· university cf washington • applied physics laboratory acknowledgments we thank paul stevens...

Gljf of Cacmrz Exped:icnContnbution Number 3

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XBT and XSV Data from the Gulf of Cadiz Expedition:R!V Oceanus Cruise 202

by-. :. - Maureen A. Kenne,y .. -.

Mar, D. PraterThomas B. Sanford

CV)I 4. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . -. .

P Technical Report

- <-.. APL-UW TR 8920, .;

7 August 198

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SContract NO0014-87-K-0004

R9 17 09.

Gulf of Cadiz ExpeditionContribution Number 3

XBT and XSV Data from the Gulf of Cadiz Expedition:R/V Oceanus Cruise 202

by

Maureen A. KennellyMark D. Prater

Thomas B. Sanford

Technical ReportAPL-UW TR 8920

August 1989

OCT1 7 O n

Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington

Seattle, Washington 98105-6698

Contract NO0014-87-K-0004

UNIVERSITY CF WASHINGTON • APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY

Acknowledgments

We thank Paul Stevens of the Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center

for providing the T-6 XBTs. Larry Armi suggested using simultaneously

dropped XBT and XSV probes to determine salinity and shared his experi-

ence with us. John Dunlap (APL-UW) developed much of the fall rate

calculation software. This work was funded by the Office of Naval

Research under Contract Number N00014-87-K0004.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON • APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY

ABSTRACT

Temperature profiles from expendable bathythermographs (XBTs) and sound speed

profiles from expendable sound velocimeters (XSVs) were obtained during leg 1 of the

Gulf of Cadiz Expedition, 4-19 September 1988, from R/V Oceanus. XBTs and XSVs

were deployed around Ampere Seamount and Cape St. Vincent, Portugal. Salinity

profiles have been calculated from simultaneously dropped pairs of XBTs and XSVs.

This report describes the instrumentation used, discusses data acquisition and processing

methods, and presents temperature, sound speed, and salinity profiles.

Accession For

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TR 8920 iii

-UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON -APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1.Introduction...................................................................... 1

2. Instrumentation ............................................................... 13

2.1 XBTs................................................... .............. 13

2.2 XSVs.................................................................. 13

3. Data, Acquisition............................................................... 15

4. At-Sea Data Processing.......I................................................ 17

4.1 XBT................................................................... 17

4.2 XSV ...................................................... ....... _. 174.3 Calculation of Salinity ............................................... 17

5. Post-Cruise Data Processing.................................................. 18

5.1 Calibrations .......................................................... 18

5.2 Final XBT Processing ................................................ 23

5.3 Final XSV Processing............................................... 24

5.4 Final Salinity Calculations.......................................... 24

6. Data Presentation ................................................... .......... 28j

6.1 XBT................................................................... 28

6.2 XSV................................................................... 29

6.3 Salinity ............................................................... 29I7. References...................................................................... 30

Appendix A, Oceanus Cruise 202, XBT Log ............................. Al-A8

Appendix B, Oceanus Cruise 202, XSV Log.............................. B1-B3

Appendix C, Profiles of Temperature versus Pressure ................ Cl-C113

Appendix D, P;-ofiles of Sound Speed versus Pressure................. D1-D25

Appendix E, Profiles of Temperature, Sound Speed, and Salinity.... El-E22

Appendix F, Algorithm for Computing Salinity from Temperature,Sound Speed, and Pressure.................................. FI-F3

iv R82

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTO '• APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY

LIST OF FIGURESPage

Figure 1. Operational areas for R/V Oceanus Cruise 202, Legs IV and V ............. 2

Figure 2. Survey pattern for Meddy component ....................................................... 3Figure 3. Test station locations ................................................................................. 4Figure 4. XCP survey patterns and locations of XBT drops, CTD stations,

and initial drifter deployments for the Ampere Seamount component ..... 5

Figure 5. Location of XBT drops during Meddy component .................................... 6

Figure 6. Location of XBT drops en route to Meddy and box pattern ...................... 7

Figure 7. Location of XBT drops in Meddy ........................ . ................................ . 8

Figure 8. Location of XSV drops during Meddy component ....................... ............. 9

Figure 9. Location of XSV drops during box pattern ........................................ 10

Figure 10. Location of XSV drops in Meddy .................................................... 11

Figure 11. XCP/XBT/XSV acquisition system configuration ..................................... 16

Figure 12. Relation between pressure and depth derived from thevertical integration of CTD data ................................. 19

Figure 13. Output of program comparing an XSV/XBT drop pair ............................. 21

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table I. X SV depth coefficients ......................................................................... . 23

Table II. Sensitivity of Chen and Millero inversion ............................................ 25

Table III. Sensitivity of standard salinity computation ..................... 26

Table IV. Summary of salinity obtained from XSV/XBT drop pairs .................... 27

Table V. XBT drops for which there are no temperature profiles ....................... 28

Table VI. XSV drops for which there are no sound speed profiles ........................ 29

TR 8920 v


1. INTRODUCTION

This report is the reference volume and data summary for expendable bathythermo-

graph (XBT) and expendable sound velocimeter (XSV) data obtained during our leg 1 of

R/V Oceanus Cruise 202, the Gulf of Cadiz Expedition, 4-19 September 1988. In addi-

tion, salinity profiles derived from simultaneously dropped pairs of XBTs and XSVs are

presented.

The objectives of this expedition were to observe the vortices shed in the wake of

Ampere Seamount, to survey eddies (Meddies) formed by the Mediterranean outflow

near Cape St. Vincent, Portugal. and to study the structure and dynamics of the outflow

plume west of the Strait of Gibraltar. The cruise consisted of two legs: our leg 1, from

4-19 September 1988, corresponded to Leg IV of Oceanus voyage 202; our leg 2, from

21-28 September 1988, corresponded to Leg V. XBTs and XSVs were deployed only on

leg 1. In addition to XBTs and XSVs, expendable current profilers (XCPs) and expend-

able dissipation profilers (XDPs) were deployed, and "L stations v, ere taken uuin-g the

cruise. During the Ampere Seamount component of the expedition, a radar transponder

was moored, and four drifting buoys were tracked. The Gulf of Cadiz Expedition is

described in detail by Kennelly et al., 1989a, and the CTD data are presented by Ken-

nelly et al., 1989b.

The operational areas for the expedition included Ampere Seamount, the arca

around Cape St. Vincent, Portugal, and the Gulf of Cadiz west of the Strait of Gibraltar

(Figure 1). The sampling pattern executed in the Meddy survey region, approximately

delineated by the box in Figure 1, is shown in Figure 2. No XBT or XSV measurements

were made along sections A-I.

The XBT drop locations are shown in Figures 3-7. The XSV drop locations are

shown in Figures 8-10. XBTs 1 and 2 were test drops made shortly after leaving Fun-

chal, Madeira (Figure 3). XBTs 3 through 27 were taken during the Ampere Seamount

component of the experiment. After the radar transponder was moored on top of the

seamount and CTD station 2 was taken, the ship headed to a point 23 n.mi. northeast of

the mooring. Starting at this point, XBT sections were taken in a box pattern 60 km on a

side around the seamount (Figure 4). Probes were deployed every half hour (10 kin)

around the circuit. No XSVs were deployed during the Ampere Seamount component of

the expedition.

TR 8920 1

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Figure 2. Survey pattern for Meddy component.

TR 8920 3

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY

367N I

350 AmpereSeamount

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CTD 10 XBT 1

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320 I I I180W 170 160 150 140 130 120

Longitude

Figure 3. Test station locations.

4 TR 8920


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Figure 4. XCP survey patterns and locations of XBT drops, CTD stations, and initialdrifter deployments for Ampere Seamount component. Crude topography isalso shown.

TR 8920 5

-UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY

38- N

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Figure S. Location of XBT drops during Meddy component. Drops during survey ofMeddy (201-229, boxed area) are shown in detail in Figure 7.

6 TR 8920


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Figure 6. Location of XBT drops en route to Meddy and box pattern.

TR 8920 7


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Figure 7. Location of XBT drops in Meddy.

8 TR 8920


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Figure 8. Location of XSV drops during Meddy component. Drops during survey ofMeddy (28-55, boxed area) are shown in detail in Figure 10.

TR 8920 9


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Figure 9. Location of XSV drops during box pattern.

10 MR8920

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY-.

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Figure 10. Location of XSV drops in Meddy.

TR 8920 11


XBTs and XSVs were deployed near Cape St. Vincent, Portugal, along the lines of

the Meddy survey pattern (Figure 2). XBTs were dropped along all lines of the pattern

(Figure 5), whereas XSVs were deployed only along lines 2, 3, 4, 8, 13, 14, 15, 17, and

19 (Figure 8). Problems were encountered with the XSVs during the early deployments.

They would not process or display. By XSV drop 12, however, the problem had been

identified as a manufacturing error. Many of the probes were misaligned, with the result

that correct electrical contact was made by the launcher pins only 1/3 of the time. Subse-

quently, the probe alignment was checked, and if necessary the probes were realigned

before launch.

After the Meddy survey pattern was completed and the data were reviewed, it was

decided to study a Meddy that had been identified near CTD 25 (36°10.15'N, 9"02.1'W).

En route to that position, XBTs were taken hourly starting with the crossing of line 14,

with half hourly drops after crossing line 12 (Figure 6, XBTs 185-190). Little evidence

of the 12'C core seen in CTD 25 was found on the way, so a box pattern survey (XBTs

191-200) was commenced. XSVs were also dropped during the box survey (Figure 9,

XSVs 20-27). Finally, the Meddy was found about 10 n.mi. SW of CTD 25. A star pat-

tern was then commenced to survey the Meddy using XCPs, XBTs (Figure 7), and XSVs

(Figure 10).

No XBTs or XSVs were deployed on the second leg of the Gulf of Cadiz Expedi-

tion. Instead, the CTD profiler was used on all stations.

12 TR 8920


2. INSTRUMENTATION

2.1 XBTs

Three types of Sippican Inc. XBTs (T-5, T-6, and T-7), going to depths of 1830 m,

460 m, and 760 m respectively, were used during the cruise. Hand-held launchers

inserted into deck-mounted launch tubes were located on both the starboard and port aft

quarters of the ship. Each launcher was electrically tested for line resistance and isola-

tion. The launcher initially provided by the ship failed these tests and was replaced with

a new launcher. Each launcher was connected to a MK-9 receiver. In all, 229 XBTs

were deployed. Appendix A gives the drop particulars.

Seven type T-6 probes were deployed during the cruise, and all provided good data.

Forty T-7s were deployed, with a 90% success rate: two did not provide good data, and

two did not provide data to full depth. The T-5 success rate was somewhat

disappointing-82%, or 150 good drops out of 182. The failure modes were as follows:

13 yielded no good data, 13 did not provide data to full depth, 3 had obvious temperature

offsets, 2 were noisy, and 1 contained temperature jumps.

2.2 XSVs

Two types of Sippican Inc. XSVs (XSV-02 and XSV-03), going to depths of

2000 m and 850 m respectively, were used during the cruise. The same launchers and

MK-9 receivers (with the addition of XSV boards) were used for the XSVs as for the

XBTs. In all, 55 XSVs were deployed. Appendix B gives the drop particulars.

During the first few deployments, the XSVs would not process or display. When an

XSV-02 (slowfall type) was launched, it neither started the MK-9 nor provided ac signals

more than 10 mV. Better electrical grounds were placed on the MK-9; however, the new

grounds did not seem to solve the problem. Next, the XSV boards were swapped

between MK-9 units. The next XSV-02 (XSV 5) worked well, giving voltages of more

than a volt.

However, the XSV failure problem recurred. Seldom were the proper prelaunch

voltages measured from the MK-9 or usable signals received from the falling probes.

The condition of the launcher and cables was repeatedly checked. For a while it was

thought one or both of the XSV boards were damaged.

TR 8920 13


Closer examination of the XSVs revealed that the cannister was often improperly

aligned with the shipboard spool. Evidently, the probes were assembled without regardto the notch on the cannister and the arrowhead on the spool. There are three connecting

tabs on the cannister, allowing three different orientations between the cannister and

spool. Because only one orientation permits the correct connections to be made at the

launcher, the data return was poor. Seven probes failed before our discovery of the

manufacturing error. The remaining probes were checked and realigned if necessary.

The probes that were realigned are noted in Appendix B.

Of the 55 XSVs launched, 52 were type 02 and the remaining three were type 03.

All the type 03s provided good data. The overall success rate for the type 02s was 79%.

Before the manufacturing error was detected, seven of the first nine XSV-02s failed.

After that, one failed to provide good data, another was noisy, and two did not provide

data to full depth.

14 TR 8920


3. DATA ACQUISITION

An integrated acquisition program written in HP-Basic provided the acquisition of

XCP, XBT, and XSV data in real time with a Hewlett Packard HP9020 computer. In this

report only the XBT and XSV parts of the acquisition system will be discussed. Real-

time processing and display of the data were also provided by the program. Data from up

to three probes could be acquired and displayed simultaneously (with three co-running"partition" programs controlled by a fourth "master" program). Raw XBT and XSV data

were archived onto floppy disk. In addition, a. the data were acquired, the complete raw

data stream was saved on an HP9144 magnetic cartridge tape drive connected to theHP9020. Raw data from XBTs and XSVs were stored daong with a time stamp, an indi-cation of the probe's type, and the partition that acquired the data.

A schematic of the acquisition system is shown in Figure 11. MK-9 XBT/XSV

receivers were connected to partitions 2 and 3 on the computer via GPIB cable.

In case of computer failure, the data were also stored on VHS audio/video magnetic

tape. One backup system was dedicated to the XBT/XSV data. The backup system con-

sisted of a VCR, Sony model PCM-F1 digital audio processor (PCM stands for pulse

code modulation; use of the PCM processor allowed us to record the two audio channels

of XSV data on the video tracks of a VHS tape), and power adapter. The XBT and XSV

data were sent to the backup system as four frequency-modulated signals. The XSV sig-

nals are FM signals to begin with. They needed only to be amplified and filtered to be

recorded. The XSV data were passed through a digital audio processor and stored on the

video tracks of a VHS tape. The XBT output was an analog voltage that was converted

to an FM signal. The frequency range of the XBT FM signal was selected to use the fre-

quency range of the air deployed XBT (AXBT), so that with a little work the AXBT card

in the MK-9 receiver could be used to play through the backup data if needed (the stan-

dard AXBT output is an FM signal). The converted FM XBT data were stored on the

two VHS audio tracks. Both MK-9s were modified to produce frequency-modulated vol-

tages for recording the XBT data on VHS tape.

i

I~TR 8920 15

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16 16RM-1020I

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON - APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY

4. AT-SEA DATA PROCESSING

4.1 XBT

The acquisition program provided a printout of the isotherm depths as the probe was

falling. Hand-contoured sections of isotherms were then produced. Waterfall plots of the

temperature profiles overlaid on computer-generated isotherm sections were produced

while the acquisition program was paused. To obtain a graph of an individual XBT tem-

perature profile, the floppy disk with the XBT raw data was removed from the HP9020running HP-Basic (the acquisition computer) and transferred to the HP9020 running

UNIX. The data were loaded onto the HP9020 UNIX, a decoding program written by

John Dunlap was run on the data, and a profile was generated.

4.2 XSV

Individual sound speed profiles were obtained in the same manner as for the XBTs.

When an XSV was compared with a simultaneously dropped XBT, it was noticed that

features did not line up in depth exactly. Visual inspection of the XSV profiles showed

ocean features to be 8% shallower than in comparable XBT profiles. The XBT depthsweie believed to be accurate based on the work of other investigators (Heinmiller et al.,

1983; Seaver and Kuleshov, 1982). This was our first indication that the XSV fall rate

might be significantly incorrect.

4.3 Calculation of Salinity

Once the data had been loaded into the HP9020 UNIX computer and decoded, salin-ity was calculated from simultaneously dropped XBTs and XSVs using a program writ-

ten by John Dunlap. This program read both profiles, temperature and sound speed,

interpolated each onto an equally spaced depth grid, and shifted the XSV profile to max-

imize its correlation with the XBT profile. Salinity was calculated based on an inversion

of the Del Grosso (1974) sound speed equations. A more detailed discussion of a varia-

tion of this program is given in Sections 5.1 and 5.4.

TR 8920 17

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON - APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY

5. POST-CRUISE DATA PROCESSING

5.1 Calibrations

To combine data from expendable probes (such as XBTs, XSVs, and XCPs) with

CTD data for contouring and computing heat and salt transports, the depth needs to be

calibrated against a standard. For the expendable probes used in this experiment, the

depth (and thus the fall rate) of the probe is estimated as a quadratic function of time.

The coefficients of the quadratic polynomial are empiricaily determined by Sippican inc.,

the manufacturer of the probes. During the Gulf of Cadiz experiment, we had an oppor-

tunity to verify the depth estimates of the probes by comparing the high-wavenumber

structure of their temperature or sound speed signal with that obtained by the Sea-Bird

CTD unit. This process also gave us information about the random errors and systematic

offsets in these variables. This section summarizes the computational procedure andpresents the results. An additional comparison was made between the XSVs and the

XBTs, since the data from these probes can be combined to estimate salinity.

Because the CTD's vertical variable is pressure and the expendable probe's variable

is depth, a conversion is needed before the expendable probe's depth can be calibrated.

Saunders and Fofonoff (1976) published a conversion method that consists of integrating

the hydrostatic equation downward from the sea surface while accounting for the hor-

izontal and vertical variations in the earth's gravitational field. For this analysis, the

CTD data collected on the cruise were averaged into 10-dbar bins, and the vertical

integration was performed for each cast. At each bin level, a ratio was formed between

the computed depth (in meters) and the measured pressure (in decibars). The resulting

ratio-pressure curves from all the casts were combined at each bin level to give a curve

for the average ratio. An approximation to the average ratio curve is given by

ratio (pressure) = 0.9927 - 2.55 x 10-6 pressure + 0.0073 exp (-pressure/50).

Figure 12 shows the average ratio curve (steppy) and the approximate curve

(smooth). The depth is found by multip'ying the measured pressure by the ratio

appropriate for that pressure. If the pressure is 1000 dbar, for example, the correspond-

ing depth is 1000 x 0.9901, or 990.1 m. The maximum error in depth caused by using

the approximate curve instead of the one for any particular CTD cast is about 0.5 m.

18 TR 8920

I


RATIO (m/dbar)0.980 0.985 0.990 0.995 1.000

0C . . . .. . . .

500

co

cc 1000U)U)

1500-

20001. . . . . . .

Figure 12. Relation between pressure and dept/h derived fr-om the vertical integration

of CTD data.

TR 8920 19


Pressure and depth will be used interchangeably in this section but with the understand-

ing that the appropriate conversions have been made.

Software was developed by John Dunlap and Mark Prater to determine the relative

depth offset as a function of depth between two drops or casts, assuming the instruments

passed through similar ocean features on their descent. The vertical scales of the features

used to compare the depths were between 10 and 100 m. To accent these features, the

signal from the probe (eithe- temperature or sound speed) was bandpass filtered to

remove very high wavenumber noise and low wavenumber features. The program then

shifted one profile with respect to the other and found the depth offset that maximized the

correlat'on of the two over a limited depth range. This process was repeated for each

depth value in the drop. Rather than compute the correlation for every offset possible, a"golden section search" (Press et al., 1986) was performed to find the maximum correla-

tion. The correlation was assumed to be a smoothly varying function of offset, with a

global maximum at the optimal offset. The optimized search procedure gave results

comparable to those of the point-by-point search and ran 5 to 10 times faster. The max-

imum correlation achieved and the corresponding depth offset were recorded, as well as

the temperature or sound speed differences in the nonfiltered signals at the optimum

offset. Figure 13 shows an example of the program output for an XSV/XBT drop pair.

After the depth offset record -was obtained for all the expendable probes, a second

program was used that computed the mean and rms of the depth offset and the signal

differeice. During many drops, the maximum correlation at a depth bin was below 0.5,

lowering the confidence that a good estimate of depth offset and signal difference was

obtained. To keep these values from being included in the average and contributing to

the mis, if the maximum correlation obtained for each depth bin during a drop was below

a user defined minimum (usually 0.9), the depth offset and signal difference were not

included in the subsequent calculation.

A probe/CTD pair was considered acceptable for analysis if the processed data from

the probe passed visual inspection (no noticeable offsets, spikes, wire breaks, etc.) and

the probe was dropped within I hour and within I n.mi. (2 km) of the CTD cast. These

spatial and temporal constraints may appear harsh, especially compared with a previous

error analysis by Heinmiller et al. (1983) which used XBT/CTD pairs from 15 to 50 km

apart; however, because of the complex structure and interleaving of the Meditcrranean

20 TR 8920


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outflow in the Gulf of Cadiz, small differences in time or position severely degraded the

signal correlations.

This analysis was carried out for all the CTD and expendable probes. In this report,

however, we will discuss only the XBT/CTD, XSV/CTD, and XBT/XSV comparisons.

Four T-5 XBT/CTD pairs, one T-6 XBT/CTD pair, and one T-7 XBT/CTD pair were

used in this analysis, but did not provide enough comparisons to estimate the depth

offsets accurately. However, a systematic mean temperature offset of 0.075'C was

observed throughout the drops, with an rms temperature variation of less than 0.1'C. The

accuracy of the probe is given by Sippican Inc. to be ±0.1 5'C.

Three XSV-02/CTD and two XSV-03/CTD pairs were used in this analysis. During

the cruise, it was noticed that features apparent in XSV data were roughly 8% shallower

than similar features observed in the XBT or CTD data. A more accurate estimate could

not be made at the time because of the small number of pairs. A better estimate of the

depth offset is made later in this section. The analysis showed a 0.20 m s- 1 offset in all

the sound speeds. The sound sensor is probably the same for all XSV probes, so the

same offset is expected for both types of XSVs. The accuracy of the probe is given by

Sippican as ±0.25 m s- .

The XSV-02/XBT(T-5) drop pairs gave the highest quality intercomparisons

because the two probes were dropped simultaneously with a spatial separation of only

10 m (the width of the fantail). XSV depths were multiplied by 1.08 before processing to

partially correct the depth offset noticed on the cruise and to reduce the search for the

maximum correlation. Table 1 gives the depth coefficients computed from this analysis

along with those given by Sippican Inc. and those used on the cruise. The depth of the

probe is given by

depth = pcalO + (pcall x t) + (pcal2 x t 2),

where t is the elapsed time in seconds since launch. The pcal's denote the coefficients of

a quadratic equation relating the time of fall and depth of the p.obe and have no unique

values without identification of the specific :,robe type. The analysis shows that the rms

error between the XSV and the XBT depth varies linearly with depth from 1 m at the sur-

face to 6 m at 1500 m.

22 TR 8920


Table I. XSV depth coefficients.

Sippican Cadiz CruiseCoefficient Sippican (1.08 x Sippican) Analysis

pcalO 0.0 0.0 3.38pcall 5.5895 6.0367 5.8561pcal2 -0.00147 -0.00159 -0.000883

This analysis assumes that the XBTs have the correct fall rate. The T-5 XBT/CTD

comparison, although limited, supports this assumption. Subtracting 0.075°C from the

T-5 XBT temperatures is recommended. There were too few comparisons with CTDs to

recommend adjusting the T-6 or T-7 temperatures. The Cadiz cruise depth coefficients

are recommended for any XSV-02 processing, along with adding 0.2 m s- 1 to the sound

speeds. Because of the limited data for XSV-03s, their depths have been assumed to be

correct; however, since they use the same sound sensor as the XSV-02s, it is recom-

mended that 0.2 m s- 1 be added to the sound speeds.

5.2 Final XBT Processing

Many probes continued to transmit data after they hit the seafloor. Others failed

before reachirg their full depth capability. It is important to exclude such bad data from

later analysis. Therefore a database was created of end-of-good-data depths. The value

for the end depth was determined by scanning the unaveraged data values and finding the

depth of the last good data point. The data were then passed to a program that accessed

the end-depth database and retained only good data. Depths were converted to pressure

using the following relation between pressure and depth determined from the Cadiz data:

ratio = 0.9927 + 2.55 x 10-6 x (XBT depth) + 0.0073 x exp (XBT depth/50)

XBT pressure = -(XBT depth/ratio).

Processing of the T-5 XBT data involved an additional step: 0.075C was subtracted

from the temperature values. Finally, the data were gridded into 2 dbar values.

TR 8920 23


5.3 Final XSV Processing

A database of end-of-drop depths was also created for the XSV probes, and the

same processing scheme was employed as for the XBTs. Type 02 XSV depths were

corrected and converted to pressure in the following manner. First, we solved for time of

fall by inverting the fall rate equation to obtain

t = -pcall + "4pcal12 - 4(pcal2)(pcal0 + XSV depth)2pcal2

where the pcal's are Sippican's XSV fall rate coefficients and have the values

pcal0 = 0.0

pcall = 5.5895

pcal2 = -0.00147.

Then we computed the new depth from time.

New XSV depth = -[pcalO + (pcal I x t) + (pcal2 x t 2)],

where these pcal's are the Cadiz cruise XSV coefficients determined in Section 5.1 and

have the values

pcal0 = 3.38

pcall = 5.8561

pcal2 = -0.000883.

The "new XSV depths" were then converted to pressure in the same manner as the XBT

depths. The type 03 XSV depths were not corrected; only the conversion to pressure wasmade. The sound speeds for both the type 02s and 03s were adjusted by adding

0.2 m s- 1. The data were then gridded into 2 dbar values.

5.4 Final Salinity Calculations

A conventional CTD would have taken 90 minutes to deploy, cast to 1800 m, and

recover. To survey the Meddy rapidly, expendable temperature and sound speed probes

were used in the hope that these data could be combined to compute salinity. The poorer

data quality was more than offset by the ability to sample the feature quickly. The

24 TR 8920


expendables were launched while the ship was slowed to 5 knots. This section summar-

izes the problems encountered and the method used to compute salinity.

Chen and Millero (1977) developed equations to calculate the speed of sound in

seawater as a function of temperature, salinity, and pressure. For this study, their equa-

tions have been inverted to calculate salinity as a function of sound speed, temperature,

and pressure (Appendix F). Chen and Millero's equations were chosen because their

method is the most recent, encompasses the widest range of pressures, temperatures, and

salinities, and is the UNESCO standard for computing sound speed (Fofonoff and Mil-

lard, 1983). In addition, the sound speed comparisons between the XSV and the CTD

data and the salinity comparisons between the XSV/XBT pairs and the CTD data would

then be consistent. The major problem with computing salinity with this inversion tech-

nique is that the value computed is very sensitive to changes in pressure and temperature.

The sensitivities of the Chen and Millero inversion are given in Table 2, along with the

accuracies needed to estimate salinity to within 0.1 psu. The accuracies of the XSV and

XBT probes as given by Sippican Inc. (1983) are also presented.

Table H. Sensitivity of Chen and Millero inversion.

Variable Sensitivity Accuracy Needed for 0.1 psu Accuracy of Probes

Depth -0.0138 psu/dbar 7.2 dbar 2% of depthTemperature -2.8775 psu/ 0 C 0.0350C 0. 150CSound Speed 0.8340 psu/m s- t 0.12 m s- I 0.25 m s- 1

The sound speed equation of Chen and Millero itself has an uncertainty of

0.2 m s-l. For comparison, the sensitivities of the standard salinity computation from

temperature, pressure. and conductivity are given in Table 3.

Because of the sensitivity of the Chen and Millero inversion to pressure, tempera-

ture. and sound speed, computing salinity from an expendable conductivity cell of

moderate accuracy is far better than computing it from an expendable sound speed probe

with very good accuracy. However, we will do the best with what we have.

TR 8920 25


Table III. Sensitivity of standard salinity computation.

Variable Sensitivity Accuracy Needed for 0.1 psu

Depth -0.0004 psu/dbar 250 dbarTemperature -0.9145 psu/°C 0.11 0 C

Conductivity 9.7095 psu/S m- 1 0.01 S m- 1

To minimize the depth offset between the XBT and XSV data, we used the actual

offsets found by the depth analysis for specific probe pairs instead of the depth

coefficients found in Section 5.1. A polynomial was fit to the offset data so that regions

of low correlation would be smoothed over. The depths of the XSV probes were then

corrected using the polynomial fit, and the output was gridded to 2 m (the same as the

output of the depth analysis). The salinity was then computed from the temperature,

sound speed, and pressure (which is computed from depth) and gridded again on a larger

scale (bin size 20 dbar, step size 2 dbar) for increased smoothing. At this point, we

noticed that the salinity profile computed from the XBT/XSV data often had thl same

structure as that computed from the CTD data but was offset. To correct the offset, we

comput-a the average salinity at the 300 dbar and 1600 dbar levels from the CTD data

nearest the XSV/XBT pairs. These depths were chosen because they were above and

below the effect of the Mediterranean outflow for most of the casts. The XSV/XBT

salini'ties were then corrected so that they matched the CTD average of 35.75 psu for

those two levels. The rms error in using the average salinity value at those depths is

about 0.04 psu. The salinities were regridded (bin size 50 dbar, step size 2 dbar) for the

final plots.

Overall, we were able to compute salinity fairly well from XSV and XBT data. Out

of 55 XSVs dropped, 47 returned data. Of those, five were not dropped concurrently

with a working XBT, leaving 42 usable drop pairs. Of those, 29 yielded good quality

profiles and 13 poor quality. Quality was judged subjectively, based on how well the

temperature versus salinity curves calculated for the expendable drop pairs resembled

those obtained from nearby CTD casts. Good quality XSV and XBT data occasionally

resulted in poor quality salinity values due to the extreme sensitivity of the inver,,ion

26 TR 8920

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTnN - APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY

equations to temperature and sound speed, whereby seemingly inconsequential devia-

tions in those N ariables lead to very wrong estimates of salinity. The results are summar-

ized in Table 4.

Table IV. Summary of salinity results obtained from XSV/XBT drop pairs.

XSV Data XBT Data Salinity XSV Data XBT Data SalinityNo. Quality No. Quality Quality No. Quality No. Quality Quality

1 Fail Bad 31 Good 204 Good Good2 Fail Bad 32 Fail 205 Good Bad3 Fail Bad 33 Good 206 Good Poor4 Fail Bad 34 Good 207 Poor Poor5 Good 58 Good Good 35 Good 208 Good Good6 Fail Bad 36 Good 209 Fail Bad7 Fail Bad 37 Good 210 Good Good8 Good Bad 38 Good 211 Good Good9 Good Bad 39 Poor 212 Good Poor

10 Fail Bad 40 Good 213 Good Good11 Good 105 Good Poor 41 Good 215 Fail Bad12 Good 106 Poor Poor 42 Good 216 Poor Poor13 Good 107 Good Good 43 Good 217 Good Good14 Good 108 Good Good 44 Good 218 Good Good15 Good Bad 45 Good 219 Good Good16 Good 148 Good Poor 46 Good 220 Poor Poor17 Good 155 Good Good 47 Good 221 Good Poor18 Good 174 Good Poor 48 Good 222 Good Good19 Good 184 Good Good 49 Good 223 Good Good20 Good 193 Good Good 50 Good 224 Good Good21 Good 194 Good Good 51 Good 225 Good Good22 Good 195 Good Good 52 Good 226 Poor Poor23 Good 196 Good Good 53 Good 227 Poor Poor24 Good 197 Good Good 54 Good 228 Good Good25 Good 198 Good Good 55 Good 229 Good Poor26 Good 199 Good Good27 Good 200 Good Good28 Good 201 Good Good29 Good 202 Good Good30 Good 203 Good Good

TR 8920 27


6. DATA PRESENTATION

6.1 XBT

Profiles of temperature versus pressure calculated from the XBT data (2 dbar aver-

ages) are presented in Appendix C. Drops for which no data are presented are listed in

Table 5 with explanatory comments. All data that were not obviously bad are included in

the appendix. Some data in Appendix C may be of questionable quality. At this prelim-

inary stage of the analysis, however, we do not wish to throw out data that we may be

able to correct at a later time.

Table V. XBT drops for which there are no temperature profiles.

XBT Comment

45 On backup tape only; needs to be played back53 No file created54 Bad55 On backup tape only; needs to be played back:)6 Bad57 Off scale59 Bad67 Bad83 Off scale87 Off scale

102 On backup tape only; needs to be played back141 Off scale150 Bad182 Bad183 Bad205 Bad209 Bad214 Bad215 Off scale

28 TR 8920


6.2 XSV

Profiles of sound speed versus pressure calculated from the XSV data (2 dbar aver-

ages) are presented in Appendix D. Profiles are shown for all good XSV drops. The

same depth correction was applied to all type 02 XSVs included in the appendix before

the conversion to pressure was made. Drops for which no data are presented are listed in

Table 6 with appropriate comments.

Table VI. XSV drops for which there are no sound velocity profiles.

XSV Comment

1 Misaligned2 Misaligned3 Misaligned4 Misaligned6 Misaligned7 Misaligned

10 Misaligned32 Failed; reason unknown

6.3 Salinity

Profiles of temperature, sound speed, and computed salinity are presented in

Appendix E. Profiles are shown for all drop pairs producing data. For the graphs

included in Appendix E, the XSV probe depths were corrected individu dly, using com-

parisons with simultaneously dropped XBT probes as described in Section 5.1. The data

have been gridded into 2 dbar bins. Salinity is averaged over 50 dbar; temperature and

sound speed are averaged over 20 dbar. Salinity was determined as described in Sec-

tion 5.4.

TR 8920 29


7. REFERENCES

Chen, C-T., and F.J. Millero, 1977. Speed of sound in seawater at high pressure,

J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 62, 1129-1135.

Del Grosso, V.A., 1974. New equation for the speed of sound in natural waters (with

comparisons to other equations), J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 56, 1084-1091.

Fofonoff, N. P., and R. C. Millard, Jr., 1983. Algorithms for Computation of Fundamental

Properties of Sea Water. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science (Paris), 44.

Heinmiller, R. H., C. C. Ebbesmeyer, B. A. Taft, D. B. Olson, and 0. P. Nikitin, 1983.

Systematic errors in expendable bathythermograph (XBT) profiles, Deep-Sea Res.,

30, 1185-1196.

Kennelly, M. A., J. H. Dunlap, T. B. Sanford, E. L. Kunze, M. D. Prater, and R. G. Drever,

1989a. The Gulf of Cadiz Expedition: R/V Oceanus Cruise 202, APL-UW

TR8914, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Kennelly, M. A., T. B. Sanford, and T. W. Lehman, 1989b. CTD Data from the Gulf of

Cadiz Expedition: R/V Oceanus Cruise 202, APL-UW TR8917, Applied Physics

Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Press, W. H., B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky, and W. T. Vetterling, 1986. Numerical

Recipes. Cambridge University Press, New York, 818 pp.

Saunders, P. M., and N. P. Fofonoff, 1976. Conversions of pressure to depth in the ocean,

Deep-Sea Res., 23, 109-111.

Seaver, G. A., and S. Kuleshov, 1982. Experimental and analytical error of the expend-

able bathythermograph, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 592-600.

Sippican Ocean Systems, Inc., 1983. Operation and Maintenance Manual, MK9

Oceanographic Data System. Marion, Massachusetts.

30 TR 8920

APPENDIX A

Oceanus Cruise 202XBT-Log

Drop # Serial # Type Date Time Latitude Longitude Method Comment

Test drops

1 T-6 09/04/88 17:52 33 07.92 16 01.20 LC good2 T-6 09/04/88 17:58 33 07.96 16 01.37 LC good

Ampere Seamount Survey

3 T-7 09/05/88 19:00 35 15.18 12 36.79 LC good4 T-7 09/05/88 19:30 35 19.28 12 34.94 LC good5 T-7 09/05/88 20:00 35 19.44 12 42.45 LC good6 T-7 09/05/88 20:27 35 19.62 12 48.79 LC good7 T-7 09/05/88 20:58 35 20.06 12 56.17 LC good8 T-7 09/05/88 21:28 35 20.29 13 03.28 LC good9 T-7 09/05/88 22:02 35 20.17 13 10.86 LC good

10 T-7 09/05/88 22:30 35 15.33 13 11.41 LC good11 T-7 09/05/88 22:59 35 10.42 13 12.32 LC good12 T-7 09/05/88 23:29 35 04.98 13 13.05 LC good13 T-7 09/06/88 00:00 34 58.87 13 12.91 LC good14 T-7 09/06/88 00:29 34 53.40 13 11.90 LC good15 T-7 09/06/88 01:04 34 47.66 13 10.66 OM good16 T-7 09/06/88 01:31 34 47.17 13 04.28 LC good17 T-7 09/06/88 01:59 34 46.15 12 56.96 LC good18 T-7 09/06/88 02:29 34 46.55 12 50.25 LC good19 T-7 09/06/88 03:00 34 46.53 12 43.22 LC good20 T-7 09/06/88 03:30 34 46.57 12 36.54 LC good21 T-7 09/06/88 03:59 34 48.85 12 32.98 LC bad below 350m22 T-7 09/06/88 04:10 34 50.91 12 32.94 LC good23 T-7 09/06/88 04:29 34 54.42 12 32.68 LC good24 T-7 09/06/88 05:00 35 00.18 12 32.32 LC good25 T-7 09/06/88 05:30 35 05.32 12 31.76 LC good26 T-7 09/06/88 06:00 35 11.40 12 32.60 LC good27 T-7 09/06/88 06:30 35 17.30 12 33.10 LC good

Cape St. Vincent Region

(line 1)

28 T-5 09/11/88 02:30 36 00.46 8 00.22 LC hit bottom 1460m29 T-5 09/11/88 03:00 36 05.33 8 00.74 LC good30 T-5 09/11/88 03:30 36 09.99 8 00.69 LC bad below 175m31 T-5 09/11/88 03:36 36 10.55 8 00.74 LC hit bottom 1440m

TR 8920 Al


32 T-5 09/11/88 03:59 36 14.14 8 00.75 LC hit bottom 1350m33 T-5 09/11/88 04:29 36 19.06 8 00.80 LC hit bottom 1250m34 T-5 C9/11/88 05:02 36 24.26 8 00.54 LC hit bottom 1150m35 T-5 09/11/88 05:29 36 28.49 8 00.17 LC hit bottom 795m36 T-5 09/11/88 05:59 36 33.72 7 59.94 LC hit bottom 775m37 T-7 09/11/88 06:29 36 39.02 7 59.86 LC good38 T-7 09/11/88 06:59 36 44.33 7 59.98 LC hit bottom 700m39 T-6 09/11/88 07:29 36 49.58 8 00.10 LC hit bottom 400m40 T-6 09/11/88 07:59 36 55.39 8 00.96 LC hit bottom 80m

(line 2)

41 T-6 09/11/88 08:46 36 55.80 8 13.01 LC hit bottom at 50m42 T-7 09/11/88 09:53 36 42.08 8 13.85 LC hit bottom at 690m43 T-5 09/11/88 10:17 36 37.25 8 13.79 LC hit bottom at 840m44 T-5 09/11/88 10:42 36 33.00 8 13.26 LC hit bottom at 1110m45 T-5 09/11/88 11:11 36 28.00 8 12.68 LC needs playback46 T-5 09/11/88 11:29 36 24.47 8 12.38 LC hit bottor- 1150m47 T-5 09/11/88 12:03 36 17.97 8 12.62 LC good48 T-5 09/11/88 12:41 36 11.19 8 13.44 LC wire broke 1125m49 T-5 09/11/88 12:47 36 10.02 8 13.47 LC wire broke 1125m50 T-5 09/11/88 13:05 36 06.63 8 12.69 LC noisy51 T-5 09/11/88 13:11 36 06.11 8 12.58 LC good52 T-5 09/11/88 13:30 36 03.02 8 12.74 LC ? below 1100m

(line 3)

53 T-5 09/11/88 14:29 36 00.20 8 25.09 LC no file created54 T-5 09/11/88 14:33 36 00.61 8 25.08 LC bad55 T-5 09/11/88 15:04 36 05.87 8 24.89 LC needs playback56 T-5 09/11/88 15:35 36 11.05 8 24.73 LC bad57 T-5 09/11/88 15:42 36 11.72 8 24.74 LC bad58 T-5 09/11/88 16:17 36 16.47 8 24.62 LC hit bottom 1590m59 T-5 09/11/88 16:52 36 21.94 8 24.35 LC bad60 T-7 09/11/88 16:59 36 22.68 8 24.28 LC good61 T-5 09/11/88 17:24 36 27.20 8 24.02 LC hit bottom 1440m62 T-5 09/11/88 18:00 36 34.06 8 23.71 LC hit bottom 1300m63 T-7 09/11/88 18:34 36 40.42 8 24.19 LC hit bottom at 730m64 T-7 09/11/88 18:58 36 44.53 8 25.66 LC good65 T-6 09/11/88 19:20 36 48.36 8 26.41 LC hit bottom at 310m

A2 TR 8920


(line 4)

66 T-6 09/11/88 20:13 36 50.32 8 36.96 LC hit bottom at 250m67 T-5 09/12/88 11:32 36 05.78 8 37.61 LC bad68 T-5 09/12/88 11:35 36 05.57 8 37.62 LC bad below 300m69 T-5 09/12/88 13:30 35 59.86 8 37.57 LC good70 T-5 09/12/88 15:35 35 54.57 8 37.69 LC good

(line 5)

71 T-5 09/12/88 16:02 35 55.07 842.29 LC good72 T-5 09/12/88 16:36 36 00.51 841.49 LC good73 T-5 09/12/88 17:04 36 05.35 8 41.25 LC good74 T-5 09/12/88 17:31 36 10.13 8 41.51 LC good75 T-5 09/12/88 18:03 36 16.10 841.96 LC good76 T-5 09/12/88 18:31 36 21.07 8 42.05 LC good77 T-5 09/12/88 18:56 36 25.33 842.01 LC T jump at 250m78 T-5 09/12/88 19:27 36 30.46 8 41.72 LC hit bottom 1290m79 T-5 09/12/88 19:32 36 30.93 8 41.67 LC hit bottom 1260m80 T-5 09/12/88 20:00 36 35.20 8 41.72 LC hit bottom 1020m81 T-7 09/12/88 20:26 36 39.73 8 42.51 LC bad below 470m82 T-7 09/12/88 21:06 36 45.58 8 44.22 LC hit bottom 650m

(line 6)

83 T-7 09/12/88 22:17 36 45.04 8 50.58 LC bad84 T-7 09/12/88 22:19 36 44.82 8 50.66 LC hit bottom 650m85 T-5 09/12/88 22:49 36 40.50 8 51.08 LC hit bottom 740m86 T-5 09/12/88 23:25 36 34.63 8 50.64 LC hit bottom 1200m87 T-5 09/12/88 23:52 36 30.55 849.79 LC bad88 T-5 09/12/88 23:56 36 30.20 8 49.70 LC good89 T-5 09/13/88 00:24 36 25.79 8 48.86 LC good90 T-5 09/13/88 01:02 36 20.07 848.04 LC good91 T-5 09/13/88 01:33 36 14.90 8 48.95 LC good92 T-5 09/13/88 02:06 36 09.60 8 49.85 LC good93 T-5 09/13/88 02:38 36 04.44 8 50.42 LC good94 T-5 09/13/88 03:08 35 59.56 8 49.74 LC good

TR 8920 A3


(line 7)

95 T-5 09/13/88 03:43 36 00.11 855.78 LC good96 T-5 09/13/88 04:13 36 04.89 8 55.76 LC good97 T-5 09/13/88 04:43 36 09.65 8 55.84 LC good98 T-5 09/13/88 05:15 36 14.86 8 55.96 LC good99 T-5 09/13/88 05:45 36 19.77 8 55.89 LC good

100 T-5 09/13/88 06:17 36 25.02 8 55.62 LC good101 T-5 09/13/88 06:47 36 29.61 8 55.07 LC good102 T-5 09/13/88 07:18 36 34.21 8 54.37 LC needs playback103 T-5 09/13/88 08:12 36 39.64 8 54.79 LC hit bottom at 750m104 T-7 09/13/88 08:42 36 45.03 8 55.97 LC hit bottom at 675m

(line 8)

105 T-5 09/13/88 12:54 36 33.78 9 01.30 LC bad below 1500m106 178742 T-5 09/13/88 16:17 36 24.64 9 02.51 LC good107 200982 T-5 09/13/88 16:53 36 19.81 9 02.93 LC good108 200981 T-5 09/13/88 21:03 36 02.81 9 01.14 LC good

(lines 9 thru 12)

109 200980 T-5 09/13/88 23:25 3559.96 908.69 LC good110 200985 T-5 09/14/88 00:24 3609.87 909.23 LC good111 200984 T-5 09/14/88 00:59 3609.91 9 16.73 LC good112 200983 T-5 09/14/88 01:29 36 10.28 923.24 LC good113 200986 T-5 09/14/88 02:00 36 10.66 929.88 LC good114 200988 T-5 09/14/88 02:29 36 10.13 936.05 LC good115 200987 T-5 09/14/88 02:53 3609.92 940.31 LC good116 200846 T-5 09/14/88 03:38 36 14.97 945.59 LC good117 200847 T-5 09/14/88 04:24 3620.51 951.53 LC good118 200845 T-5 09/14/88 04:56 3620.22 944.81 LC good119 200848 T-5 09/14/88 05:30 36 19.91 937.69 LC good120 200843 T-5 09/14/88 05:59 36 19.61 931.71 LC good121 200850 T-5 09/14/88 06:29 36 19.29 925.42 LC good122 200859 T-5 09/14/88 06:59 36 18.69 9 19.08 LC good123 200842 T-5 09/14/88 07:29 36 19.28 9 13.07 LC good124 200851 T-5 09/14/88 08:00 3621.06 908.07 LC good

A4 TR 8920


(line 13)

125 200854 T-5 09/14/88 09:06 3631.05 908.63 LC good126 200855 T-5 09/14/88 09:45 3630.83 9 14.82 LC bad below 1600m127 200856 T-5 09/14/88 10:15 3630.65 920.34 LC good128 200889 T-5 09/14/88 10:23 3630.58 921.23 LC T offset129 200890 T-5 09/14/88 10:51 3630.46 926.68 LC good130 200891 T-5 09/14/88 11:21 3630.38 932.69 LC good131 200892 T-5 09/14/88 11:56 36 30.26 939.61 LC good132 200881 T-5 09/14/88 12:33 3630.22 947.16 LC good133 200882 T-5 09/14/88 13:00 3630.35 952.31 LC good134 200883 T-5 09/14/88 13:31 3630.47 958.33 LC good135 200884 T-5 09/14/88 14:02 3630.48 1004.45 LC good136 200885 T-5 09/14/88 14:38 3630.71 10 10.84 LC good

(line 14)

137 200886 T-5 09/14/88 15:43 3640.78 1009.73 LC good138 200887 T-5 09/14/88 16:02 3640.55 1005.98 LC good139 200888 T-5 09/14/88 16:30 3640.37 1000.31 LC good140 200913 T-5 09/14/88 16:58 3639.46 954.49 LC good

141 T-5 09/14/88 17:44 3639.16 944.49 LC bad142 200914 T-5 09/14/88 17:45 3639.16 944.38 LC T offset143 200915 T-5 09/14/88 18:21 3639.51 938.90 LC good144 200916 T-5 09/14/88 18:47 3639.26 933.09 LC good145 200905 T-5 09/14/88 19:18 3639.03 926.71 LC good146 200912 T-5 09/14/88 19:47 3638.66 920.40 LC hit botoom 1500m147 200911 T-5 09/14/88 20:19 3638.27 9 14.89 LC hit botoom 1600m148 200910 T-5 09/14/88 21:01 3640.31 906.74 LC hit bottom 1000m

(line 15)

149 200906 T-5 09/14/88 22:01 3649.92 907.97 LC hit bottom 600m150 640596 T-7 09/14/88 22:42 3649.29 9 16.43 LC bad151 640591 T-7 09/14/88 22:46 3649.25 9 16.91 LC good152 200907 T-5 09/14/88 23:16 3649.16 922.99 LC hit bottom 850m153 200908 T-5 09/14/88 23:43 3649.31 928.51 LC hit bottom 1275m154 200909 T-5 09/15/88 00:15 3649.80 934.87 LC good155 200413 T-5 09/15/88 00:50 3650.33 941.65 LC good156 200414 T-5 09/15/88 01:19 3650.77 947.27 LC good157 200415 T-5 09/15/88 01:49 3650.91 953.37 LC good

TR 8920 A5


(line 15), cont.

158 200416 T-5 09/15/88 02:23 36 50.73 10 00.08 LC good159 200417 T-5 09/15/88 02:49 36 50.50 10 05.15 LC good160 200418 T-5 09/15/88 03:22 3650.61 10 11.18 LC good

(line 16)

161 200419 T-5 09/15/88 04:23 3700.42 10 11.22 LC good162 200420 T-5 09/15/88 04:50 3700.30 1006.13 LC good163 200421 T-5 09/15/88 05:17 3700.34 1000.91 LC good164 200422 T-5 09/15/88 06:00 3700.38 952.16 LC bad below 150m165 200423 T-5 09/15/88 06:04 3700.37 951.65 LC good166 200424 T-5 09/15/88 06:32 3700.21 945.89 LC T offset167 200857 T-5 09/15/88 06:59 3700.02 940.36 LC good168 200858 T-5 09/15/88 07:29 3659.85 933.92 LC hit bottom 1525m169 200859 T-5 09/15/88 08:01 3659.83 926.78 LC hit bottom 1525m170 200860 T-5 09/15/88 08:29 3659.77 920.41 LC good171 200861 T-5 09/15/88 09:03 3659.63 9 13.96 LC hit bottom 1000m172 640590 T-7 09/15/88 09:27 3700.17 909.19 LC hit bottom 600m

(line 17)

173 200863 T-5 09/15/88 13:53 37 10.37 927.17 LC hit bottom 1270m174 200862 T-5 09/15/88 21:22 37 14.42 951.45 LC hit bottom 1550m

(line 18)

175 200864 T-5 09/16/88 10:17 37 13.68 1027.94 LC good176 200866 T-5 09/16/88 10:50 37 18.56 1025.32 LC good177 200868 T-5 09/16/88 11:22 3722.97 1022.92 LC good178 200867 T-5 09/16/88 11:51 3726.99 1020.75 LC good179 200865 T-5 09/16/88 12:23 3731.71 10 18.87 LC bad below 1250m180 200869 T-5 09/16/88 12:55 3736.85 10 17.43 LC bad below 1350ni181 200871 T-5 09/16/88 13:16 3740.29 10 16.69 LC good182 200872 T-5 09/16/88 13:53 3746.15 10 14.99 LC bad183 200873 T-5 09/16/88 13:57 3746.51 10 14.91 LC bad

A6 TR 8920


(line 19)

184 640592 T-7 09/16/88 21:19 3751.68 929.11 LC good

To Meddy and initial search

185 200876 T-5 09/17/88 04:13 3639.84 9 19.84 LC bad below 1300m186 178744 T-5 09/17/88 05:08 3630.37 9 18.31 LC good187 200875 T-5 09/17/88 06:03 3620.93 9 14.81 LC good188 200877 T-5 09/17/88 06:39 3616.04 9 11.03 LC good189 200878 T-5 09/17/88 07:09 36 12.77 906.71 LC good190 200879 T-5 09/iY/88 07:41 3609.29 902.14 LC good191 200880 T-5 09/17/88 08:09 3609.70 906.71 LC good192 200893 T-5 09/17/88 08:42 36 10.62 9 13.20 LC good193 200894 T-5 09/17/88 09:25 3605.29 9 13.82 LC good194 200895 T-5 09/17/88 09:57 3600.54 9 14.72 LC good195 200896 T-5 09/17/88 10:34 3600.09 9 09.21 LC good196 200897 T-5 09/17/88 11:15 3559.51 902.02 LC good197 200901 T-5 09/17/88 11:56 3604.59 901.86 LC good198 200902 T-5 09/17/88 12:37 3605.58 908.82 LC good199 200903 T-5 09/17/88 13:35 3604.53 9 20.42 LC good200 200898 T-5 09/17/88 16:59 3604.37 9 10.70 LC good

Meddy Survey (leg 1)

201 200904 T-5 09/17/88 21:33 3557.30 9 12.46 LC good202 200900 T-5 09/17/88 21:52 3559.00 9 12.16 LC good203 200899 T-5 09/17/88 22:11 3600.68 9 11.79 LC good204 201003 T-5 09/17/88 22:32 3602.52 9 11.44 LC good205 201002 T-5 09/17/88 22:52 3604.26 9 11.04 LC bad206 201009 T-5 09/17/88 23:10 3605.85 9 10.75 LC good207 201006 T-5 09/17/88 23:31 3607.60 9 10.42 LC bad208 201005 T-5 09/17/88 23:49 3609.18 9 10.63 LC good209 201001 T-5 09/18/88 00:10 36 10.93 9 11.01 LC bad210 201004 T-5 09/18/88 00:30 36 12.58 9 11.52 LC good

TR 8920 A7



211 201007 T-5 09/18/88 02:52 3608.61 905.86 LC good212 201008 T-5 09/18/88 03:22 3606.61 907.86 LC good213 201010 T-5 09/18/88 03:44 3605.59 9 10.23 LC good214 201011 T-5 09/18/88 04:04 3604.71 9 12.34 LC bad215 201012 T-5 09/18/88 04:08 3604.53 9 12.75 LC bad216 200821 T-5 09/18/88 04:25 3603.81 9 14.57 LC good217 178745 T-5 09/18/88 04:46 3602.83 9 16.76 LC good218 200823 T-5 09/18/88 05:35 3601.54 9 18.91 LC good219 200824 T-5 09/18/88 05:56 3600.58 921.24 LC good220 200825 T-5 09/18/88 06:18 3559.63 923.68 LC noisy


221 200826 T-5 09/18/88 07:50 3609.80 920.24 LC good222 200827 T-5 09/18/88 08:09 3608.77 9 18.45 LC good223 200828 T-5 09/18/88 08:32 3607.57 9 16.25 LC good224 200829 T-5 09/18/88 08:53 3606.44 9 14.35 LC good225 200830 T-5 09/18/88 09:12 3605.42 9 12.71 LC good226 200831 T-5 09/18/88 09:43 36 03.90 9 09.97 LC bad below 300m227 200832 T-5 09/18/88 10:08 3602.74 907.88 LC bad below 400m228 201013 T-5 09/18/88 10:31 3601.69 906.06 LC good

229 201014 T-5 09/18/88 10:57 3600.58 904.16 LC good

A8 TR 8920

APPENDIX B

OceanusCrise-?2XSV- Log


Cape St. Vincent Region

(line 2)

1 XSV-02 09/11/88 10:42 36 33.00 8 13.26 LC failed2 XSV-02 09/11/88 11:11 3628.00 8 12.68 LC failed3 XSV-02 09/11/88 11:29 36 24.47 8 12.38 LC failed

(line 3)

4 XSV-02 09/11/88 15:35 36 11.05 8 24.73 LC failed5 XSV-02 09/11/88 16:17 36 16.47 8 24.62 LC good6 XSV-02 09/11/88 16:52 36 21.94 8 24.35 LC failed7 XSV-02 09/11/88 18:00 36 34.06 8 23.71 LC failed

(line 4)

8 XSV-03 09/11/88 21:14 36 45.45 8 37.47 LC good9 XSV-03 09/11/88 22:40 36 39.40 8 38.37 LC good

(line 8)

10 XSV-02 09/13/88 12:54 36 33.78 9 01.30 LC failed11 XSV-02 09/13/88 12:55 36 33.68 9 01.29 LC good12 XSV-02 09/13/88 16:16 36 24.76 9 02.53 LC Note 1, good13 XSV-02 09/13/88 16:53 36 19.81 9 02.93 LC good14 013619 XSV-02 09/13/88 21:03 36 02.81 9 01.14 LC good

(line 13)

15 013629 XSV-02 09/14/88 09:16 36 30.98 9 09.70 LC good

(line 14)

16 013626 XSV-02 09/14/88 21:01 36 40.31 906.74 LC good

(line 15)

17 013666 XSV-02 09/15/88 00:50 36 50.33 9 41.65 LC good

TR 8920 B 1


(line 17)

18 01362 XSV-02 09/15/88 21:22 37 14.42 9 51.45 LC good

(line 19)

19 011177 XSV-03 09/16/88 21:19 3751.68 929.11 LC good

To Meddy and initial survey

20 013630 XSV-02 09/17/88 09:25 36 05.29 9 13.82 LC Note 1, good21 013628 XSV-02 09/17/88 09:57 36 00.54 9 14.72 LO Note 1, good22 013622 XSV-02 09/17/88 10:34 36 00.09 9 09.21 LC Note 1, good23 013627 XSV-02 09/17/88 11:15 35 59.51 9 02.02 LC good24 013665 XSV-02 09/17/88 11:56 3604.59 901.86 LC good25 013623 XSV-02 09/17/88 12:37 36 05.58 9 08.82 LC good26 013624 XSV-02 09/17/88 13:35 36 04.53 9 20.42 LC good27 013664 XSV-02 09/17/88 16:59 36 04.37 9 10.70 LC Notes 1 & 3


28 013654 XSV-02 09/17/88 21:33 35 57.30 9 12.46 LC good29 013643 XSV-02 09/17/88 21:52 35 59.00 9 12.16 LC good30 013644 XSV-02 09/17/88 22:11 3600.68 9 11.79 LC good31 013651 XSV-02 09/17/88 22:32 36 02.52 9 11.44 LC good32 013653 XSV-02 09/17/88 22:52 36 04.26 9 11.04 LC failed33 013652 XSV-02 09/17/88 23:10 36 05.85 9 10.75 LC good34 013646 XSV-02 09/17/88 23:31 36 07.60 9 10.42 LC good35 013647 XSV-02 09/17/88 23:49 36 09.18 9 10.63 LC Note 2, good36 013645 XSV-02 09/18/88 00:10 36 10.93 9 11.01 LC good37 013648 XSV-02 09/18/88 00:30 36 12.58 9 11.52 LC Note 1, good


38 013649 XSV-02 09/18/88 02:52 36 08.61 9 05.86 LC Note 1, good39 013650 XSV-02 09/18/88 03:22 36 06.61 9 07.86 LC noisy40 013640 XSV-02 09/18/88 03:44 36 05.59 9 10.23 LC Note 1, good41 013641 XSV-02 09/18/88 04:04 36 04.71 9 12.34 LC good42 013642 XSV-02 09/18/88 04:25 36 03.81 9 14.57 LC good43 013637 XSV-02 09/18/88 04:46 36 02.83 9 16.76 LC Notes 1 & 444 013638 XSV-02 09/18/88 05:35 36 01.54 9 18.91 LC good45 013639 XSV-02 09/18/88 05:56 36 00.58 9 21.24 LC Note 1, good46 013636 XSV-02 09/18/88 06:18 35 59.63 9 23.68 LC good

B2 TR 8920



47 013635 XSV-02 09/18/88 07:50 36 09.80 9 20.24 LC Note 1, good48 013634 XSV-02 09/18/88 08:09 36 08.77 9 18.45 LC Note 1, good49 013633 XSV-02 09/18/88 08:32 36 07.57 9 16.25 LC Note 1, good50 013632 XSV-02 09/18/88 08:53 36 06.44 9 14.35 LC Note 1, good51 013631 XSV-02 09/18/88 09:12 36 05.42 9 12.71 LC good52 013678 XSV-02 09/18/88 09:43 36 03.90 9 09.97 LC good53 013677 XSV-02 09/18/88 10:08 36 02.74 9 07.88 LC good54 013676 XSV-02 09/18/88 10:31 36 01.69 9 06.06 LC good55 013673 XSV-02 09/18/88 10:57 36 00.58 9 04.16 LC good

Note 1. Probe end misaligned/rotated to proper alignment.

Note 2. Wire wrapped around tab.Note 3. Bad below 175 m and 750 m.Note 4. Bad below 125 m and 175 m.

TR 8920 B3

I

APPENDIX C

-Profiles of Temperature versus.Pressure

Depths were converted to pressure using the following relation between pressureand depth determined for the Cadiz data:

ratio (pressure) = 0.9927 - 2.55 x 10-6 pressure'+ 0.0073 exp (- pressure/50).

XBT pressure = -(XBT depth/ratio)

For the T-5 XBTs, 0.075 0C was subtracted from the temperature values. The data aregridded into 2 dbar values. The graphs have been terminated at-the end of good data.

C'j

x

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C2 TR 8920

00

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C24 TMR8920

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C28 TR 8920

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C30 TR 8920

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C34 TR 8920

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C40 TR 8920

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C50 TR 8920

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APPENDIX D

Profiles of Sound Speed versus Pressure

Type 02 XSV depths were corrected and converted to pressure in the followingmanner.'First, -we solved for time of fall by inverting the fall rate equation to obtain

t -pcall + Npcall2 - 4(pcal2)(pcal0 + XSV depth)

2pcal2

where these pcal's are Sippican's XSV fall rate coefficients and have the values

pcal0 = 0.0pcall = 5.5895pcal2 = -0.00147.

Then we computed the new depth from time.

New XSV depth =-[(pcal0 + (pcall x t) + (pcal2 x :2)],

where these pcal's are the Cadiz cruise XSV coefficients determined in Section 5.1 andhave the values

pcal0 = 3.38pcall = 5.8561pcal2 = - 0.000883.

The "new XSV depths" were then converted to pressure in the same manner as the XBTdepths. The type 03 XSV depths were not corrected; only the conversion to pressure wasmade. The sound speeds for both the type 02s and 03s were adjusted by adding0.2 m s . The data were then gridded into 2 dbar values. The graphs have been ter-minated at the end of good data.

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ccr)

to -Ux

F U)

n~~~C 00> 0

C>0 0 0 0 C, lc o 0 0uCD C

TR 8920 D15

Ce)

U))

U)

00

0 C))cm c co C ~ U> o C

CD

0 o C> 0C0 > 0 0 0 0> 0>C). C Cl 0 CD3 C C> 0

(jeqp) ajflss9Jd

16 R 92

0

x

CM

CJU)

C)C)ot-

0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0

0D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Cq I CD co 0 cmJ (0 co 0

(jeqp) GaflssGJd

0

0CV')C0

x

C',

U)

U)

0.

C) C

* *~ * * * *~ * * * (j~ q p ) a J t s s @ J d 1

TR 920 D 17

Ul)U)

x0

Co

o

C

0)

co

0 0 l CD 0 0 0 0cq ~ ~ ~ ~ 01 t o 0 mw O

r co

cm)to

r0

C-

(I)

L 0 0. C 0 0 0 0 0

(aeqp),qsij

D18 TR 8920

00

U) c

[ 0)> Cl)

CL00

C)0U) U

0 0 0C 0 0 0 0 00) 0 0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,N~ (D0 c 0 cm IT co 0

lz (jeqp) aJflssaid

TR890 1

> C0

x

)

U)

co

CM

0 rT-0

N U) U 0 N D U)

to --

Lfa)

0

C)

-C

0 0 00 0 0 0 0) 0

D0 TR 8920 D U 0 N D U--- - N

00

xj

-1 LO)

C)

(DCL

U)

0

co

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0N~ (D co 0 cm qT D OD 0

(jeqp) ejflssOJd

x

H0 ECD

a/)

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0U)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0> 0 0 0 0 0 0N ~ (JD CD 0 N~ (D CD 0

(jeqp) GJflSSOJd

TR 8920 D21

0LO)

UU

0

Uf)

CL

-U)

00

0

* .. .,, I I* ii I *9 I ag

0)

CD)

U) -U)

x8 0 0 00C~j D co 0 C ~ IT o N

U)j

(jeqp) inssai

D22 TR 892

c'JLO0

Uw)>..

x

0 E

(D

C,

0)

0 0.

C~

LfU)

0l)

to

C)

(0L

o04

U)

C

0 000

0

(jeqp) inss0)

TR 890 D0

U)f

0

CJ

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0~

0

0 0 D 0 0 0 0 0 0o 0

(jLqp) ainssaid

co)

U)

x

0E

C-

t2U)

coC)D

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00m 0 0 0 0 0m 0 0

(jeqp) ainssaid

D24 TR 8920

LOUr)

> CU)

x

to

2U)

0

0 00

0C0 0 0 0> 0 0 0 0cm 0 c 0 (Nm ' (D 0o

(Nm

(jeqp) aJflssijd

TR 8920 D25

APPENDIX E

Profiles of Temperature, Sound Speed, and Computed Salinityfor All Good Drop Pairs

The XSV probe depths were corrected individually, using the data from simultane-ously dropped XBT probes as described in Section 5.1. The data have been gridded into2 dbar bins. Salinity is averaged over 50 dbar; temperature and sound speed are averagedover 20 dbar. ,Salinity was determined as described in Section-5.4.

0

coM) l

x* W~a 0CL E-

CL )

_ a :

Ini .. H o

0' 0 000

10 0

LO C) 10m0

0006)

0 '

CD 0)0CD a

CO U) t

ca a

00

o6o

C)-0 0 -' a) 0'-

'-qp aaSSJ

TR 892 E I

o, )I F I I ..IL

Ue)-

CO 0 CE

U) E E0) CL

0

0 -)C

0 0) 0 0 0) 0 0 0> 0M (D CC) 0 Nq LO (o 0

(jeqp) aiflSS@Jd

(0~U 0)I ~0 UO

0

0 0 0

co /-.. \

co -n -- /

060

COO

CL

0

0~~~t 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

N (D 0 0o N (D c 0

(jeqp) aJflSSDJd

E2 TR 8920

C.o CU1 IC

o D 1

x c

06J

x 0.

CL

CD)

C) 00

0) 0 n CC. U) 0) 0 C

060

I-- CD 0 ' C C

ca cc CVC.x

0

x-C 0 0E

CL X

C-.L

Cl) .. . . .

C.) 0

U) a' 0)

0) 0 0C 0 0 0 0C0 00V 0D C 0 0\ CD CD 0

(jeqp) aJflssaid

TR 8920 E3

LO Cl M w

Cd)

050

m U . N U

- -3

j) EO

C: 0

U))

0~~~D 0co t2 U)0)U) U

00C0 N

m~ N0 U)m(0 c

U)O 0

'6o 0) (1)

'I 0)) (j

N' 0.

U) U

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cn 0 -

ClU)

0a (1)N CO U 0 N ) U)

(eqp eUlS8J

E4 TR892

cc

x j06

a- EUa) 0'

I)I

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(') 0) 0 0

C)2Q

0 0) 0C0 0 0 0 0 C0cm v (D co 0 cm co co 0

(jeqp);gjnssEGJd

060

0

H o CD Uco -ocm

06

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U) 0

CD 00

N IL

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00

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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0N co cD 0 N(D co 0

(jeqp) Geflss@Jd

TR 8920 E5

C) I 111111T= LO 00)1

06

I-0CO cAC"

x06 /-

x U) *\/E

C0. D1

C £1)

UU)

co C) 00

to (0 ct0nN o 0

0C-)D

oq (D c mIo c

CD

05~

ca cm Mx06 --

U)2

x 0.-' 0 . E

CL

0 =

0- C) 01

00

0 0)

0 0C 0 0 0 0 0(NJ to 0o 0 (NJ to co 0

(ieqp) ajflss@Jd

E6 TR 8920

CV) cl CV

060

00

x

/ 0 ECl)

cu--w)

U) E

C)C - i 3,

[ C)

o 0 0 0) 0 0 C0 0 0C) n Co 0) 0N CD C 0

(jeqp) ajflss@Jd

0) . . . . .t

06CMJ

0~c ./ 0

x

x -. 3 0

0) - ECLI

E vE00=

C)0

In ton

0co

0CD0 0 0 0 0 0 CD0 0 0 0 0 0D 0 03 0 0)

Nm W0 i 0 N ~ ~ D c 0

(jeqp) aiflSS@Jd

TR 8920 E 7

C6 ULO)

0

C5/-X

0

Ea)

cu~

U) C

C9 0 0 Zo0)

0 0 10\ CD ) 0 C 0

(jeqp) GaflSSGJd

ot

050

0

/o Eco I) (3 M0

0.- ))- -

E

U)

If))

C>

0

tn 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C0C'J * t (D 0) 0 N ~ (D 0

(ieqp) aJflSS@Jd

E8 TR 8920

o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .~ .**t . LO aj. ag.-S * . da j t. ~~ aB I) *2

*C o W c'

C'jo C6-.s

1- i

Z1- ---

U) S .f)

cn Es

CL

0 ~ ~~~~ 00 0 D > C

0 m to 0CD 0 cm 0 o C,

(jeqp) ajnssJd-

(I) U).

. 1 . . It

0Ci)- CD 0 c

A co- ~

x E)

f C13 (1

U) Ea) C

coO

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0 0

0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 00~ 0 o 0 0 0 0 0~ 0C 0

(jeqp) a~inssaJd

TR 8920 E9

cii0

(a)

06

0

4) 0

U)'

C.,L

-) 0

U)

0 0

-c

C3 C)0. C/m (D c '3 vc c

A) LO

06)

0 0 0

S (D 03 )

(0 0

(i~qp) (Dsai

0o 0 0 00

ElO TR8a)

C)

x C" U

X =3

U) A Wj

C C/

EC3 0) 0

';2 U)

C')qp OclSG

CC) CD Coh* * l ; hI,.,aUom CD c m)D cc~cm

co a) .I ICI) c

o0 ~

ca C 1 ' I) CMx /~

U)

o

U)C/

,00

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0C,0 0 0 C 0 0('U CD CD 0 CDj (0 0

(jeqp) Gaflssaid

TR 8920 Eli

f .) .1 U 0

C0ICv)

o o CM -

00N

m N U

C,) (1) E

0 . C 13 0 D

C ...... C0..a. .......... . a)*

I 1 C0

So~

Cj O 0o 00)

U) 0)

C'M

060co2

00 C~0

060

U))x ) I N 0 E

C~U)C~CL

o -E-.

H / 0 0

C~ )

Cl0)

0) -) C2(

C) 0 C

0 0 0 0 0 0 co 0

(jeqp) aJflSS@Jd

E12 TR 8920

CV)

coo~

x U- U

(1- =3 0

a)

cu C

0

CD 00

o0U))

C, !

0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 00) 0 0 0 0D 0 0 0 0 0cm (D co 0 01 v t 0

(ieqp) Oaflssaid

0 U)

CYU)

m o cm Ux

U) 0

0.: , LO 0-

LACL

U)~~~ .... ......

C)a 0

0)

CD 0~

00

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TR 8920 E13

CM a) . - - I . . I . . I I . I . ) I . N . I . I . .IL

Cl) C

06

>

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0

-L 0

0D 0. .. 1 00 0 0o 0 0

0) W 0)

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m co

CY

0 00

060

ClCD

CIJ~~~c CDC i D C

(Uqp CJlSLJ

E14 TR892

ID rwr-Tr--T---F 0 IIII tc))

co

x -l L

U)j

0I ) 0~-

Ci)

U) CL -)E

0)

0 0 0 CD 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 0cm (0 0 cm (D c)

c'J m

00- -

02 Noc U)x .1

U/ C) Ux =3 0

a) a)

0

00

M U)

0 0C0D 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

N 0 ) 0 oC (D 0o 0

(jeqp) aJflssaid

TR 8920 E15

06

C

x = 0 0

Cl- /l CU)

LtLL

'.- C.

C) Eo

0)

Mn Ln 0C')

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 C 0 0 0 0) 0 0Nv (D co 0 m to CD 0

(ieqp) Oaflss@Jd

06)

coJ

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06 />A

C)

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oO

0 00

C9)

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0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0

N4 to OD 0 NM to 00 0- r N

(jeqp) aJflSSaJd

E16 TR 8920

060

00F- . /o

ro N_~ U)

0.

C/)D

* ()E

Ao 0: 0

U)0co) to 0)

C>0 0 0 0 0 0 0) 0 0 0 00 0 0 0C 0 0 0

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(jeqp) ainSGJd

0)

0) 0) C~)

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x :3 0

x) E

Cl)-- 7 0 cO

Q/ U))

(I) E

0 o0

co Uc

C 0)CD CC)a

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0N CD CO) 0 N ~ (D CO 0

(jeqp) Gaflss@Jd

TR 8920 E17

C'i a, ... I .... ~ I .I .. .IIIIII.It 0

0

x NN

U)I

U) - - ECL (D C

cu a)

) 0)

co

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00) 0C0 0 0 0 0 0 0

l (0 co 0 cm (D 00 0

(jeqp) aJflssaid

0

H 0mo cj cm t

U) U

CO

.*.* * ~.. a)

0C-3 If

00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0

N~ (0 (0 0 (D c) 0r -- -N

(ieqp);gjflss@Jd

E18 TR 8920

LO0

060

C.) C/U

/ E

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U) .. . . .E.. . C

0- 0(v)L' U)/

to 0C.)

0 0 0 0 0) 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0) 0 0 0 0 0CUj (0 00 0 cm (D c0 0)

(jeqp) ainSSOJd

co) 0)N c

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0)

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a))U

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o0

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00

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cUi CDj 0) (0 co 0

(ieqp) eJflssOJd

TR 8920 E19

04 ~04 0

m CD)ccn LO .* '>i.04 IU)*.

x 0Il* ' a.**-

ca CLU)

cub I oc 8

CD 0

V -o

0 0

0 0 o 0 o 0 0 0 0 o 0

(jeqp) ainss@Jd

In

o o 0CDm 0 0

x 07E

/ CD

U) .. . ..CD 0 HCD

In 0

0) In a)

CO 0

0 0 0 0 0 0D 0 0 0 0 00 0 0) 0 0 CD 0 0 0 004 (a D CD 0 04j at D CD 0

- - - a- 0

(jeqp) 8JflssEJd

E20 TR 8920

060

LO5

CDo 0 C)060

/ ECLl~

Cl0)

C/) N a. U)0))

U) 0I 0

c))

U) 0

L00to

0 0 0 0 C) 0 0 0 0 0 0o 0 C0 0 0) 0 0 0 0cm U) oa 0 (V ) )

(ieqp) ejflssGJd

C) *.j (VC\J

Ur)

x/

/ 0U) E

VaC L.L

U)

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cl0

00

0 0 0CID coU) a 0 (V a CID a) 0

(ieqp) aiflssOJd

TR 8920 E21

V

C\j cm IN(\j -tU)

LC)

H 0

x-06

U)-' * 'I6

7 -' E

CC

a) c

0

0

_ _ _ _ _ _ I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o0 0 0 0 0 C0 0 0 0 0cm to cC 0 N (D c)

(jeqp) aiflSGJd

E22 TR 8920

APPENDIX F

Algorithm-for Computing Salinity from Temperature,Sound Speed, and Pressure

I

Chen and Millero (1977) give an empirical relation for computing the sound speed in sea-

water from the measured values of the seawater temperature, salinity, and pressure. To estimate

the salinity of the seawater from measured values of sound velocity, temperature, and pressure,

their relation is inverted, so that salinity is found as a function of the other three variables. Chen

and Millero (Eq. 4) give

(U p - U~H20 ) -H(U - U°2o) = AS + BS 1 "5 + CS2

where

u p = speed of sound in seawa:sr

H= speed of sound in pure water

U° = speed of sound in seawater at zero pressure

Uo = speed of sound in pure water at zero pressure

S = salinity

A, B, C = coefficients.

The term U°0 - U° 20 is also given as a function of S, S1 5, and S2 Solving for S, the equation can

be rearranged asCS 2 + BS' 5 + AS - (Up - Up)+(U - 2 )=

or

S2 + a S1 5 + bS + d = 0.

The coefficients a, b, and d are computed from parameters given by Chen and Millero.

The following is a function written in C which, when given values of sound speed, tempera-

ture, and pressure, will return a value of salinity obtained by numerically solving the above

equation. The program that calls the function is not given.

TR 8920 F1

** sfsvel.c'

** Source C.-T. Chen and F.J. Millero (1977)** Journal of the Acoustic Society of America** Vol 62, pp 1129-1135.** ( inversion of their equations

** Check values sfsvel( 1521.46, 20., 0 ) = 35.0** sfsvel( 1506.34, 10., 1000 ) = 35.0** sfsvel( 1503.87, 5., 2000 ) = 35.0

/* -- Equation (4) in Chen and Millero is

u - upure )-( uO - uOpure ) = A*S +B*SA1.5 +C*S^2

where u =speed of sound in seawater water,upure =speed of sound in pure water,uO =s'eed of sound in seawater at zero pressure,uOpure =speed of sound in pure water at zero pressure,S -salinity, andA,B.C =coefficients

Solving for S, the equation can rearranged as

C*S^2 +B*S'^1.5 +A*S (u -upure) + (uO-uOpure) 0.

or S^2 + a*S'^l.5 + b*S + d =0

# include "'math.h t

# define EPSi 1.0e-06# define EPS2 1.0e-10

double sfsvel( u, t, p

double u; /* sound velocity in rn/s *double t; /* temperature in deg. C *double p; /* pressure in dbars ~

double sqrto;double u_pure;double a, b, d, factor, 5, si, s2, s3, s3_old, fO, fl, f2, f3;int flag = 1;

/* -------initialize parameter coefficients----------*

double ul = 1402.388, u2 = 5.03711, u3 = -5.80852e-2;double u4 = 3.3420e-4, u5 = -1.47800e-6, u6 =3.1464e-9;double u7 = 0.153563, uS = 6.8982e-4, u9 = -8.1788e-6;double ulO =l.3621e-7, ull = -6.1185e-10, u12 = 3.1260e-5;double u13 = -1.7107e-6, u14 = 2.5974e-8, u15 = -2.5335e-10;double u16 = 1.0405e-12, u17 = -9.7729e-9, ulB = 3.8504e-10;double u19 = -2.3643e-12;

double dl = 1.389, d2 = -1.262e-2, d3 = 7.164e-5;double d4 = 2.006e-6, d5 = -3.2le-8, d6 = -1.922e-2;double d7 = -4.42e-5, d8 = 1.727e-3;

double al = 9.4742e-5, a2 = -1.2580e-5, a3 = -6.4885e-8;double a4 = 1.0507e-8, a5 = -2.0122e-10, a6 = -3.9064e-7;double a7 = 9.104le-9, a8 = -1.6002e-10, a9 = 7.988e-12;

F2 TR 8920

double alO =l.100e-l0, all = 6.649e-12, a12 = -3.389e-13;

double bl = 7.3637e-5, b2 = 1.7945e-7, ci = -7.9836e-6;

/*-------------------------------------------------------------*

p 1 10.; /*-- convert dbars to bars -

/* -- compute the speed of sound in pure water (Chen & Millero, Eq (3)--*

upure = ul + t*( u2 + t*( u3 + t*( u4 + t*( u5 + t*uE))))* ( u7 + t*( u8 + t*( u9 + t*( u10 + t*ull))fl*p+ ( u12 + t*( u13 + t*( u14 + t*( u15 + t*u16))))*p*p+ ( u17 + t*( u18 + t*u19))*p*p*p;

factor =cl*p + d8;

a d6 + t*d7) + (bl +t*b2 *p;a 1=factor;

b = dl +t*( d2 + t*(d3 +t*(d4 +t*d5))+ (al +t*( a2 +t*(a3 +t*( a4 +t*a5))))*p+ (a6 + t*( a7 + t*( a8 + t*a9)))*p*p+ (alO + t*( all + t*a12 ))*p*p*p;

b 1=factor;

d =uypure - u;d 1=factor;

1* Need to solve equation S^2 + a* S~l.5 + b*S + d =0with the desired root between S = 0 and S = 40.

Solution is obtained by modified linear interpolation methodas shown in "Applied Numerical Analysis (Second Edition)"

by C.F. Gerald, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1978, 518p. *sl= 0.;

s2 = 40.;fl = sl*sl + a*sl*sqrt( si + b'~sl + d;f2 = s2*s2 + a*s2*sqrt( s2 )+ b*s2 + d;fo = fl;

s3 = si;s3_old =s2;

if( fl != 0. H(while(C flag 1=I

s3 = s2 -f2*( s2 -1 )/(M f2 - flif( s3 < 0. ) return( atof( "-l.e30", ) ; * -- return bad value *f3 = 3*s3 + a*s3*sqrt( s3 )+ b*s3 + d;if( f3/fl < 0. )

s2 = s3;f2 =f3;if( f3/fO > 0. )fl *= 0.5;

else(si = s3;fli f3;if( f3/fO > 0. 1f2 *= 0.5;

fO =f3;

if( fabs( s3 - s3 old )< EPSI 11 fabs( fO )< EPS2 H(S5 s3;break;

return( S )

TR 8920 F3

UnclassifiedSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE

Form ApprovedREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMBNo 0704.0188

la REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS

Unclassified2a SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3 DISTRIBUTION/ AVAILABILITY OF REPORT

2b DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Distribution unlimited

4 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NLMBER(S)

APL-U11 TR8920

6a NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b OFFICE SYMBOL 7a NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATIONApplied Physics Laboratory (If applicable) Office of Naval Research

University of Washington (Code 1122PO)

6c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 7b ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code)

1013 N.E. 40th Street 800 North Quincy StreetSeattle, WA 98105-6698 Arlington, Virginia 22217-5000

8a NAME OF FUNDING JSPONSORING 8b OFFICE SYMBOL 9 PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBERORGANIZATION (If applicable)Office of Naval Research N00014-87-K-0004

8c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 10 SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS

PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIT800 North Quincy Street ELEMENT NO NO NO ACCESSION NOArlington, Virginia 22217-5000 422PO .... 06

11 TITLE (Include Security Classification)

XBT and XSV Data from the Gulf of Cadiz Expedition: R/V Oceanus Cruise 20212 PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)

Maureen A. Kennelly, Mark D. Prater, Thomas B. Sanford13a TYPE OF REPORT 13b TIME COVERED 14 DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day) 15 PAGE COUNT

Data FROM q/aSTOQ August 1989 20916 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION

17 COSATI CODES 18 SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)

FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP Meddy 7 Salinity profiles -)Cape St. Vincent,

08 03 XBT profiles 9 Gulf of Cadiz " Portugal ,XSV profiles Ampere Seamount

19 ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identql by block number)

Temperature profiles from expendable bathythermographs (XBTs)and sound speed profiles from expendable sound velocimeters(XSVs) were obtained during leg 1 of the Gulf of Cadiz Expedi-tion, 4-19 September 1988, from R/V Oceanus. XBTs and XSVs weredeployed around Ampere Seamount and Cape St. Vincent, Portugal.Salinity profiles have been calculated from simultaneouslydropped pairs of XBTs and XSVs. This report describes theinstrumentation used, discusses data acquisition and processingmethods, and presents temperature, sound speed, and salinity pro-files. ,

20 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21 ABSTRACT SECURITY CL-ISSIFICATION0 UNCLASSIFIEDIUNLIMITED 5 SAME AS RPT El DTIC USFRS Unclassified

22a NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b TELEPHONE (Include Area Code) 22c OFFICE SYMBOLDavid Evans and Alan Brandt (202) 696-44111

DD Form 1473, JUN 86 Previous editions are obsolete SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE

SIN 0102-LF-014-6603 Unclassified

· university cf washington • applied physics laboratory acknowledgments we thank paul stevens...

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