Biology Grade 12 Chapter 1-5 Review Questions

Contributor: Julie, Samiya, Kennis, James, Ibrahim, Meskatun, Tigist, QuangChapter 1 True/False

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1. Isotopes that decay spontaneously are said to be radioactive. They are called radioisotopes.

2. Half-life is half the time it takes for half the nuclei to decay.

3. For the third energy level (n=3), the maximum number of electrons is 18.

4. The symbol for magnesium is . The Lewis Dot Diagram for magnesium is

5. Symmetrical molecules whose bonds are all polar are polar.

6. Hydrophilic molecules have an aversion to water, which is the tendency of non-polar

molecules.

7. If the pH of a solution is 6.5, it is more acidic than basic.

8. VSEPR theory is a method for predicting molecule shape based on the mutual repulsion of

electron pairs in a molecule.

9. There is a London force between all molecules.

10. Bases are substances that decrease the concentration of OH ions in a solution.

11. Proteins make up more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells.

12. Primary structure is the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

13. Catabolic reactions are reactions that break macromolecules into constituent individual

subunits.

14. Residue is an amino acid subunit of a polypeptide.

15. cAMP is a messenger in hormone regulation.

16. A common exothermic reaction in living organisms is combustion.

17. The first law of thermodynamics is:   The entropy of the universe increases with any

change that occurs.  Mathematically ΔS universe > 0 

18. Potential energy is energy possessed by moving objects

19. Kinetic energy is the ability to do work

20. The reactions of metabolism are enzyme catalyzed and are all reversible.

Please Ignore the Numbering and Just do the Questions

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21. Metabolism is the sum of all anabolic and catabolic procedures in a cell or organism

22. Activation energy is the difference between the potential energy level of the transition state

and the potential energy of reacting molecules

23. Bond energy is the minimum energy required to break one mole of bonds between two

species of atoms; a measure of the stabilities of chemical bonds.

24. The second law of thermodynamics is that: the total amount of energy in the universe is

constant.  Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only converted from one form into

another.  If an object or process gains an amount of energy, it does so at the expense of a

loss in energy somewhere else in the universe. 

25. A chemical reaction where the energy of the products is more than the energy of the

reactants is endergonic.

26. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is an enzyme.

27. Enzyme needs specific optimal P to work properly.

28. The substrate that provides electron is called oxidizing agent.

29. Enzymes increase or decrease the free energy of reaction.

30. Enzyme can convert the exergonic reaction to endergonic or endergonic reaction to

exergonic.

31. Glycogen is same as amylopectin but found only in plants.

32. The backbone of DNA molecule is held together by ester linkage.

33. Secondary structure coils and folds in a polypeptide caused by covalent bond.

34. Conjugated protein is maid up of a polypeptide plus a non-polypeptide group.

35. There are three fatty acids in a phospholipid molecule.

36. Coenzymes are non protein components, such as dissolved ions, that are needed for some

enzymes to function.

37. Competitive inhibitors are similar to the enzyme’s substrate that is able to enter the

enzyme’s active site.

38. A non-competitive inhibitor binds to the active site and changes the shape of the enzyme.

39. The digestive enzyme pepsin work best in acidic environment of the stomach.

40. Enzymes are used in many commercial and industrial processes.

Contributor: Samiya, Julie, Kennis, Meskatun, Tigist, JamesChapter 3 True & False

Place a T or F in the space provided

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1. Chloroplasts use light energy to make ATP and reduces NADP+ to NADPH.

2. Electromagnetic [EM] radiation is energy that travels at 3 x 108 in the form of wave packets called quantum membranes.

3. A cluster of photosynthetic pigments embedded in the thylakoid membrane is called photosystem.

4. Joseph Priestly used a candle, bell jar and a plant for his experiment to show that gases have an effect on the process of photosynthesis.

5. T.W. Engelmann used the alga Spirogyra to determine the colours of the Spirogyra’s chloroplasts.

6. Chlorophyll a and b absorb photons with energies in the blue-violet and red regions of the spectrum and reflect wavelengths between 500nm and 600nm.

7. C.B. Van Niel worked wit purple sulfur bacteria to show the presence of oxygen by splitting carbon dioxide.

8. Chlorella contained a “heavy” carbon dioxide C¹8O2 instead of a normal carbon dioxide C¹6O2, oxygen was given off by organisms did not contain O¹8. This confirmed that the oxygen formed in photosynthesis came from water, not from carbon dioxide.

9. At low light intensities, the rate of photosynthesis could be increased by increasing the temperature, not light intensity.

10. Plants stop making chlorophyll in cooler autumn temperatures which turns the leaves yellow, red and brown.

11. Photosystem 1 is a photosystem embedded in the thylakoid membrane containing chlorophyll P680.

12. In reduction reactions, each of the six molecules of PGA is phosphorylated by an ATP to form six molecules of G3P.

13. G3P is the final product of the Calvin cycle.

14. Without NADPH, the reactions of carbon fixation cannot occur because electrons in the hydrogen atoms of NADPH are needed to reduce carbon

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dioxide.

15. Noncyclic electron flow (cyclic electron flow) is the flow of photon- energized electrons from photosystem 1, through an electron transport chain that produces ATP by chemiosmosis, but no NADPH.

16. Both photosystem absorb different light.

17. Plastoquinone is an electron carrier.

18. Ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate is the first product of the carbon fixation reaction.

19. Light reaction is the sources of NADPH.

20. When electron goes from ground state to higher potential energy level, it loses energy.

21. When k+ ions diffuse out of the cells water moves out by osmosis and stoma open.

22. The surface of the leaf is coated with a water resist waxy lamellae.

23. Transcription is the loss of water vapour from plant tissues.

24. Chloroplasts have no membrane.

25. Electrons in the prophyrin ring of chlorophyll absorb light energy & begin the process of photosynthesis.

26. The structure of stomata in leaf regulates gas exchange.

27. Cuticle is water resistant waxy layer of a plant leaf.

28. Photon is the wavelength range for the visible light spectrum.

29. Photosystem II is involved in cyclic electron flow.

30. Photosynthesis occurs mainly in mesophyll cell.

31. Photorespiration requires light

32. The light compensation point is always lower than zero

33. When there is more CO2 compared to less CO2 the rate of photosynthesis is the highest

34. The photosynthetic efficiency or Quantum Yield describes the optimal

temperature conditions in which enzyme’s activity is maximize.

Biology Review Questions: True or False – Chapter 2 and 4Full Contributor: John, Jackson, Michelle, Nancy, Nirujah, Basera

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1. The inner mitochondrial membrane is completely impermeable to H ions.

2. Metabolic rate is the amount of energy consumed by an organism in a given time.

3. Nomograms are the minimum amount of heat on which an organism can die.

4. A graphical method of determining the value of a known quantity when the values of other quantities that it is mathematically related to are known as basal metabolic rate (BMR).

5. The importance of cells as the basic unit of life was realized in the 1600s.

6. Schleiden, Mendel and Schwann each made a proposal that contributed to the development of the cell theory.

7. Schleiden was the first to observe that all plant tissue was composed of cells.

8. The cell theory is the foundation used by biologists to try to understand life on earth.

9. A cell needs a constant supply of energy and a method to rid itself of waste products.

10. Minimizing the distance within the cell also minimizes the time taken for cell processes.

11. Chemoautotrophs produce energy from the sun and chemicals in their extreme environments

12. Glucose is the source of CO2 (g) that human exhale

13. Combustion in a testube happens in many steps while only one efficient step in the body.

14. In cellular respiration equation of combustion of glucose, the change in enthalpy is positive

15. Water catalyzes cellular respiration which lowers the activation energy for maxmium efficiency

16. Pyruvate Oxidation takes place in the cell's cytoplasm.

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17. The final product of Pyruvate Oxidation is CoA.

18. The chemical equation for the Krebs cycle is the follow: Oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA + ADP + Pi + 3 NAP+ + FAD → CoA + ATP + 3 NADH + 3H+ + FADH2 +

2CO2 + Oxaloacetate

19. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain mitochondria.

20. After whole series of reactions, pyruvate gets converted to 3CO2 waste product & energy in ATP only.

21. Glycolysis is the universal pathway that converts glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate.

22. The 1st 10 reactions of cellular respiration are collectively called glycolysis

23. Only eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria.

24. Prokaryotic cells carry out all the stages of cellular respiration within the cytoplasm

25. Mitochondria have their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes.

26. Oxidation is when component gains two electron from another component

27. The free energy released when electrons move from molecule to molecule is used to move protons from the mitochondrail matrix.

28. The electron transport process is highly endergonic.

29. NADH AND FADH transport electrons in the same way in the ETC.

30. Protons accumulated in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion during electron transport create an electrochemical gradient.

31. Roseland Franklin’s work is the key to discovering the structure of DNA

32. There are total of 5 nitrogenous bases

33. The Nobel committee could not award Roseland Franklin the Nobel Prize because she was a woman.

34. Wilkins worked with Roseland in good relationship providing her with DNA that he isolated

35. The bond between a sugar and another organic molecule is called an organic

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sugar bond

36. The closed circular DNA of prokaryotes has multiple origins of replication.

37. The replication of DNA starts from the 3` to 5`.

38. DNA has a double stranded structure.

39. RNA has a single stranded structure.

40. DNA replication is semi conservative.

41. An acid is any substance that will increase the pH.

42. An element is a pure substance that is composed of one kind of atom.

43. Organisms worldwide are suffering due to the effects of acid rain.

44. Water is not a polar molecule.

45. Hydrogen bonds are strong.

46. A polymer is a large molecule formed by identical or similar monomers.

Contributor: Julie, Samiya, Kennis, James, Ibrahim, Meskatun, Tigist, QuangChapter 1 Multiple Choice

Circle the correct answer:

1. The letter A in the symbol representsa) the atom of an elementb) the mass number of an elementc) the mass number which equals to the number of protons plus neutronsd) the atomic number of an elemente) none of the above

2. The letter Z in the symbol representsa) the number of electronsb) the atomic number of an elementc) the number of protonsd) all of the above e) none of the above

3. What is the radioisotope Iodine-131 used for in nuclear medicine?a) It is used as a cough syrup.

b) To evaluate the filtration rate of the kidneysc) To view and treat thyroid, liver and kidney diseasesd) To study the brain and colone) To image tumours and localized infections

4. The periodic table is arranged a) with elements in order of increasing atomic number b) vertical columns on the table called groups or familiesc) in horizontal rows called periodsd) elements in the same group containing same number of valence electronse) all of the above

5. If ΔEn = 2.38, is this a) non-polar covalentb) increasing polar covalentc) ionicd) increasing ionic charactere) ionic and covalent bond

6. Which of the following is a unique property of water?a) High specific heat of vaporization.b) Low specific heat capacity.c) Highest density of 95° C.d) Cohesion and adhesione) Can be (a) and (d)

7. For the chemical equation CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l) ↔ CH3COO¯(aq) + H3O+(aq)a) The conjugate base for H2O (l) is CH3COO¯(aq) b) CH3COOH (aq) and CH3COO¯(aq) are both acidsc) The base for the conjugate acid H3O+(aq) is H2O (l)d) There are no conjugate bas pairs; only conjugate acid pairs.e) The conjugate base of CH3COOH (aq) is H3O+(aq).

8. The chemical compound CH3COOH (aq) is a) a weak base b) a strong acid c) a weak acidd) a strong basee) at equilibrium

9. When ∆En is covalent, it is :a) greater than zerob) greater than zero, less than 1.7c) 14d) less than 1.7, greater than 1.7e) less than zero, greater than 1.7

10. At Equilibriuma) acids dissolve in a baseb) the rate of forward reaction is equal to the backward reactionc) weak acids become weak basesd) neutralization reaction occurse) all of the above

11. What is the simplest amino acid?a) Glycine b) Proline c) Alanine d) Methionine e) None of them

12. What is the name of the process when glycerol reacts with fatty acids?a) Condensation reactionb) Dehydrationc) Esterification d) Hydrolysis reactione) Fermentation

13. What is the linkage in maltose?a) 1-6 glycosidic linkageb) 1-4 glycosidic linkagec) 1-2 glycosidic linkaged) 1-4 glycosidic linkageb) 1-6 glycosidic linkage

14. What is the main function of fats?a) To act as biological catalystsb) Energy storingc) To store hereditary informationd) To build materialse) Oxygen transport

15. What is the difference between DNA and RNA?a) DNA has nucleotides containing the base A, G, C and U, while RNA contains A, G, c

and Tb) DNA is enzyme, while RNA is vitaminc) The function of DNA is the translation of genetic information, while RNA is the

major energy carrier.d) DNA has nucleotides containing the base A, G, C and T, while RNA contains A, G, C

and Ue) DNA contains ribose, whereas RNA contains deoxyribose

16. Living organisms must continually capture, store and use:a) energyb) lipids

c) carbohydratesd) Mr. Nakashimae) A and B

17. In chemical reactions, entropy increases when:a) solid reactants become liquid or gaseous productsb) liquid reactants become gaseous productsc) complex molecules react to form simpler moleculesd) gaseous reactants become liquid productse) a, b, and c

 18. The most common form of energy absorbed are released by chemical

reactions in living things isa) thermal energy as waterb) thermal energy as heatc) c)thermal energy as glucosed) none of the above

 19. C6H1206 + 6O2  - > 6CO2 + 6H2O: ΔH Combustion = KJ/Mol C6H12O6  is    2870 KJ/Mol   

a) An endothermic reactionb) An exothermic reactionc) Thermodynamic reactiond) a and be) none of the above

20. What forms from C6H12O6 + 6O2?a) 6CO2 + 6H2Ob) 6CO2 + H2Oc) Waterd) a and ce) none of the above

21. Which molecule is oxidized in this reaction?CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + Energy + 2H2Oa) CH4 and CO2

b) 2O2 and energyc) productsd) a and ce) all of the above

22. An exothermic reaction favoursa) an increase in entropyb) a decrease in entropyc) energyd) enzymee) none of the above

23. Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate of ATP is an exergonic process resulting ina) a less stable productb) a more stable productc) activation energyd) exergonic increase in entropye) all of the above

24. To oxidize is to:a) gain electronsb) lose electronsc) oxidize a membraned) gain oxygene) none of the above

25. The Free Energy definition was created by:a) Darwinb) Lamarckc) Newtond) Watsone) Gibbs

26. What does catalyst do to the activation energy of reactions?a) Increases b) decreases c) sometime increase and sometimes decreases d) helps to get equilibrium state e) none of the above.

27. Which enzyme is used to get α-glucose?a) Maltose b) amylase c) pepsin d) pepsinogen e) trypsin

28. Active site isa) Pocket or groove in the two dimensional structure of the protein.b) The weakest site or bond in the enzyme.c) The location where substrate binds to the enzyme. d) The strongest site or bonds in the enzyme.e) None of the above.

29. What is the optimal temperature for enzyme in human?a) 40 C b) 30 C c) 50 C d) 37 C e) 35 C

30. Non competitive inhibitors a) Attack at active site of enzyme and block the normal substrate from binding.b) Attach at any side and denature the enzyme.c) Increase the activation energy.d) Denature the normal substrate. e) All of the above.

31. –COH this functional group represent a) Hydroxylb) Carbonyl ketonesc) Carbonyl aldehydes d) Carboxyle) b and c

32. There are about _______ different amino acids found in most proteins a) 20b) 40c) 13d) 35e) none of the above

33. The bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of a second amino acid of a protein a) Ionic bondb) Hydrogen bondc) Peptide bondd) Covalent bonde) All

34. Fats are composed of a) Fatty acidb) Nucleic acid c) Amino acid d) Glycerol e) a and d

35. Lactose isa) disaccharideb) polysaccharidec) monosaccharide d) produced by the hydrolysis of β galactose and α glucose e) a and d

36. In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the substrate binds to a very small portion of the enzyme. The location where the substrate binds to the enzyme is calleda) enzyme – substrate complexb) induced – fit model

c) active sited) allosteric sitee) none of the above

37. Feedback inhibition is a method used by the cella) to control metabolic pathway involving a series of sequential reactionsb) to be in the active form more often the production of the inhibitor product

increasesc) to produce ATPd) all of the above e) none of the above

38. Some enzymes posses receptor sites calleda) active siteb) activatorc) alloster sited) allosteric inhibitore) none of the above

39. Enzyme are used in some commercial and industrial processes such asa) brewingb) paper – making c) cheese makingd) cleaninge) all of the above

40. Substances that bind to the allosteric site may a) denature the enzyme b) change the enzyme shapec) stimulate an enzyme activityd) all of the above e) none of the above

Biology Review Questions: Multiple Choices – Chapter 2 and 4

Full Contributor: John, Jackson, Michelle, Nancy, Nirujah, Basera

1. What category does plants fall into?a) photoautotrophsb) heterotrophsc) chemoautotrophsd) herbivorese) none of the above

2. How is the following equation balanced?Equation: C6H12O6 (aq) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (l) a) 0:6 : 6:6b) 0:6 : 12:6c) 6:6 : 12:6

d) 1:6 : 12:6e) 1:6 : 6:6

3. In respiration of animals, which gases are used and which are produced?a) O2 (g) : H2O (g)

b) CO2 (g) : O2 (g)

c) H2O (g) : O2 (g)

d) O2 (g) : CO2 (g)

e) H2O (g) : CO2 (g)

4. Which process do animals use for energy?a) Anaerobic cellular respirationb) Aerobic cellular respirationc) Heterotrophic cellular respirationd) Carnivorous cellular respiratione) Both a) and b)

5. Which type of organism cannot live in presence of oxygen?a) Obligate aerobesb) Obligate anaerobesc) Facultative anaerobesd) Facultative aerobese) Anti-oxygenic organisms

6. Which one is not part of the modern cell theory?a) All living things are composed of cellsb) Cells are the basic units of living organismsc) All cells come from pre-existing cellsd) All cells contain smaller partse) All cells are created by God

7. Which scientist did not contribute to the cell theory in the 1800’s?a) Schleidenb) Schwannc) Virchow d) Mendel e) John Wu

8. Cells obtain energy and get rid of waste through their ___________.a) cell wallb) cell membranec) cell surface aread) organellese) nucleus

9. The size of most plant and animal cells ranges from ________.a) 0.1 and 10 umb) 0.01 and 0.10 um

c) 10 and 100 umd) 1 and 10 ume) 1 and 100 um

10. During cell division in eukaryotic cells, the replicated genetic material in the nucleus is divided equally between 2 daughter nuclei in a process known as

a) Mitosisb) Meiosis c) Photosynthesisd) Both a and be) None of the above

11. Mitosis is usually followed bya) cytokinesisb) splitting of 3 cellsc) splitting of 2 new cellsd) both a and ce) none of the above

12. The daughter cells has an exact copy of parent cell’a) DNAb) RNAc) MRNAd) TRNAe) None of the above

13. Each single DNA strand could act as a template to build complementary strand, resulting ona) 2 identical DNA moleculesb) 3 identical DNA moleculesc) 4 identical DNA moleculesd) 2 identical RNA moleculese) none of the above

14. Mitotic cell division is essential for thea) Growth of tissues during embryonic development and childhoodb) Tissue regeneration.c) Hair growth d) Both a and be) Both a and c

15. What is spontaneous generation?a) A current theory that states living organisms can be generated from non-living matterb) An outdated theory that states living organisms can be generated from non-living

matterc) A current theory that suggests all matter is made up of spontaneous particlesd) An outdated theory that suggests all matter is made up of spontaneous particlese) The Big Bang

16. It is better for a cell to have maximum membrane ________ as possible.a) cell capacityb) volume c) surface aread) depthe) concentration

17. The number that go through the ATPase complex to produce what?a) Heat b) NADH c) Light d) ATP.e) Energy

18. What is the total theoretical ATP yield?

a) 25b) 30 c) 36d) 37e) 32

19. The minimum amount of energy required to keep an organism alive is called the a) Metabolic rateb) Nomogramsc) ATPd) The Aerobic Respiration Energy e) Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

20. What is the BMR of a healthy adult male?a) 167KJ/m/hb) 195KJ/m/hc) 150KJ/m/hd) 220KJ/m/he) 187KJ/m/h

21. The BMR is measured when a person isa) Sleepingb) Sittingc) Lying at restd) Exercising e) Bicycling (20km/h)

22. In Pyruvate Oxidation, which of the following changes occur to pyruvate?a) Removal of Carbon Dioxideb) Reduction of NAD+ by two H atomsc) Attachment of Coenzyme Ad) All of the above

e) Only A and C

23. How many different biological steps are involved in the Krebs cycle?a) 5b) 7c) 8d) 9e) Unknown

24. Between which of the two Krebs cycle products is FADH2 created?a) Isocitrate & Alpha-ketoglutarateb) Alpha-ketoglutarate & Succinyl-CoAc) Succinate & Fumarated) Malate & Oxaloacetatee) Only A, B, and D

25. Between which of the two Krebs cycle products is water added?a) Isocitrate & Alpha-ketoglutarateb) Fumarate & Malatec) Succinate & Fumarated) Only A and Be) None of the Above

26. Which statement below is FALSE in regard to Control Mechanism?a) ATP inhibits and ADP activates phsphofructokinase.b) A decrease in citrate concentration will increase ADP concentration.c) NADH from the Krebs cycle activates pyruvate decarboxylase.d) Both A and B are true (If you choose this one, then A and B is false)e) Vitamin C is necessary for a healthy lifestyle and to prevent scurvy.

27. The overall equation of the sequence of energy changes that occurs in aerobic respiration. a) C + O ------> COb) C6H12O6 + 6O2-----> 6 CO2 + 6 H2Oc) C12H6O12 + 6O2----> CO + H2Od) C6H6O6 + 6H2O----> 6CO2 + 6H2Oe) NONE OF THE ABOVE

28. The energy transfer mechanism that captures free energy in the form of ATP area) Substrate-level phosphorylation & oxidation phosphorylationb) Subtration & oxidationc) Light & dark reactionsd) Subway phosphorylation & oxygen phosphorylation.e) None of the above.

28. The end product of glycolysis are:a) FADH & FAD+

b) ATP & NADH

c) ATP & ADP d) H2O & NADHe) H2O & CO2

30. Glycolysis occurs in ________ of all cells. a) Mitochondria b) Nucleusc) Cell membraned) Cytoplasme) Space

31. Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in:a) Matrix b) Mitochondriac) Intermembrane spaced) Nucleus e) Space

32. NADH produced by glycolyis in the cytoplasm may diffuse througha) the outer mitochondrion membrane into the intermembrane spaceb) the inner membrane into the matrixc) the outer mitochondrail membrane into the matrixd) the inner membrane into the intermembrane spacee) intermembrane space to the matrix

33. Where is the location of the transport chain a) intermembrane spaceb) matrixc) inner mitochondrial membraned) all the abovee) only a and c

34. What is the final production of ETC?a) ATP and water b) Just ATPc) Just waterd) ATP and water,FADH2e) ATP and FADH2

35. The components in ETC as follows:a) NADH dehydrogenase, ubiquinone, cytochrome c, cytochrome b-c 1 complex, and

cytochrome oxidaseb) NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome b-c1 complex, cytochrome c, ubiquinone, and

cytochrome oxidase complexc) NADH dehydrogenase, ubiquinone, cytochrome b-c1 complex, cytochrome c and

cytochrome oxidase complex

d) Cytochrome c, cytochrome oxidase complex, NADH dehydrogenase, ubiquinone e) Cytochrome c, cytochrome oxidase complex, ubiquinione, cytochrome b-c1 complex

36. The process in ETC begins when:a) FADH gains two electrons from first protein complexb) FADH loses two electrons to the first protein complexc) NADH gains two electrons from the first protein complexd) NADH loses two electrons to the first protein complexe) None of the above

37. Which is a nitrogenous base?a) NH4

b) Cosinec) Alkalined) All of the abovee) None of the above

38. Which group makes up the back bones of DNA?a) Sulfate groupb) Nitrate groupc) Hydroxyl groupd) Ammonium groupe) Phosphate group

39. Which group do not match?a) AUb) UTc) ATd) GCe) CG

40. Who won the Nobel Prize for deducing the structure of DNA?a) James Franklinb) James Watsonc) Francis Crickd) a and be) b and c

41. What was the key that reveals the helical structure of DNA?a) Micro X-ray patternb) Crystal X-ray patternc) Crystal diffraction patternd) Micro diffraction patterne) X-ray diffraction pattern

42. Mitotic cell division is essential for thea) Growth of tissues during embryonic development and childhoodb) Tissue regeneration.

c) Hair growth d) Both a and be) Both a and c

43. Which of the following bonds are in adjacent amino acids?a) polypeptideb) hydrogen bondsc) metabolismd) peptide bonds

44. Which of the following levels of protein structure have the simply order of the amino acid in the polypeptide?a) tertiary structuresb) quaternaryc) primary structuresd) secondary structures

45. When the iron of complex is slightly different in the blood of some marine worms, the results in their blood will be change to a) blueb) red and greenc) redd) green

46. Hemoglobin carries oxygen in – blood cells?

a) white bloodb) red bloodc) mixture of white and redd) mixture of red and white

47. What 6 types of atoms make up about 99% of all living organisms?a) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulfurb) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, potassium and sulfurc) calcium, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, potassium and sulfurd) calcium, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, potassium and sulfur

48. Atoms bond to one another to form…a) elementsb) compoundsc) moleculesd) electrons

49. What involves the sharing of electrons?a) ionic bondb) covalent bondc) hydrogen bondd) electronegativity

50. Ionic bonds occur when one atom________ one or more electrons.a) sharesb) receivesc) donatesd) loses

51. The reactions that break down compounds into simpler forms are _______.a) metabolismb) anabolismc) catabolismd) monomers

52. Which of the following are both acidic?a) HCL, lemon juiceb) bleach, ammoniac) water, tomatoesd) baking soda, oven cleaner

Contributor: Julie, Samiya, Kennis, Meskatun, Tigist, BetelhemChapter 3 Multiple Choice

Circle the correct letter:

1. Which of the following is NOT a stage of photosynthesis:a) Capturing light energyb) Using captured light energy to make ATPc) Using captured light energy to make reduced NADP+d) Using free energy from ATP to synthesize organic compounds e) None of the above

2. What is a product of the light reactions of photosynthesis:a) ATPb) ADP and Pi c) NADP+d) CH20 e) Both a) and c)

3. What percentage of energy from the sun is transferred to carbohydrates by a photosynthesizing leaf:a) 10%b) 11%c) 100%d) 5%e) 4%

4. Which of the following statements is correct:a) Microwaves and radiowaves fall within the visible light spectrumb) UV rays are shorter than X-rays

c) Radiowaves are 10-5 nm longd) All light waves are invisible to the naked eyee) A light wave which is high in energy and has a high frequency is a short wavelength

5. Which scientist was the first to realize sunlight is essential in the process of photosynthesis:a) Joseph Priestleyb) J.B. Van Helmontc) Jan Ingenhouszd) C.B. Van Niele) Samiya Syeda

6. Xanthophylls are:a) pigments in chloroplast membranes that give leaves in autumn a yellow colourb) pigments in vacuoles that give leaves in autumn a red colourc) pigments in chloroplasts that give leaves a green colourd) found in carotenoids e) all of the above

7. PAR:a) stands for Photosynthesis Absorption of Relative wavelengthsb) stands for Photosynthetically Active Relationsc) is between the range of 400-700 nm d) is between the range of 680-700 nm e) both b) and d)

8. Which equation summarizes the overall process of photosynthesis: a) C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 6CO2 + 12H2O + light energyb) Light energy + 12H20 +6CO2 C6H12O6 +6H20 +6O2c) ATP + sugar + carbon dioxide water + carbon dioxided) ATP + 12H2O 6O2 + 6H2Oe) Light reaction + dark reaction carbon fixation

9. Beta Carotene:a) has a double bonded carbon chain backbone b) has a six carbon hexagon on either end of the molecule c) is made entirely of hydrogen and carbon d) all of the abovee) none of the above

10. Red cabbage may be used as an acid/base indicator because:a) it contains xanthophyllsb) it contains anthocyanins c) it contains beta carotene d) it is extremely basic in naturee) it has a neutral pH

11. _____ absorbs a photon and transfers the energy from pigment to pigment until it reaches a chlorophyll a molecule in an area called the reaction centre.a) Anthocyaninsb) -carotene c) Antenna pigmentd) Xanthophyllse) Chlorophyll b

12. What is required for the formation of ATP by chemiosmosis in photosynthesis?a) Waterb) Mineralc) Energyd) Vitamine) Light

13. What is photoexcitation?a) The movement of protons through ATPase complexes to drive the phosphorylation of

ADP to ATP.b) An absorption of a photon by an electron of chlorophyll.c) The release of energy as light as an atom’s electron returns to its ground state.d) Synthesizing ATP and NADPH.e) The process of incorporating CO2 into carbohydrate molecules.

14. Where in the chloroplast dose the Calvin Cycle occur?a) Stomatab) Thylakoid membranec) Stromad) Mitochondriae) None of them

15. What is the protein that associated with photosystem 2 that splits water into hydrogen ions, oxygen atoms, and electrons?a) Z proteinb) Q proteinc) PQ proteind) F proteine) Fd protein

16. Photosynthesis occurs ina) mitochondriab) cytoplasmc) thylakoid membrane of chloroplastd) nucleuse) endoplasmic reticulum

17. What is the source of electron in the electron transfer chain?a) lightb) water

c) fluorescenced) ATPe) plastoquinone

18. How the electrons go out of the thylakoid membrane?a) through ATP synthaseb) diffusionc) Na ,K pumpd) all of the abovee) none of the above

19. What is the function of Z- protein? a) accepting electronb) ionize waterc) c) keep the P level in the thylakoid lumand) helps in ATP asee) all of the above

20. What is the name of the enzyme which works in carbon fixation reaction?a) 3 – phosphor glycerateb) ribulose 1,5- bisphosphatec) pyrubic acid d) adenine tri phosphatee) none of the above

21.Which part of a leaf allow exchange of gases between air space in the interior and the atmosphere

a) stomatab) thylakoid membrane c) guard cellsd) cuticlee) none

22. Epidermise layer a) allows light to pass through the mesophyll cellsb) create microscopic openings called stomatac) protect the leaf from excessive absorption of lightd) a and ce) none

23. The light-absorbing portion of the chlorophyll molecule a) chloroplastb) cuticlec) prophyline d) mesophyll layerse) none

24. Thylakoid membrane

a) the fluid filled space inside a thylakoidb) unstuck thylakoid between granac) a stack of thylakoids d) protein rich semi liquid material in the interior of a chloroplast e) none

25. When is the stoma open? a) when k+ ions diffuses into guard cellsb) when k+ ions diffuses out of guard cells c) when guard cells are swollen d) a and ce) none

26. The over all reaction of photosynthesis isa) 6CO2 +12H2O+ light energy C6H12O6 + 6H2O +6O2b) C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 6CO2 + 12H2O +light energyc) C6H12O6 6CO +12H2Od) A&Be) All of the above

27. What is the function of the antennae complex in the photosystem? a) It transfer energy to the reaction centerb) It carry electron from thylakoid lumenc) It absorb lightd) It transfer electron to the primary acceptere) None of the above

28. Which cell is control the size of a stomaa) vascular bundlesb) guard cell c) cuticled) thylakoid lumene) A&C

29. The concept of transpiration as it relates to plant tissues is? a) The loss of water vapor from plant tissues, primarily through stomatab) The process of how stomata regulate the opening and closing of guard cellc) The exchange of gases between air spaces in the leaf interior and the atmosphere d) B&Ce) All of the above

30. The porphyrin portion of chlorophyll contains ________ atoma) sodiumb) chlorinec) magnesiumd) phosphatee) none the above

31. After which degree mark do enzymes perform optimally in plants?a) 40Cb) 50Cc) 30Cd) 22C

32. Irradiance =a) M2/cdb) Mmol/M2/Sc) CO2/Lightd) Cd/M2

33. Increasing irradiance results ina) burning the leaf epidermisb) increased production of NADPH and ATPc) decreased, et et et tetc,,d) all of the abovee) none of the above

34. When light intensity increases in a C3 plant,a) Light emits CO2 uptakeb) CO2 limits CO2 uptakec) leaf’s surface area limits uptaked) all of the abovee) none of the above

35. Light compensation points area) positive outputb) the point at which the rate of photosynthetic CO2 uptake equals the rate of respiratory

CO2 evolutionc) negative uptaked) all of the above

e) none of the above

Contributor: Jackson, Samiya, Betelhem, Julie, Tigist Chapter 5 True & False

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1. Ribosome subunit binds to the 4` cap of the mRNA transcript.

2. The process of elongation continues until a stop codon is read.

3. Ribosome moves along the mRNA from 5` to 3`

4. tRNA carries proteins

5. one reading frame consists of 3 groups

6. Poly-A polymerase is a substrate that catalyzes the degradation of bases in the mRNA.

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7. The coding strand is the strand that is used for transcription of DNA to form mRNA.

8. The promoter is the sequence of DNA that binds RNA polymerase upstream of a gene.

9. Spliceosomes are particles made of RNA and protein. They are responsible for the cutting of introns from mRNA and joining of exons together.

10. Exons are non-coding regions of mRNA that code for a specific protein.

11. Translation involves ribosomes using the messenger RNA as a blue print to synthesize a protein.

12. MRNA is very short, only 70-90 base pairs long.

13. A complementary RNA strand is synthesized in the direction of 3’ to5’.

14. When lack of tryptophan inactive the repressor and transcription proceed.

15. The role of ribosomal RNA is deliver amino acid to the ribosome to undergo protein synthesis.

16. This is an example of a missense mutation : AAG CCC GGC AAA AAC CCG GCA AA

17. Posttranslational control affects the rate at which a protein becomes active and the time that it remains functional, including the addition of various chemical groups.

18. Beta galactosidase is the enzyme responsible for the degradation of lactose.

19. Centromeres are found in the chromatid.

20. The acceptor site of amino acid tyrosine is the 3’ end.

21. The sugar found in DNA is ribose sugar.

22. rRNA is a structural component of a ribosome.

23. P (peptide) site is a site in the ribosome where tRNA brings in an amino acid.

24. Proteins determine the phenotypical characteristics of organisms.

25. Translation is the process in which DNA is used as a template for the production of complementary messenger RNA molecules.

Contributor: Jackson, Samiya, Betelhem, Julie, TigistChapter 5 Multiple Choice

1. An intact ribosome consists of the following subunits:a) Two large subunitsb) Two small subunitsc) Large + small subunitd) One small subunite) One large subunit

2. Which molecule is attached to the A site during translation?a) DNA b) tDNAc) mDNAd) tRNAe) mRNA

3. Which end is the accepter site consists of?

a) 1`b) 2`c) 3`d) 4`e) 5`

4. Which is the sequence on the P site?a) Codexb) Anticodexc) Codond) Anticodone) Codonex

5. Which set of codons are NOT the stop codons?a) AGUb) UAGc) UGAd) UAAe) None of the above

6. Which of these best describes the process of “initiation” in transcription a) The RNA polymerase starts to replicate the DNA strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction.b) RNA polymerase binds to the DNA molecule upstream at the promoter region.c) RNA polymerase ceases transcription and releases the DNA.d) The DNA strand is unwound and the double helix is disrupted exposing the template strand.e) Only b and d

7. Which of these best describes the process of “elongation” in transcription a) mRNA transcript is formed due to posttranscriptional modificationsb) RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand synthesizing mRNAc) When mRNA is synthesized uracil complements adenine d) Spliceosomes cut out the introns and join the mRNA molecule e) Only b and c

8. Which of these best describes the process of “termination” in transcriptiona) RNA synthesis ceases and both mRNA and RNA polymerase are releasedb) The DNA molecule is synthesized by the RNA polymerasec) Thymine is replaced by uracil in the standd) All of the above e) None of the above

9. In posttranscriptional modificationa) The template strand is replicated by the RNA polymeraseb) A 5’ cap is added to the primary transcriptc) A poly-A tail is added to the 3’ endd) Only b and ce) All of the above

10. In eukaryotic cellsa) Translation occurs before transcriptionb) Elongation stops the transcription of RNAc) Posttranscriptional modifications occurs after terminationd) All of the abovee) None of the above

11. It involves copying of in formation in DNA in to messenger RNA?a) Translationb) b) Transcription c) c) Protein synthesis

d) d) B&C e) None of the above

12. Which one is the universal start codon?a) AUGb) UAAc) UGCd) GGUe) UAG

13. What are introns? a) Coding region of gene b) non coding of regionc) Part of a specific portion d) A&Ce) None of the above

14. The lac operon is an example of ________? a) Enzyme repressionb) Enzyme inductionc) Elongationd) Termination e) A & C

15. What is mutation?a) Changes in the DNA sequence that are inheritedb) The placement of an extra nucleotide in a DNA sequence c) The elimination of based) The transfer of fragment of DNAe) None of the above

16. LINEs are:a) repeated DNA sequences of 5000 to 7000 base pairs in length that alternate with lengths of DNA

sequences found in the genomes of higher organismsb) repeated DNA sequences of 300 base pairs in length that alternate with lengths of DNA sequences

found in the genomes of higher organismsc) DNA sequences that are homologous with knows genes but are never transcribedd) complex of DNA and histone proteins located in the nucleus of eukaryotese) all of the above

17. A small subunit of ribosomes is:a) 60Sb) 80Sc) 40Ud) 4Se) none of the above

18. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ribonucleic acid:a) contains riboseb) single strandedc) adenine pairs with thymined) resides both in the cytoplasme) none of the above

19. The difference between ribose and deoxyribose sugar is:a) deoxyribose has one less oxygen on the second carbonb) deoxyribose has one less oxygen on the third carbonc) ribose resides in the cytoplasm, deoxyribose does notd) both a and c

e) all of the above

20. In the hemoglobin beta chain of a person with sickle cell anemia, glutamic acid is replaced with:a) histidineb) valinec) pralined) leucinee) vasaline

21. Genes area) A sequence of nucleotides in DNA b) The direct the production of proteinsc) The direct the production of physiological essential proteins d) All e) None

22. Proteins are synthesizeda) Out side the nucleus b) Inside the nucleusc) In the cytoplasmd) On ribosome e) All except b

23. In transcription RNA polymerize bins to the DNA duringa) Initiation b) Elongationc) Termination d) b and ce) All

24. The process by which a ribosome assembles amino acids in a specific sequence to synthesize a specific polypeptide coded by mRNA.

a) Termination b) Transcription c) Translationd) Initiatione) Elongation

25. The DNA code is read in group of three nucleotides is calleda) Anticodonb) Codonc) Introns d) None e) Tridon

Due to time restriction, only answer to Chapter 1 AND 3 is provided.