Organelles do the work of cellseach structure has a job to do

keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive

Model Animal Cell

They’re likemini-organs!

Function________________ center of cell________________ DNA

instructions for building proteins Structure

nuclear ____________ nucleolus

________________ factorychromosomes

________________

Determines __________ of cell.

Nuclear DNA is the hereditary blueprint and is attached to proteins, forming long fibers of chromatin.

During reproduction, chromatin coils up into structures called chromosomeschromosomes.

Enclosing the nucleus is a nuclear membrane which is a double membrane perforated double membrane perforated with pores through which with pores through which materials enter and leave the materials enter and leave the nucleus.nucleus.

The ________________ consists of parts of chromatin DNA combined with RNA and proteins and is where ribosomes are made

Ribosomes on ER

Function__________ factoriesread instructions to build proteins from DNA

Structure some free in __________ some attached to __________

Ribosomes are composed of ________________ RNA RNA (rRNA)(rRNA) and ribosomal proteins (known as a Ribonucleoprotein or RNP)

It translates messenger RNA (mRNA)messenger RNA (mRNA) into a polypeptide chain (e.g., a protein)

Ribosomes consist of 1 1 ________________ subunit subunit and and 1 1 ________________ subunit subunit and both work as one to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis protein synthesis

ribosomesbuild proteins

Functionworks on _____________helps complete the

proteins after ribosome builds them

makes_____________

Structure _____________ ER

ribosomes attached works on proteins

_____________ ER makes membranes

““Rough”Rough” refers to the appearance of ________________ over the surface of the organelle giving it a bumpy or “rough” appearance.

Network of interconnected flattened sacs with two main functions. One is to ________________ and the second is to make make ________________ that are secreted by the cell.

Ribosomes of R.E.R. synthesize the antibody’s polypeptides, which assemble into functional proteins inside the E.R. that are exported from the ER via a tiny sac called a transport vesicletransport vesicle. This takes the protein to where it will carry out its function in the cell.

Continuous with the R.E.R. and is an interconnected network of tubules that ___________ ribosomes ribosomes

Contains ___________ in its membrane. Actively works to synthesize synthesize ___________, including

fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids. Each product is made of a particular kind of cell

(SER in cells of ovaries and testis synthesize the steroid sex hormones.)

SER in liver is more extensive as it is a huge regulatory site for metabolism in the bodily system (regulation of blood sugar in the system and regulation of harmful chemicals from drugs and other substances)

As the amount of drug increases in the system, more SER is created to metabolize it and thus a larger dose is required to achieve a similar effect, such as sedation. Leads to tolerance of drugs and foreign substances.

_______________, _______________, and _______________ cell products which are mainly proteins

Named after Italian physician Camillo Golgi

Is a stack of _______________ ___________ called cisternae formed of membranes that are not interconnected

Size and layers of Golgi apparatus depends on how active the cell is in secreting proteins

Performs several functions in close partnership with the SER by receiving and modifying substances created by the ER

One side of it serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles and is referred to as the __________ face__________ face

Takes _______ materials and modifies them chemically

Other side of Golgi is the shipping center and is referred to as the _________ face _________ face and functions to ‘______________ and _______________________________ and _________________’ molecules molecules into different batches for different destinations

When modification is finished, transport vesicles are created for exporting these chemicals out of the plasma membrane or another organelle, such as a lysosome

Function food

used to make energy & recycle

digest broken organelles

Structure membrane sac of digestive enzymes

Also known as a “_________________________”

Produced by the _______________ and the _________________________

Consist of digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes enclosed in a membranous sac.

Process: R.E.R. puts enzymes and membranes together, Golgi apparatus chemically refines enzymes and releases mature lysosomes.

Demonstrates the main theme of _________________________.

Lysosomal membrane encloses a compartment where digestive enzymes are stored safely isolated form the rest of the cytoplasm (similar to stomach lining and HCl acid content.)

Lysosomes are the cells' garbage disposal system. After the bacterium is enclosed in a vacuole, vesicles containing lysosomal enzymes (sometimes called primary lysosomes) fuse with it. The pH becomes more acidic and this activates the enzymes. The vacuole thus becomes a secondary lysosome and degrades the bacterium.

Lysosomes also degrade worn out organelles such as mitochondria

Lysosomes have several types of digestive functions: 1. Fuse with food vacuoles to release molecules such as amino acids for example and leave the lysosome to be reused by the cell2. Help destroy harmful bacteria (breakdown the bacterial wall inside of white blood cells), serve as recycling centers for damaged organelles (digests parts of organelles and making its molecules available for construction of new organelles), 3. Works in embryonic development to destroy the webbing that joins the fingers of human embryos

If lysosomes lack enzymes to digest particular molecules or organelles, it can lead to very fatal complications (Tay-Sachs disease ravage the nervous system by not being able to digest lipids and they build in excess in the brain and cause major brain damage)

15 weeks

6 weeks

Peroxisomes may resemble a lysosome, however, they are not formed in the Golgi complex.

They bud off from the ER and are self replicating

Peroxisomes in the liver function to rid the rid the body of toxicbody of toxic substances such as fatty acids, hydrogen peroxide, purines

Perosixomes also participates in the synthesis of cholesterol, bile acids, lipids lipids used to make myelinmyelin.

Peroxisomes in plant cells participate is such functions as

symbiotic nitrogen fixationsymbiotic nitrogen fixation

Functionmoving material

around cellstorage

Structuremembrane sacsmall food

particle

vesicle

vacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes

vesicle filled w/ digested nutrients

plant cellplant cell

contractilevacuole contractilevacuole

animal cellsanimal cells

central vacuole central vacuole food vacuole food vacuole

Function in general cell ____________________ Membranous sacs that come in different

shapes and sizes and have a variety of functions. Plants have large vacuoles and may help cell grow by absorbing water. They also may store chemicals or waste products for metabolism-pigments that attract pollinators, as well as poisons that protect against plant-eating animals.

The control of water concentration in a cell is a major function. Paramecium [single celled water dwelling organism] have two contractile vacuoles that take in water and contract frequently to regulate the concentration of water in the cell to prevent the cell from being too dilute and eventually bursting.

lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling

cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out

recognizes signals

cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place

vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage

Making more cells to replace, repair & grow,

the cell must… copy their DNA make extra organelles divide the new DNA & new organelles

between 2 new “daughter” cellsorganelles that do this work…

nucleus centrioles

Functionhelp __________ cell division

only in __________ cells Structure

__________ pair in each cell