handles the ceremonial, i. e.,
composition and order of the procession which may include an escort, military honours, exchange
of addresses, etc. An account of the ceremony is generally published in an official publication.
All heads of mission are received by the head of state, in the order of their arrival in the capital
(Vienna Convention, art. 13). The ceremonial dress should be the same for all heads of mission of
equal rank (art. 18). From this moment, the head of mission enjoys the diplomatic status with all its
accompanying immunities and prerogatives. He takes rank on the diplomatic list as from the day
and hour he presented his credentials (art. 16). In some countries, however, diplomatic status and
seniority both date from the delivery of the copied'usageas, for instance, in Great Britain. (From
"Diplomatic Ceremonial and Protocol"by J. Wood& J. Serres)
LECTURE 4.TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS. AGREEMENTS
1.The most typical forms of international agreement.
2.Agreements.
In international law and diplomatic practice the term "treaty" is used in two senses. In a generic
sense, it refers to all agreements between states which are of a binding character, and in a restricted
sense it refers to a title given to instruments containing such international agreements. Instruments
setting out agreements between states bear different titles, such as Treaty, Agreement, Convention,
Protocol, Act, Declaration, Statute, Regulations, Provisions, Pact, Covenant, Compromis, Accord,
Arrangements, Modus Vivendi, Exchange of Notes and Concordat. It is, however, not obligatory to
give a title to an international agreement, as agreements can be concluded even by exchange of
letters or notes. Some of the agreements are highly formal in character whilst others are not. The
titles given to international agreements have little significance from the legal point of view, as all
international agreements, by whatever name called, are equally binding in nature. In diplomatic
literature, the terms "treaty", "convention", and "protocol" are all applied more or less
indiscriminately to international agreements. Sometimes the same instrument is designated in
different places in its text by different terms. There is no obvious explanation for this diversity of
terminology.
International law prescribes neither the form nor the procedure for the making of international
engagements, and consequently their form depends upon the will and convenience of the parties. In
practice it is governed also by usage and varies depending on whether agreement is reached
between states, heads of state, governments (increasingly used), or particular ministers or de-
partments.
It is not every international instrument, however formal it may be, that would be regarded as a
treaty. Unless the instrument creates contractual obligations between two or more states, the
essential requirements of a treaty are not fulfilled. The binding nature of treaty obligations is the
oldest and doubtless the most fundamental rule of international law.
Of all international engagements which are intended to have an obligatory character the most
important are "treaties", the term being derived from the French traiter[ L. tractare],which means ―
to negotiate ‖.
The next most solemn type of international engagement is the―convention‖, derived from the
Latin word conventiomeaning ― agreement ―.This term is frequently, though not necessarily,
employed in connection with agreements to which a large number of countries are parties, and
especially to agreements of the law-making type.
The treaty document covers the following parts:
I The preamble containing:
(a) a list of the heads of state in whose names the treaty is concluded;
(b) a list of plenipotentiaries;
(c) usually a statement of the purposes and objectives of the treaty, sometimes accompanied
by a recital of principles and circumstances;
(d) a declaration that the plenipotentiaries have the necessary powers.
2. The text generally containing, in the form of numbered articles, the respective agreements of
the signatories. It also indicates:
(a) the requirements for bringing the treaty into force;
(b) its duration;
(c) the place where the exchange of ratifications will take place.
3. The final clauses, specifying that the plenipotentiaries have signed the treaty and have affixed
their seals thereto, and includinginformation on:
(a) the number of signed copies;
(b) if in more than one language, the languages used, and that each is equally authentic;
(c) the place and date of signature.
According to the importance of a treaty, the preamble can be more or less enlarged. The
statements in the final clauses are, on the contrary, usually identical.
The provisions of a treaty determine the manner in which and the date on which the treaty enters
into force. Where the treaty does not specify a date, there is a presumption that the treaty is intended
to come into force as soon as all the negotiating states have consented to be bound by the treaty.
After a treaty is concluded, the written instruments, which provide formal evidence of consent
to be bound by ratification, accession, and so on, and also reservations and other declarations, are
placed in the custody of a depositary, who may be one or more states, or an international
organization. The depositary has functions of considerable importance relating to matters of form,
including provision of information as to the time at which the treaty enters into force. The United
Nations Secretariat plays a significant role as depositary of multilateral treaties.
As regards treaties, conventions, etc., these, when concluded between two countries, are now
ordinarily signed in two texts, viz., in the respective languages of the two countries, though
exceptions occur. In the case of treaties of a general nature — multilateral treaties — concluded
between many states, the usual practice was to use French, but now French and English. Those
concluded under the auspices of the United Nations normally have texts in its official languages, all
equally authentic.
The authenticity of the text is established by means of the signatures of the plenipotentiaries. It
will depend on the circumstances whether signature alone is sufficient to bring the treaty into force
or whether some further step, such as ratification, is necessary.
Sometimes, however, when an appreciable interval occurs between the conclusion of the
negotiations and the signature of a treaty, the plenipotentiaries append to it their initials ne
varieturasa guarantee of the authenticity of the text. ( From "A Diplomat's Handbook of
International Law and Practice" by B. Sen)
AGREEMENTS
The term «agreement», like the term «treaty» itself, is used in a number of senses. In a generic
sense, it covers any meeting of minds — in this case the minds of two or more international
persons. A distinction must always be drawn between agreements intended to have an obligatory
character (i. e. the assumption of legal rights and duties) and agreements not intended to have such a
character. In a restricted sense, the term «agreement» means an agreement intended to have an
obligatory character but usually of a less formal nature than a treaty. Like treaties, agreements in
this restricted sense may be concluded between Heads of State, between States or between
Governments.
No doubt because of its general and relatively innocuous meaning, «agreement» is the term
invariably used to describe understandings intended to have an obligatory character concluded (a)
between the United Nations and the specialized agencies (including the ―relationship agreements‖
covered by Articles 57 and 63 of the Charter) and (b) between the specialized agencies themselves
(«inter-agency agreements‖).
A term substantially equivalent to «agreement» is «arrangement». The view that an
«agreement» implies an undertaking somewhat more definite than an «arrangement» is not believed
to be correct. Other terms sometimes used instead of «agreement», though believed to be
substantially similar, are:
(a) memorandum of understanding constituting an agreement;
(b) understanding;
(c) agreed joint statement;
(d) memorandum constituting an agreement;
(e) joint declaration constituting an agreement.
Sometimes agreements are concluded between a Government Department in one country and a
Government Department in another. It depends on the circumstances whether such ―inter-
departmental agreements‖ are binding under international law or whether they are merely private
law contracts.
Agreements are frequently concluded by exchange of notes, sometimes referred to as «letters».
In such cases, the representative of one government sends the representative of another government
a note setting forth the arrangements proposed or to be agreed upon. The reply agrees to and
frequently repeats the terms of the first note.
A temporary or working arrangement made in order to bridge over some difficulty pending a
permanent settlement is usually referred to as modus vivendi. This type of a temporary arrangement
is made in a most informal way and does not require ratification. Commercial agreements of a
temporary nature have often been entered into in the form of a modus vivendi by the United States
as well as Great Britain.
Most agreements of a binding nature follow the same compositional design, with some
variation, as treaties and other international compacts. Generally speaking, diplomats divide inter-
national agreements into three parts. First, the preamble, which states the overall purpose of the act.
The second part embodies the substantive commitments undertaken by the parties and comprises
most of the «text». The third part is the «final forms», more or less stereotyped, equivalent to the
precautions that governments have been traditionally called to take to guarantee juridical regularity
of the negotiation and the qualification of the plenipotentiaries, and the specifications of how the
agreement shall be brought into force, how it may be terminated and, sometimes, how it may be
amended. This is what is called the «protocolary» or «formal provisions*. (J. Wood & J. Serres)
LECTURE 5.DECLARATIONS
1. The term «declaration».
2. The usual form of a declaration.
The term "declaration" usually denotes a treaty that declares existing law with or without
modification, or creates new law. It may, however, be pointed out that not all declarations are to be
regarded as treaties, as they do not create contractual obligations between two or more states.
Although sometimes declarations (i.e. legally binding agreements) are important international
agreements in themselves, they are more often appended to a treaty or convention to form a
subsidiary compact, or to place on record some understanding reached or some explanation given.
A mere general statement of policy and principles cannot be regarded as intending to give rise to a
contractual obligation in the strict sense of the word.
Ministers for Foreign Affairs, even heads of government or heads of state, now frequently meet
for a few days, even for a few hours, to discuss policies and problems of common interest to their
countries. These meetings lead to what is sometimes known under the traditional term of
"Declaration" or "Communique".
The results of such conferences are usually, for lack of time, not set out in formal treaties
signed in the traditional manner. Furthermore, the members of the executive authority do not
usually need special power. Very often, the participants confine themselves to the drawing up of a
common statement which is handed out during a press conference. Such documents, which can
have an outstanding importance and political influence and be binding upon the participating
governments, may have none of the classic character of international agreements.
Legal experts are concerned about the obligatory value of these "declarations of intention" or
"statements of policy and principles", the juridical character of which must still be defined.
Normally, because of their designation as "declaration" or "communique", they are assumed to
constitute statements of intention or policy rather than to constitute international commitments, such
as are normally embodied in the customary form of an international agreement.
The title "Declaration" is also frequently given to agreements between governments regarding
some minor matter, and has been used in this way for a considerable number of agreements on such
subjects as modification of a former convention, execution of letters of request, recognition of
tonnage certificates, fishery regulations, etc. These may or may not provide for ratification
LECTURE 6.CONSTITUENT ACTS OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND OTHER
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
1. Charter of the united nations
2.Statute of the international court of justice
3. Constitutions of united nations specialized agencies
It is by means of treaties that international or regional organizations are set up. For example,
the Charter of the United Nations, the Covenant of the League of Nations and the instruments
creating the International Labour Office, the Universal Postal Union, the Specialized Agencies, etc.
can all be regarded as multipartite agreements between states. The international organizations thus
established themselves become capable of entering into treaties and agreements with states and
other international organizations.
The United Nations Charter was drawn up by the representatives of 50 countries at the United
Nations Conference on International Organization, which met at San Francisco from 25 April to 26
June 1945. They deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of the
USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks (USA) in August – October
1944. Subsequently, the draft was also approved by China. The Charter was signed on 26 June
1945. Poland, not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original
51Member States.
The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October1945, when the Charter had
been ratified by China, France, the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States, and by a
majority of other signatories. 24 October has since been celebrated as United Nations Day.
The Charter specifies the fundamental purposes and principles of the United Nations and
defines the functions and powers of the UN main organs: the General Assembly, the Security
Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of
Justice, and the Secretariat.
The UN Charter is a unique document in the history of international relations. It takes account
of the lessons mankind has learnt from the bloodiest war in its history — a war that consumed
millions of human lives. The Charter reflects the desire of all nations of the world to prevent a new
war, their confidence that war can be prevented and that different countries, irrespective of their
social systems, can unite around a common goal — the establishment of a lasting peace on Earth.
The very fact that such a document has been drawn up goes to show that this goal is attainable
provided all countries and peoples sincerely wish to cooperate.
The UN Charter is the first international document ever to have been adopted on such a broad
and collective basis. It is a concentrated expression of the basic principles of contemporary
international law which are of a universal character and binding on all members of the international
community. The obligations of states as stipulated in the UN Charter have priority over all their
other commitments.
In the more than five decades of its existence, the United Nations has often been called upon to
prevent a dangerous situation from escalating into war, to persuade the contending parties to use the
conference table rather than resort to arms, and to help restore peace or at least cease hostilities
when conflicts arise. Despite frustrations and setbacks, the Organization has steadily developed its
capacity as a peace-keeping and peacemaking Organization.
Ukraine regards the UN as an important instrument which can effectively assist the settlement
of current international political problems. Ever since the UN came into being, Ukraine has used
this prestigious Organization in the interests of peace, of averting a war, and aiding the liberation of
colonial and dependent peoples. The admission to the UN of a large group of newly independent
states has substantially strengthened the positions of the peace-loving forces within the
Organization.
CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS
WE, THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS, DETERMINED
to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought
untold sorrow to mankind, and
to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in
the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and
to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties
and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better
standards of life in larger freedom,
AND FOR THESE ENDS to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as
good neighbours, and
To unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and to ensure, by the
acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in
the common interest, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and
social advancement of all peoples,
HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS
TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS
Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of
San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed
to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to
be known as the United Nations.
STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL
COURT OF JUSTICE
One of the main purposes of the United Nations is ―to bring about by peaceful means, and in
conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of
international disputes or situations which might lead to breach of the peace.‖ It was with this aim in
view that the Charter of the United Nations created the International Court of Justice as one of the
main organs of the United Nations (Articles 1 and 7).
The importance of the place occupied by the Court in the United Nations is emphasized by
other provisions of the Charter: the Court is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations
(Article 92); further, the Security Council, when called upon to make recommendations in a dispute,
the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security,
should take into consideration that legal disputes should as a general rule be referred by the parties
to the International Court of Justice (Article 36).
The idea of entrusting the settlement of international disputes to an impartial authority, which
would give a decision on the basis of law, is a very old one. Examples are to be found in ancient
Greece, but the modern development of international arbitration dates from the Jay Treaty of 1794,
between Great Britain and the United States, which provided for the establishment of mixed
commissions for the settlement of a number of disputes existing between the two countries.
A further stage in the development of the judicial settlement of international disputes was
reached with the First Hague Peace Conference of 1907 and is still in existence.
The creation in 1920 of the Permanent Court of International Justice, for which provision had
been made in the Covenant of the League of Nations, marked the greatest advance in the field of the
judicial settlement of international disputes.
In 1945, a new judicial organ, the International Court of Justice, was brought into being by the
Charter of the United Nations. The Statute of the Court is annexed to the Charter, of which it forms
an integral part. Except for a few changes, most of which are purely formal, it is similar to the
Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice. Furthermore, when the new Court met, it
adopted the Rules of Court of its predecessor without any substantial change. On 10 May 1972,
however, certain amendments were adopted, to take effect the following September, and, on 14
April 1978, the Court adopted a completely revised set of Rules, which came into force on 1 July of
that year. The modifications were aimed in particular at simplifying and accelerating proceedings,
to the extent that this depended on the Court, at introducing greater flexibility and at helping parties
to keep down costs.
In accordance with Article 38 of its Statute, the International Court of Justice applies (a)
international conventions and treaties, (b) international custom, (c) the general principles of law
recognized by civilized nations, and (d) judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly
qualified publicists as subsidiary means of the determination of rules of law. Furthermore, the Court
may decide a case ex aequoet bono – that is, according to the principles of equity – if the parties
agree thereto.
CONSTITUTIONS OF UNITED NATIONS. SPECIALIZED AGENCIES
The distinctive character of intergovernmental organizations is found in the convention which
constituted them, which is commonly called the ―constitution‖ (acteconstitutif). This basic
document, drawn up in the course of an international conference by official delegates specially
appointed by the founding states, and signed in accordance with the special rules practiced in such
matters, is submitted to the governments which ratify it according to their internal rules. The
constitution contains all fundamental rules for the working of the organization and of its permanent
administration.
When the United Nations was founded, some of the largest international unions acquired the
status of specialized agencies, which operate in that capacity today.
The concept of a ―specialized agency‖ is most fully defined in Article 57 of the United
Nations Charter, which states:
―1. The various specialized agencies established by intergovernmental agreement and having
wide international responsibilities, as defined in their basic instruments, in economic, social,
cultural, educational, health, and related fields, shall be brought into relationship with the United
Nations in accordance with the provision of Article 63.
2. Such agencies thus brought into relationship with the United Nation are hereinafter referred
to as ―specialized agencies‖.
It may thus be seen that specialized agencies possess four basic legal attributes: 1) the
intergovernmental character of their constituent instruments; 2) wide international responsibilities
within their competence; 3) activities in specialized areas provided for by the Constitution (in
economic, social, cultural and other fields); 4) a relationship with the United Nations.
This last attribute distinguishes these agencies from other international associations of this
type and places them into a separate group of international organizations.
At present there are 16 specialized agencies of the United Nations, each with its own
Constitution: 1) the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO); 2) the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD); 3) the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO);
4) the International Development Association (IDA); 5) the International Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD); 6) the International Finance Corporation (IFC); 7) the International Labour
Organization (ILO); 8) the International Monetary Fund (IMF); 9) the International Maritime
Organization (IMO); 10) the International Telecommunication Union (ITU); 11) the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); 12) the United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO); 13) the Universal Postal Union UPU); 14) the World Health
Organization (WHO); 15) the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO); and 16) the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO).
Reference is often made today to international organizations of the United Nations system.
This includes the United Nations itself, its specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy
(IAEA), and subsidiary organs of the United Nations structured as international organizations,
namely, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the United
Nations development Programme (UNDP), and the United Nations Environment Programme
UNEP).
The organizational structure of specialized agencies is determined by their constituent
instruments. The Constitutions of United Nations specialized agencies as well as their activities are
in strict compliance with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law,
especially those of jus cogens.
The United Nations specialized agencies engage in the following types of activity: 1) drafting
international conventions and regulations on special issues with a view to establishing uniform
norms and rules for regulating relations among states in such specialized areas as communications,
health, culture, meteorology, etc.; 2) coordinating the activities of individual states in these areas; 3)
providing technical assistance to newly independent developing states; 4) exchange of information,
etc.