united states marine barracks - washington, d.c
TRANSCRIPT
' F o r ~ 1 0· 300 UNITED STATE S DEP ARTMEN T OF TH E INTE R IOR STAT E :
(J uly 1'169 ) NAT IONA L PA RK SERVICE
COUNTY ' N ATIO t--!A L REGIST ER OF HISTORIC PLAC ES
INVENTORY- NOMINATION FORM FOR NPS US E ONL Y
ENTRY NUM B E R DATE (Type a ll entries - complete applicable sections )
p. NAME . _·>>·, .·
CO"-' "'ON : ,, .' ' United S tates Marine Barracks
' · AND 1 0R HISTORiC: '
Harine Barracks, Hashington, D. c. !2. LOCATION ··: ,_. . . , · .. ·_ .. ··.".. .·'· :i·· .· ·.· .·· ·., ... ,:·-.· ·
·srREET ANC NUMBER:
Eighth and I Streets, S.E . CITY 08 TOWN:
Hashing ton (Cong ressman Halter E. Fauntroy, District of Colurnbia_l STATE I CO DE 'COUNTY ~ I CODE
District of Col umbia I 11 I' Dis trict of Columbia I oo1 ·-----13- CLASSIFICATION . ' .,._·.::,: >•c' •·:· :' .: . ::.,. • .·, o-• ~_L . ·, .. .·:· .,,.
CATEGORY STATU S
ACCESSIBLE OWNERS HI P
TO THE PUBLIC (Check One)
0 District 0 Bui I ding [XJ Publ ic Public A cquisition: i}g Occupied Yes :
X Site 0 Structure 0 Private O In Process 0 Unaccu p i ed ~ Restricted
0 Obj ec t O Both 0 Being Considered 0 Pre servation work 0 Unrestricted
;
in progress 0 No
P R ES E NT U SE (Chc:c~ One o r .\lo re as Appropr iate)
.. I] Agric ult ural CJ Gov e rn ment 0 Park 0 Transportation 0 Comments
0 Commerc i al 0 Industrial Qg Pri~ote Residence 0 Other (Specify)
C Educatior.ol ~-Military 0 Relig ious
0 Enter tcinment c:J Museum 0 . Sc ien tific
l4. OWNER OF PROPERTY . . . . -.":.: ·.\•:':'• -::,:·,::'_.: > . ·,_ :· . ; .:·< '_;: :· ._...0: .•· _i/:-(, .:::.;:'" .. : .. '" Q ,",NE R 'S NA~.-tE:
"' -! > United States of America -! f'1 STREE T AND NUMBER: ..
CITY OR TO'r'iN : STATE: CODE
Is. rCA,TlONO_F_L ,EG·A-LO"§scRIPTION •.•.· :.'' )/o·._ ... •.·.-~--:· ...•. •·•_,_ . .-,,. COURTHOUSE . . REGI .STRY OF OE £0 5 . ETC. n .. 0 !Recorder of Deed s c
z I ST RE ET ANO NU"-1 EJ£ R : -! <
IJ.>_tb and D StreP~s N ~·T j"' O R '0WA STATE CODE
Washington District of Columbia 11 '
16- REPRESEN TATI ON IN EXISTING SU R VEYS :. ...... ·•: - ·-'TIT LE o F suRvE v'Proposed Dist rict of Columb i a Additions to the Na t ional Reois- in
z -! t er of His toric Propert_~es rec omme ndeQ__hy_ t he_ J..cint____Comrni tt ee an Lan dma rks 1 ll 'T1
!D kTE OF SU RVEY•Narch 7 1968 ex Fed e ral lJ State 0 County 0 Local I - -< 0
z ;v jD E ~O S ! TQ R Y F OR SU R V E Y R E C OR D S: c z
~ "0 i Nation<:l__g~ ital Planning Commi s sion CIJ "' r.: c
ll "' l S T RE E T AN D ~-4 U ~ . t 9 £ P. : m
11325 G S tr.e.e.r, N. \.f. 0 z STATEo I CO DE r
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17. DE~CR I PTION (C h ec k On e )
[XJ Excell~nt 0 Good 0 Foir 0 Deteri o rate d O Ruins 0 Unexpo sed CO NDI T ION
r
(Check O ne)
0 Moved [X) Originol Site
( Check One)
~ Altered 0 Unaltered
DESCRIBE THE PRESENT AND ORIG INA L (if known ) PH YS ICAL APPEARANCE
The United States Harine Barracks post in Southeast Hashington occupies the rectangular site (248' wide x 629' long) of Square 927 which is bounded by G Street on the north, I Str.ee·t on the south, Eighth Street on the ~v-est and Ninth Street on the east. 'rts buildings--a range of barracks, ·a band hall, officers' quarters, and the Commandant's House--form a quadrangle and enclose a rectangular parade ground approximately 160t wide and 385' long. With the exception of the Commandant's House, all of the buildings at the Marine Barracks face onto the parade ground.
The original post consisted of the Commandant~s House on the north and a range of barracks on the west, Eighth Street side of the parade ground. Designed by George Hadfield, the barracks \vere finished in 1802. Hadfield's plans called for a t>vo-story pedimented "Center House" in the middle of a one-story range of barracks built behind an ; arcade. The "Center House," which v1as destroyed by fire in 1829, Has replaced by another building. The new structure was basically a standard three-bay tmvnhouse of the period, with shuttered windmvs on the first i-.;vo stories and dormer windmvs projecting from a gabled roof.
During the nineteenth century as the number of men attached to the barracks increased, additional facilities were provided. No photographs or plans have been found ~vhich would give an idea of ·the .architectural character of these buildings or locate them precisely. From correspondence and other sources, it is known that a burial ground existed along the south side of the parade ground from 1816 to at least 1836. In 1834 a hospital was built somewhere around the southwest side of the post, and a shooting gallery and band buiiding were erected between 1850 and 1900. The Boschke :Hap of 1857 and the Enthoffer Map of 1872 shmv the outline of buildings at the Marine Barracks but do not identify their function.
As far back as 1866 Commandant Jacob Zeilin complained in his annual report of the inadequacy of the facilities: "But in addition to these original defects (bad ventilation, rotting wood, etc.) in the design of the buildings, they have become, from long and constant use, in such a dilapidated condition as no longer to be habitable without more extensive repairs." These complaints went unheeded until 1902 >men a sanitary commission recommended that the buildings be replaced. The barracks, the "Center Hous e 11 and all of the mid-ninetee·nth century structures were subsequently demolished. Only the Commandant's House still stands from the original post.
Hornblmv-er and Marshall, who had already carried out several military commissions and were at the height of their careers, were.selected as the architects for the new Marine Barracks. In redesigning the Marine Barracks in 1902, Hornblm-Ter and Harshall located the barrack building on the east and the band hall on the south. They probably designed the o ff icers' quarters · on the west, although no evidence has been found to corroborate the attribution.
Because they were redesi gning almost the entire post, the architects had the opp ortunity to g ive the }1arine Barracks a unity rarely found in military installations. All of the Hornblmver and Marshall building s on the present post a re built of very similar glazed brick. In spite of individual differences, both the band hall and the barracks h a d an arca ded logg ia on the ground floor "'hich runs the entire leng th of the south and east side of the
parad e ground. Both of the se buildings also have a uniform limestone strino 0
course running the leng th of the facade at the leveL o f. the. sec ond f l oor win- ·· d~~ sills. Cornice and ~oof heigh ts throughout the post are very similar. j ~------------------~C.9nt~-e~-9~r~m~1~<~)~-~3~0~0~a~)-------------------------------4.
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f\l- Sl GN! Fl CANCE
P E R IOD ( C hock One or l'Ytore tts Appro pri a t e)
0 Pre-Columbian : 0 16 th Century
0 15th Century 0 17th Century
0 18 th Cen t ury
Q 19t h Cen tury
sP E CtFoc DATEist (If Applicable end K n own) 1801: Year Established AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE (Check One or 1\/ore 88 Appropriate)
--Aborig inal 0 Educat ion 0 Pol itic al .
0 Prehistoric 0 Eng.~n_.eering 0 Relig ion/ Phi.
0 Histor!c 0 Industry losaphy
0 Agriculture 0 lnventi on 0 Science
00 A rc h i tecture 0 Lan dsc ape 0 Sculpture
0 Art Architecture 0 Socia 1/ Humon-
0 Commerce 0 L iterature itorion
0 Communications rn Military 0 Theater
0 Conservation !&] Music 0 T ronsportotion
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE
[KJ 20th C e ntury
0 Urban Planning
0 Other (Specify)
The Joint Committee on Landmarks has designated the entire Marine Bar-racks site a Category II Landmark of i~portance which contributes signific antly to the cultural heritage and visual beauty of the District of Columbia. Individual buildings at the Barracks which have also been designated Categ ory. II Landmarks are the Commandant's House and the barracks buildings themselves. Established in 1801 on a site selected by Thomas Jefferson, the Marine Barracks is the oldest Marine Corps Post in the nation. It has been the home of the Marine Band since 1801 and the residence of the Commandant since 1805. Many historical figures are ass ocia ted with the Barracks including Commodore Joshua Barney, Rear Admiral Raphael Se~mes, General Ar chiba ld Henderson, and John Philip Sousa. The Commandant 's House is a noteworthy example of Federal -s tyle architecture . Entirely confined within a single city block surrounded by the r esidential community of Capitol Hill, this small quadrangle retains much of the quality of an early 19th century military post.
The Continental Marine s were e stablished by Congress on November 10, 1775. They were active at sea, including amphibious raids and shipboard service under John Paul Jones and others, and with Hashington ' s army, notably at Princeton. Deactivated after the Revolutionary Har, the Corps \v:as dormant until 1798 w·hen it \vas recreated w·ith \Hlliam Ward Burrow·s as Commandant. The Harines \ve re based in Philadelphia until the removal of the seat of government to Hashington. By July of 1800 the first detachment of Harines had pitched c amp in the ne\v Capital in the area where the old Naval Observatory nmv stands. Burrmvs urged the Secretary of the Navy to secure appropriations from the Congress for a permanent Harine Barracks, and by Narch of 1801 the sum of $20,000 \.;as approved.
In a letter dated Narch 31, 1801, to Captain Frankl in Wharton of Philadelphia, BurroHs noted: " •• • I have been out all this morning engaged in riding \vith the President (Thoma s Je fferson ) looking for a proper place to fix the ~larine Barracks on. It is not yet absolutely determine~ but I have no doubt it will be f i xed near the Navy Yard •••• 11 The site chosen, square 927, was only t h r ee blocks from the Navy Yard Hithin easy mar ching distance of the Capitol and Hhite House, thereby facilitating the Harines ' function of providing special security protection to federal buildings. Half of the lots on this square \vere mvned by William Prout, one of the original pro prietors of Washing ton. Prout agreed to exchange these lots for others else'"here in the ci ty , and the commissioners \vere then able to sell t he
entire square to the United States for $6 ,24 7 on June 9, 1801.
(Con tinued on Form 10- 300a)
(
(_
Form 10- 300a ,<July 19~9)
Page No. 1 (Numb<tr all entries)
UNITED STATES DEP ARTMEN T OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
NATIONAL REGISTER O F HISTORIC PLACES
INVENTORY • NOMINATION FORM
(Continuation Sheet)
7. Description - Marine Barrack~
S T ATE
COU NTY
FOR NPS USE ON.:.LrY ____ -4
1 ENTRY NUMBER I DA TE
I
The band hall tvhich extends across almost the entire south sid.e of the post is a simple 2-1/2 story brick buil_ding (approximately 200' long and 60' deep) tvith the ground story recessed behind an arcaded loggia. The twenty-doublehung windm.,rs of the second story are joined at the .sill level by a limestone string course running the length of the facade. A hipped roof pierced by eight small dormer windmvs covers the hall.
The barracks building, which extends along almost the entire east side of the quadrangle (approximately 490' long and 40' deep), \vith its arcaded loggia, string course and hipped roof, is basically ~dentical in design to the band hall. Its greater expanse is interrupted at three points, hmvever, by pavilions which project slightly beyond the principal facade and rise above the roof of the rest of the barracks. The central pavilion, which is the largest- of the three, is fortress-like in character. This 3-1/2 story brick tower reminiscent of a Moorish citadel has round-headed double-hung windo\vS on the second story, and double-hung \vindows with flat limestone lintels on the third story. The small attic story windmvs are set in openings betwe~n the machicolated brick cornice \vhich supports a crenellated limestone parapet. The two side pavilions, which nearly bis~ct the range of barracks flanking either side of the central pavilion, have similar machicolated brick cornices but carry overhanging pyramidal roofs.
Along Eighth Street bebveen G and I are five houses of almost identical design. These also Here probably designed by Hornblower and Marshall. Though not typical of the sort of residential architecture they produced for private clients, the severity of these designs is iri keeping with the military character of the rest of the post. Three houses are quarters for senior general officers; one is the quarters of the commanding officer, Marine Barracks; and the last is the Center House Mess and bachelor officers' quarters. Each is built on a square plan and each has almost the same dimensions. Access to the structures is from the parade ground side. Each ground story is taken up by an entrance porch. The second story is three bays \vide with plain sash ·windows and limeston~ lintels. Four of the houses have pyramidal roofs pierced by two dormer windm.,rs on the front and back, while the house closest to the Commandant's has a hipped roof tvith three dormers on either side.
At the north end of the quadrangle, the Commandant's House, \vith its contiguous bm.,r rooms dramatically reflected in the striking appearance of the rear facade, is a remarkable piece of early Federal design. It \vas enlarged and altered several times during the nineteenth century, but the original symmetrical conception remains the nucleus of these additions. The house is a 2-1/2 story brick structure \vith a mansard roof. Its front facade has an arched entrance\vay and double-hung sash \vindmvs on both the first and the second story. Elaborate dormer \vindmvs project from the mansard roof. The rear facade, overlooking the parade grounds, is largely taken up by a porch which obscures the outlines of the building on the ground story, but brings the house closer to the parade grounds by projecting southward 12 feet. The private garden at the rear and sides of the Commandant's House is separated from the parade grounds ~y an iron fence and a privet hedge. Rhododendrons and azaleas arranged in !beds around magnolia, hmvthorne and maple trees border on, a large l awn. A
GPO 921-724
(
(
Fori" 10-300o {Jul y 1969 )
UNITED STAT ES DEPA RTMEN T OF THE INTE RIOR NATIONAL PAR K SER VICE
S TA TE
C OUNT Y N A TIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
INVENTORY - NOMIN ATION FORM FOR NPS USE ONLY 1
I ·EN TRY NUM BER DATE
Page 2 (Continua tion She et) T (Numb e r all entrleo)
7. Description - Narine Barracks .·cant • . .'
small patio at the north~vestern eQge of the square is concealed from the street by a high \vall at the corner of Ei-ghth and G Streets.
The parade ground, \vhich occupies the entire center of the site and is the scene of the Evening Parades, is a large expanse of lmm landscaped along its eastern and \ves tern sides by numerous maple and oak trees planted in a rmv. It has a cement-paved troop walk running parallel to the barrack building along its east side and an officers' \valk running parallel to the officers' quarters along the \vest side. A center \valk bisects the parade ground and connects the officers' \valk 1vith the troop. walk. At the northern end of the parade ground, a narrm-1er wal~vay joins the two principal 1valks at their termini. At the south end of the parade ground is a small parking area. The principal entrance to the Harine Barracks is a gate on Eighth Street between the band hall and the southernmost of the officers' houses.
8. Significance - Marine Barracks
Even before this sale, an ad appeared in the "Intelligencer" of April 3, 1801, offering a premium of $100 f or a "plan of a barracks for the Harines sufficient to hold 500 men \vith their officers and a house for the commandant. George Hadfield's design \vas selected, and on May 20, 1801, he \vas paid $100 "for plan of Harine Barracks." The Commandant's House may h ave been built form his design as \vell, but only plans for the Center House of the Barracks survive. Hadfield, ,.,ho had come to America from England, \vas a product of the Royal Academy and was much respected by American architectural circles. He took over supervising the building of the Capitol after Hallett died in 1796, and Thomas Jefferson recommended him for several important commissions in the early 1800's.
The establishment of the Harines in Washington \vas closely related to the establishment of the Marine Band. As early as August of 1800 they \vere giving regular concerts. Hrs. Hilliam Thornton writes in her diary of August 29 of that year that she and her mother had driven through 94 degree temperature weather just to hear the band which \vas on the "Hill ••• intended for an University." In a ne•vspaper article outlining the purchase of square 927 for a Marine Barracks the "Intelligencer" corrnnen t s :
''It is intended to keep the Marines here permanently to be us ed as an escort for the President on public occasions and to furnish music by their fine band for the amus emen t of the public."
For many years this was the only military band in \.Jashington, and after President John Adams requested them to play a t Hhite House functions it acquired th e reputation of being the "Pres ident' s ~m" and \vas used f or state occasions by each succeeding President. The earliest recorded notice of a room at the barracks specifically reserved f or the band is in an 1838 account of the rooms at the Hari.ne Barracks, but the band members were Harines first and musicians second, and so th ey were associated with the Barr acks f rom its earliest days.
GPO 9 2 1-724
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Form 10-300o Uuly 1949)
Page 3 (Number ell entrle8)
UNITED STATES D EPARTMEN T OF THE INTERIOR NATI ONAL PA RK SERVICE
NATION AL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
IN VENTORY - NOMINATION FORM
(Continuation Sheet)
8. Significance - Marine BarrackS (cant~)
S TA TE
COU NTY
FOR NP S USE ONL=r-Y-----1, . ENTRY NU MB E R I OA TE
I
By 1880, Hhen the Band acquired its most famous conductor, John Philip Sousa, they Here ensconced in their own hall at the barracks. During the t ·welve years that Sousa conducted the band, he composed some of his most famous marches and brought the band to international attention. "Semper Fidel is" ·,..:ras written specifically for the United States Marine Band.
The Commandant's House too has a long series of historical associations. It is one of the few public buildings not burned \vhen the British occupied the capital in 1814, and it is especially interesting as the only building still re-[maining of the original Marine Barracks. i
Since the 1930's the barracks has been the scene of a Washington institution, the Sunnner evening "Sunset Parades'' where a military tattoo complete with silent drill team, drum and bugle corps, and ceremonial marching is presented.
The present day Narine Barracks, the oldest Post in the Corps, is still the home of the Connnandant and is entrusted -.;..:rith the Corps Battle colors. Its relatively small contingent of men are selected to perform various ceremonial duties centered around several national mounments and the White House itself •
•
I G PO 921-724
9. MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REF ERENCES
I -Proctor , J ohn Cl age t t. "Marine Plant Shared in City Is Ri se , " . Sunday Star
November 18, 1934. Hashing tonian a Col l ec tion , D.C . Central Library . ' · (
. Schuon , KarL Home of the Commandant ' s. Wash ington, D. C. Dick son Company,
1966. . -:
W.P.A. Washing ton City and Capital . Federa l Writers Pr oj ect, 1'937.
-I 10 . GEOGR AP HICA L DAT A . ~~ ·. : ···:.·. .. ;:.;·==·.:: ::\::':::.:
i --L A TIT U DE A.NO LONGITUDE C OORDINATES LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE COORDINATES
DEFINI N G A RE C TANGLE L OCATING THE PROPER T Y 0 DEFINING THE CENTER POIN T OF A PROPER T Y
R OF LESS THAN TEN ACRES
CORNER LAT I TUDE LONGI T UDE LATITUDEO L ONGITUDE
D e gree s Minutes S e conds Degrees Minute s Seco nds Degrees Mi nutes Seconds Degrees Mi nu tes Seconds NW 0 . ~ 0 . " 0 . . 0 . "
0 . ~ 0 . " 38 52 49 76 59 41 NE
S E 0 ~ 0 . S\V 0 . 0 . .
.:..?P R OX I MATE A C REAGE OF NOMINATED PROPERTY: 1 ~_Q_,]JlJLs.q~ft.,___ar 3 .5± acres .LIST ALL STA T ES AND COUN T IES FOR PROPERTIES OVERLAPPING STATE OR CO.UNTY BOUNDARIES
STATE: CODE COUNTY C ODE
STATE: C ODE COUNTY : CODE
STATE: CO DE CO UN TY: CODE
STATE : CODE COUNT Y: CODE '- I I fli. ••
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Alfred Branam~ Archi t e c tural His t orian O R -..:. t..NI Z.ATION I DATE
1National Capital Planning Commi ssion 24 Augus t 1972 STRE E T _,. t,.D NUM9£R:
1325 G St r eet , N.R. CJT'i CR TO'i .: N : STATE C ODE
~shing_t_Qn_ Di s t ric t of Columbia 11 i 12. STATE LIAI.:'-ON OFFICER C ERTIFICA l iON NATIONAL REGISTER VERIFICATION
As t he designa t ed State Lia is o n Office r fo r th e Na-.
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89-f>6 :>l, I hereby n o minate this prope rt y for inclusion Na ti ona l Register. . . in the :S ational R"~i,; ter and ce rtify that it has b ee n
evalua ted accorJir.g to th e criteria and procedu res set
f or th l::>y the !"at iona l P a rk Service . . The. recommended
leve l of sign ificance of t h is n ominat ion is: Chief, O ifice of Archeology and Hi s t oric Preservation
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I (July 1969) NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 7=Jj ~--~~--LJ_j [_J:
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES COUNTY
PROPERTY MAP FORM
(Type all entries - attach to or enclose with map)
Ei CITY OR TOWN:
S TATE:
1. Property broundories where required.
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