15 Dec Opener: Why do cells

divide? Agenda

Intro Unit 7

Why do cells divide?

Mitosis slide lab

Mitosis stages

Homework

none

Why do cells divide? Growth

Organisms grow by increasing number of cells

Repair/ Renewal

Cell division occurs to repair damaged tissues

Asexual Reproduction

Some single-celled organisms reproduce by dividing

•Cell before division- DNA replication occurs

•DNA condenses into visible chromosomes

•Chromosomes line up at center of the cell

•Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart

•New nuclei form

Onion Root Tip Cell DivisionFind and draw cells that you think are doing the following steps of cell division.

The chromosomes are not coiled up and are therefore difficult to see

Chromosomes coil up so they can be seen

Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell

Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart

Two nuclei form and the cell splits

16 Dec Opener:

How does an entire organism arise from 1 cell (zygote)?

Agenda

Mitosis cont.

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Homework

Stages of Mitosis1. Interphase

2. Prophase

3. Metaphase

4. Anaphase

5. Telophase

6. Cytokinesis

http://www.slideshare.net/anasonea/mitosis-flip-book

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_bio/bioflix/bioflix.htm?8apmitosis

Slides of cells undergoing mitosis

Practice Mitosis Stages Identification

Practice Mitosis Stages Identification

Meiosis Mitosis# of parent cells?

# of daughter cells?

haploid or diploid daughter cells?

Genetically identical or different daughter cells?

Type of cell produced?

# of cellular divisions?

Purpose/Importance?

Contrast Meiosis and Mitosis

Contrast Meiosis and Mitosis

Meiosis Mitosis# of parent cells? 1 1

# of daughter cells? 4 2

haploid or diploid daughter cells? haploid diploid

Genetically identical or different daughter cells? different identical

Type of cell produced? Gametes (sex cells)

Somatic (body cells)

# of cellular divisions? 2 1

Purpose/Importance? Gamete production in

sexual reproduction

Growth, repair/renewal,

asexual reproduction

17 Dec Opener:

Do you think there are really cells that look like this? Agenda

Differentiation

Cell Survey Lab

Homework

Cell Differentiation Specialization in the structure and

function of a cell

Occurs during development of an organism

Results from the activation and deactivation of certain genes in the cell

Cellular Differentiation

Human Cell Survey Lab Draw a picture of your cells.

What type of cells are you looking at?

Give a justification of your guess by linking the cell’s structure to its function.

Example:

“I think this is a neuron because it has a lot of fibers that can connect to other cells for communication.”

Cell Types Bone

Skin

Retina (eye)

Blood

Muscle

1. Observe the tissue at your station

2. As a group, come to a conclusion as to what tissue you are observing.

3. Create a sketch of what you see in the correct location in your table (detailed and neat).

4. Describe the structure of the tissue in words.

5. Explain the connection between the tissue structure and tissue function.

Tissues

Small Intestines- Absorb nutrients from food Bone- Provide support for the body

Muscle- Relax and contract to allow for movement Skin- Provide protection from the environment

Blood- Move oxygen and nutrients through the body Lung- Absorb oxygen into the body and release carbon dioxide

Microscope Activity

18 Dec Opener

What’s so special about stem cells?

Agenda

Stem Cells

Homework

Meet in computer lab tomorrow

Stem Cells-undifferentiated cells

Totipotent- can give rise to an entire new organism

Pluripotent- can give rise to any type of tissue, but not a new organism

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/scintro/

Epigenetics and Differentiation

In a stem cell, the DNA is arranged loosely, with its genes ready to spring into action.

As signals enter the cell and differentiation begins, genes that will not be needed are shut down, and genes that will be required for a specialized function remain open and active.

Embryonic Stem Cells

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Until recently, once a cell became specialized, it was referred to as "terminally differentiated.”

In 2007, researchers were able to turn a differentiated cell back into a stem cell with the potential to become any type of cell in the body.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem Cells: The Promise vs. The Controversy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VTA1tXXyTc

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/stem-cells-breakthrough.html

Skin Gun: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXO_ApjKPaI

The promise of research with stem cells

http://www.ted.com/talks/susan_solomon_the_promise_of_research_with_stem_cells/citations

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VTA1tXXyTc

19 Dec Stem Cells Lab day

5 Jan Opener

Can you think of an example of how cells communicate in your body?

Agenda

Calendar

Back to business questions

Cell Communication

Cell signaling

Homework

Cell Communication Cells communicate with each other using chemical signals.

In order for a cell to receive a message, it must have the proper receptor. (Think about a radio)

Cells can communicate in a number of ways:

Local-specific ex. Neuron

Local-broadcast ex. Growth factor

Long distance ex. insulin production, fever response

Cell Communication

Steps of Cell Signaling1. Reception

A signal binds to a receptor on the receiving cell

2. Transduction The receptor binding causes a change (sometimes

a series of changes) on the inside of the cell.

3. Response This will result some sort of response by the

receiving cell. Passing on a signal, releasing a protein, begin transcription, etc.

Steps of Cell Signaling

Steps of cell signaling

Steps of cell signaling

Cell signaling reviewApoptosis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KTDz-ZisZ0

Flu

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ

20 Jan Cell communication stations

21 Jan Opener:

What has to happen to a zygote to become a fully formed adult?

Agenda

Embryology

Review cell signaling & Embryology Readings

Homework

Embryology- http

://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXN_sDnd1ng&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgT5rUQ9EmQ&feature=related

Embryonic Development

Embryo FormationA single cell, formed by the fertilization of an

egg by a sperm, divides to form a morula (Latin – “mulberry”) – a solid ball of cells

Pg 157

Pattern Develops by Establishing Difference

Pg 160

Embryo Formation

Solid ball of cells develops into blastula or blastocyst- a fluid filled ball of cells that will develop into the embryo and placenta

Pg 157

The Embryo Takes Shape Gastrulation: (Greek – gastros = “belly”)

primitive gut is formed by infolding of blastula

The Embryo Takes Shape

Inner cell mass forms three distinct layers of cells: ectoderm - “outside skin”, endoderm - “inside skin”, and mesoderm - “middle skin”

Structures Produced by the Three Cell Layers

What steps do we need to know?1.Fertilized Egg- Zygote2.Cell Division (Mitosis) Solid Ball of Cells

(Morula)3.Morula hollow ball of cells (blastula)4.Gastrulation Indentation that forms

digestive tract

How do animals go from a one celled zygote to a mature organism?

What do the cells have to do in order to develop into a mature organism?

How does the development of an organism show emergence?

8 Feb Opener:

What’s happening in this photo? Agenda

Intro Dictyostelium

Dictyostelium lab

Homework

none

http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/fibr/dictyo.htm

Sterile technique

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ay2hhujTuvg&feature=relmfu

Students must wash their hands before and after each lab session.

Lab work areas should be wiped down with 70% ethanol prior to lab work.

Equipment (forceps, etc.) should be dipped in 70% ethanol and flamed.

Petri dishes should be kept closed except for the limited time during which materials are being added.

When adding material to the Petri dishes, only open the dish as much as needed; try to keep the agar as covered as possible.

When working with the Petri dish lid tilted open, work as quickly as possible; keep your face back to avoid breathing on the dish and do not position your hand directly above the dish.

Dictyostelium Lab1. Wash your hands

2. Disinfect lab table

3. Label Petri Dish:

Group name – Period