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P702 Project

Internet Protocol version 6

- New Opportunities for European PNOs-

- End-User Bandwidth on Demand -

Telebit Communications A/S

info@tbit.dk

March 1998

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Profile -Telebit Communications A/S

• Europe’s only independent router manufacturer• Design and shipment of ATM Switches and MPR Routers• Technological leadership in IPv6 and integration of routing

and switching• Successful bespoke development projects• World-wide customer base• Based in Denmark

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Profile -Telebit Communications A/S

•Tele Denmark (DK)

•DSC Communications (US/DK)

•UNI-C (DK)

•European Commission (EU)

•France Telecom (F)

•EURESCOM (EU)

•Internet For Business (UK)

•Microsoft (US)

•DFN (D)

•Ellemtel (S)

•NIST (US)

•University of Lancaster•CSELT (IT)•FAA (US)•ARINC (US)•AEROTHAI (THAI)•Nav Canada (CAN)•Politecnico di Torino•EENET•LATNET•LITNET•ARNES

Customers and Partners:

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Profile -Telebit Communications A/S

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Profile -Telebit Communications A/S

UNI-C:

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P702 - Why IPv6 ?

IPv4 Problems:

• Lack of class B IPv4 address space => CIDR addressing

• Circa 1,800 active Autonomous Systems

• Inject nearly 43,000 Routable Prefixes

• Inadequate address aggregation

• Ballooning BGP databases, and Router memory exhaustion

• Increased forwarding table look up time

• Ubiquitous but simplistic

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P702 - Why IPv6 ?

• Expanded Routing and Addressing capabilities– Relief of address shortage

– Support of more addressing hierarchy

– Addition of anycast address to give multicast efficiencies

• Header length fixed to 40 bytes – 64 bits + 128 bits source & destination address

– Easier to process in hardware and easier to compress.

• Improved support for Options– Use of Extension Headers and improved coding give more efficient

forwarding

• Multihoming possibilities– Enables users to switch between providers (auto-readdressing)

– Offers increased security and cost optimisation

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P702 - Why IPv6 ?

IPv6 Mandates Auto-Address Configuration:

• IPv4 Configuration Process : 1) IPv4 Address

2) Default Gateway

3) Subnet Mask / Prefix Number

4) Domain Name Server and Domain Name

5) Solutions => Bootstrap (Static) & DHCP (Dynamic / Server based

• IPv6 Configuration Process:1) Neighbour Discovery (stateless configuration)

2) DHCPv6 (statefull configuration)

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P702 - Why IPv6 ?

Security:• IPv4 Security Problems:

1) Denial of service attack (BGP / RIP hijacking)

2) Address spoofing

3) Use of source routing defeats address authentication

• IPv6 Security:1) Mandated at the Kernel level => IPSEC

2) Authentication Header (Default to MD5)

3) Encryption ( Default to DES-CBC)

4) Security Parameter Index (Defines non-default security association)

5) Repudiation features

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P702 - Why IPv6 ?

IPv6 QoS Advantages:• QoS becoming an issue as real time services emerge:

1) Need for lower latency and jitter, but improved tolerance to lost packets

2) Less emphasis on re-transmission of lost data

3) More emphasis on timing relationships (time-stamping)

• 20-bit Flow Label enables identification of traffic flows• Class of Service field to manage conflicts• RSVP used by routers to deal with requests

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P702 - Why IPv6 ?

How will the transition work ?• Simple Internet Transition (SIT) Mechanisms:

– Dual IP Stack in Hosts and Routers

– Dual IPv6 and IPv4 forwarding tables during transition

– Avoidance of ‘Flag-Day’

• Tunnelling ( IPv6 => IPv4 => IPv6):– Configured (encapsulating tunnel configured statically)

– Automatic (encapsulating tunnel configured automatically)

• Address Translation:– Dual IPv4 and IPv6 address not be possible after IPv4 exhaustion

– NAT boxes being developed

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P702 - Why IPv6 ?

Why Users Want IPv6:• Innovators:

– Who: Research networks & labs, standards institutes, Universities, military

– Why: To become IPv6 ready and to explore strategic possibilities

• Early adopters:– Who: Telcos, advanced ISPs, advanced corporates

– Why: To position themselves as leading edge

• Followers:– Who: Telcos, ISPs, corporates

– Why: Customer demand and new service possibilities

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P702 - Why IPv6 ?

Why use IP at all ?• Largest installed base of any protocol • An easy to deploy technology• User pull, rather then vendor push• Based on Software and not hardware =>cheaper• It works

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P702 - Why IPv6 ?

Why IP / ATM Integration ?

• Move away from IP vs ATM arguments:

– Bandwidth in the LAN is/will be plentiful => IP

– When data aggregated from multiple LANs /ISPs => ATM

– They must be integrated.

• Possibility to exchange QoS information between IP and ATM

– IP signalling protocols (RSVP) allow BW specification

– IPv6 allows tagging of flows.

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P702 - Objectives

Motivators and Objectives:• Most general voice/video/data services available with IP• Need for user-initiated multiple service levels with

QoS/CoS• Integration of IP services with all backbone/trunking

technologies• Needed to make optimum use of network resources and

facilitate growth in multimedia services.– Doesn’t ADSL promise 6 Mbps to everyone ?– But how will the backbone network carry traffic ?

• Pay-as-you go OR subscription to service levels to restrict usage

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P702 - How it works

The Concept:

D

Internet

ATM

Policy Flow spec

Cut-through Data

Signal decision

Signal data

Policy

ISDN

D

© EURESCOM

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P702 - How it works

ATM Switch

SerialLine

SerialLine

1xTBC2000/31xTBC1181xTBC1071xTBI104SWIP & SWATM

H1

1xTBC2000/31xTBC101SWIP

H2

H3

1xTBC2000/32xTBC1182xTBI1041xTBB102DSWIP & SWATM

Public switchedISDN network

ATM Line(155 Mbps)

IPv6 Router

DP1

IPv6 Router

DP3

IPv6 Router

DP2

ATM Line(155 Mbps)

Marlin 3030 Marlin 3030

1xTBC2000/31xTBC1181xTBC1071xTBI104SWIP & SWATM

Ethernet

Ethernet

Ethernet Ethernet

Ethernet

DP: Decision PointH : Host (PC or Sun SPARC)

ISDN2IPv4 Router

ISDN1IPv4 Router

The Demonstrator:

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P702 - How it works

1) Customer selects video from menu, and clicks on PLAY

2) Client in host signals to the server to start video

Video Select Service Select

Video 1 Default

Video 2 Bronze

Video 3 Gold

Video 4 Platinum

PLAY

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P702 - How it works

3) Video server starts and assigns random flow label. This is combined with the destination address => unique Flow ID

4) Client initiates RSVP sequence specifying required BW

5) Server sends RSVP PATH_MESSAGE, signalling the BW requirement to the first Decision Point (DP1).

6) PATH_MESSAGE routed using QoS Routing Table mapping BW to port no.

7) Path through network installed.

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P702 - How it works

QoS Routing table:

Source Prefix Dest Prefix BW Interface Next Hop

Max Min

xxxxxxx xxxxxx 64K 8K Internet ::

xxxxxxx xxxxxx 2M 64K ISDN ::

xxxxxxx xxxxxx 8M 2M ATM ::

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P702 - How it works

8) Client then sends reservation message back through network following the initial RSVP PATH_MESSAGE

9) Remote Decision Point then sets up connection and installs reservation

10) All subsequent packets with identical Flow ID are identified and forwarded using the Reservation Table

- Note: Service provision under the control of policy and subscription information held by a PNO controlled NMC.

- Full accounting facilities available

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P702 - How it works

Envisaged Use:• Flat-rate subscription (as per today)• Options for spontaneous purchase (entry of payment

details)• Option to upgrade quality on the fly (if for instance

ambient traffic volumes increase)– Tear down messages, and new reservation established

• Facilitates grown in PUSH / PULL services

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P702 - Other Technologies

CISCOs tag switching /IPSILONS IP flows:• Work at an IP level with few ATM / FR / ISDN possibilities

• Signalling not extended to the user, so no bandwidth on demand facility

• Focus on priority access to finite resource - overbooking problems not resolved

• Do not consider ITU / ATM forum standards, thus ill suited to broader telco environments

• Until MPLS is ratified by the IETF, they are proprietary solutions

• Little opportunity for system administrator to control user access

• Rely on point-point soft-state connections throughout a network, and distribution of QoS information - scalability ?

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P702 - Conclusion

• Could revolutionise relationship between PNO & End-User• Facilitates new and differentiated services:

– High bandwidth on demand with existing infrastructures

– Real time services (Voice over IP / Video)

– Multicast Services

– Data transfer

• Could easily be deployed• Standards based implementation:

– Non-proprietary solution

• Software developed by group available for experimentation