© student handouts, inc.. what was the industrial revolution? the industrial revolution was a...
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© Student Handouts, Inc.
What was the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution was a
fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labor to machines
The more efficient means of production and subsequent higher levels of production triggered far-reaching changes to industrialized societies
The Industrial Revolution Machines were invented which
replaced human labor New energy sources were developed
to power the new machinery – water, steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)Some historians place advances in atomic,
solar, and wind energy at the later stages of the Industrial Revolution
Increased use of metals and mineralsAluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.
The Industrial Revolution Transportation improved
Ships○ Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships○ Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered
boilersTrainsAutomobiles
Communication improvedTelegraphTelephoneRadio
Why the Industrial Revolution Started in England
Steam Engines
By 1800, steam engines were replacing water wheels as sources of power for factories
Factories relocated near raw materials, workers, and ports
Cities grew around the factories built near central England’s coal and iron minesManchester, Liverpool
Transportation
Before the Industrial Revolution•Canal barges pulled by mules•Ships powered by sails•Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages
After the Industrial Revolution•Trains•Steamships•Trolleys•Automobiles
Agriculture and Industry The Industrial Revolution brought
machinery to farms The use of farm machinery meant that
fewer farm workers were needed Displaced farm workers moved to the
cities to find work in factoriesThis is called rural-to-urban migration
Growing populations in urban cities required farmers to grow more cropsFood to eatRaw materials (like cotton) for textile factories
Problems of the Factory System Factories were crowded, dark, and
dirty Workers toiled from dawn to dusk Young children worked with
dangerous machinery Employment of women and children
put men out of workWomen and children were paid less for
the same work Technological unemployment –
workers lost their jobs as their labor was replaced by machines
Rise of Labor Unions Before labor unions, workers bargained
individually – “individual bargaining”Before factories, a worker could bargain for
better wages and working conditions by arguing his or her particular skills
But in factories, work is routine and one worker can easily replace another
With labor unions, workers bargained together as a group, or collective – “collective bargaining”Organized groups of workers elected leaders to
bargain on their behalfUsed tools (such as strikes) to gain rights
Legal Protections for Workers Limited hours for women
Later – equal pay for equal work Eventual end to child labor
Schools and requirements for school attendance grew as children were removed from the workforce
Health and safety codes Minimum wage Legalization of unions
Tokugawa Isolation European traders first arrived in Japan in the 1500’s. In 1600’s Tokugawa shoguns had gained control of Japan. They brought stability but also banned almost all contact with the
outside world. They also limited trade.
Treaty of KanagawaShogun of Japan opens Japan’s ports to American ships, had powerful
impact, some Japanese felt Shogun had shown weakness, some felt Japan needed to modernize, caused a rebellion that overthrew the Shogun and restored the emperor
Meiji Restoration In 1867 daimyo and samurai led a rebellion to remove Tokugawa Shogun from
power Meiji means enlightened rule and in 1868 the Meiji Emperor was established as
the ruler of Japan In this time they ended feudalism and began to modernize by selectively
borrowing from the west in Japan.
Borrowing from the West
The Meiji reformers were determined to strengthen Japan against the West. Members of the government traveled abroad to learn about western government ,
economics, and customs Foreign experts from the U.S., Great Britain and Germany were invited to Japan. The Japanese took western manufacturing and modernized the country by
building factories, railroads and roads. Using western ideals allowed Japan to modernize in about 40 years. Japan now went from and imperialized nation to an imperialistic nation.
Japanese Military Power Japan began to create a modern military with help from the United States and
Great Britain. The United States taught them tactics the they would use on the United States when the bombed Pearl Harbor
By 1890 Japan had modernized its army and navy. No longer were the samurai the only warriors. Because of the all men had to enter into the military.
When Japan fought Korea in 1894 they won easily. Soon the Japanese beat Russia in Manchuria. This marked the first time that an
Asian power had defeated a European power and made Japan a world power
Sino-Japanese War In 1876, Japan had grown in their military, political and economical strength. Japan later wanted to invade Korea, as did China. China and Japan signed a “Hands off” agreement, to keep Korea off limits to
each other. In June of 1894, China broke the agreement. This turned into the Sino-Japanese war. Japan won.
Russo- Japanese War Russo-Japanese War (1904-05). The war began on Feb. 8, 1904
The Russo-Japanese War was a military conflict in which a Japan fought Russia
The Reason for the war was to abandon Japans expansionist policy in the Far East.
The Russo-Japanese War developed out of the rivalry between Russia and
Japan for dominance in Korea and Manchuria. Japan easily won making them a world power