01 c2c lab aircraft
DESCRIPTION
C2C lab Cradle to Cradle aircraft presentationTRANSCRIPT
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Design of a Cradle to Cradle Aircraft InfiniCraft
11/07/2013
By DSE group 05
“Aircraft Design Using Cradle to Cradle, Reality or Utopia?”
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Design Strategies
• Eco-design: “be less bad”
• Cradle to Cradle: “be good”
• Never applied in aerospace
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Current Design Strategy
• Boom in the 70’s
• Life span of 30 years
• => EOL plan under investigation in the 2000’s • Projects
• PAMELA • AFRA
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Project Requirements
• General Requirements • 2 passengers • Take-off length of 500 m • Range of 1 000 km • Cruise speed of 200 km/h @ 3 050 m • Noise level < 62 dB • Life span of 30 years / 20 000 flight hours / 12 000 flights • 500 units • Ready in 2025 • $ 150 000
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Project Requirements
• Cradle to Cradle® Requirements • At least 90% recyclable • Reintegration through technical cycle or biological cycle • End-of-life disposal plan • < 50 kg/h CO2 emissions • Current solar income shall be used
• Additional Requirements • In-flight emergency solution
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Content
• Power & Propulsion
• Materials & Structures
• Life Cycle Context
• Lease Structure
• Conclusion
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Power & Propulsion
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Fuel Selection
• Biofuel vs. Hydrogen • Lower initial system cost • Lighter system • Better availability
• Ethanol • Low price • High availability • Proven concept
• Second generation biofuels • Switchgrass • Waste
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Fuel GWP
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
L. Luo, “Biomass Refining for Sustainable Development: Analysis and Directions”, Master's thesis, University of Leiden, The Netherlands, 2010.
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Fuel Land Use
• Different sources for ethanol are considered
• Land use:
Source Land/aircraft/year
Stover (corn) 71 578 m2
Sugarcane 19 813 m2
Switchgrass 26 403 m2
Waste 0 m2
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
L. Luo, “Biomass Refining for Sustainable Development: Analysis and Directions”, Master's thesis, University of Leiden, The Netherlands, 2010.
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Example
• Kempen airport, located in Budel • 300 m3 of fuel per year • Waste of 1 266 people needed • Budel has 9 000 inhabitants
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Engine Selection
• Rotax 912 ULS • Can run on ethanol (with conversion kit) • 103 hp
• Noise • 3 bladed propeller to lower the noise • 60.4 dB at 610 m
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Aircraft Configuration
• Conventional design • High wing • Aluminium primary structure • Allows for full C2C implementation • Inspiration for aircraft manufacturers
• Cessna Skycatcher
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Emergency Solution
• Required by certification: • Fire extinguishers • Emergency locator transmitter • Personal locator beacon
• Parachute recovery system
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Materials & Structures
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Aluminium Analysis
• Automotive alloys: larger recycling market
• Several possibilities: 6022 – 6016 – 6061 – 5086
Al-6022-T4 Al-7075-T6 Al-2024-T3
Ultimate tensile strength [MPa] 271 572 448
Young’s modulus [GPa] 68 71.7 73.1
Fracture toughness [MPa m] 40 33 38
Corrosion rate [mm/year] 0.11 0.16 0.15
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
asm.matweb.com
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128 MPa
Al-6022-T4 Al-7075-T6 Al-2024-T3
Fatigue Limit [MPa] 108 159 138
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
CES Edupack
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Load Cases
• Loading Diagram • Manoeuvre loads • Gust loads
• Maximum Load cases • + 4.4 g • - 2.14 g
• Safety factor of 1.5 • + 6.6 g • - 3.21 g
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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• Wingbox • Skin thickness: 2 mm • 125 MPa < 128 MPa
• Fuselage • Skin thickness: 1 mm • 103 MPa < 108 MPa
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
Stress Analysis
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Secondary Structures
Fuel tanks
Thermoplastic composites
Interior
Customer based C2C-materials
Doors & window
Polycarbonate
Transparent
Control surfaces & wing tip
Thermoplastic composites
Maintenance: 3D-printing
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Secondary Structures
Production: compression moulding
Used for mass production
Cannot be done locally
Special & expensive tools
Maintenance: 3D-printing
Novel technique
Can be done locally
Time consuming nowadays
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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• Friction Stir Welding • No additional material required • Attachments to fuselage
• Rivets • Same Al-6022 alloy as primary structure • Skin to primary structure
• Bolts • Easy detachment • Wing tips & Control surfaces
Joining Methods
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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• Basic six • Mobile devices as avionics systems
• Up-to-date software • Change layout to user preferences • No heavy on-board computers • Anti-theft
• Wiring • Aluminium • Insulation based on Noryl
(modified polyethylene)
Avionics
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Life Cycle Context
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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InfiniCraft Life Cycle
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Manufacturing and Shipment
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Disassembly
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Disassembly
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Disassembly
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Disassembly
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Disassembly
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Disassembly
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Disassembly
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Disassembly
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Disassembly
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Disassembly
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Re-use of Parts
• Checking
• Recertified
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Recycle Rate of the InfiniCraft
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Lease Structure
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Total Operating Cost
• Dry lease price • RDTE cost • Acquisition cost
• Maintenance and overhaul • Insurance • Fuel • Parking • Landing fees
8 years 10 years 15 years
$ 152,- per hour $ 143,- per hour $ 130,- per hour
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Conclusion
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Comparison InfiniCraft and Skycatcher
Infincraft Cessna
2
1 000 (+ 22.7 %)
500 (+ 44 %)
407 (+ 6.5 %)
729 (+ 21.7 %)
25.5 (+ 22.5 %)
179 530 (+ 19.7 %)
142.7 (- 4.5 %)
Parameter InfiniCraft Skycatcher
Range [km] 1 000 815
Payload [kg] 181 141
Unit price [$] 179 530 149 900
Total operating cost (10 year) [$/hour] 142.7 149.5
Cradle to Cradle® Yes No
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Conclusion
• Inspire other manufacturers
• Reduce ecological impact
• Economical benefits • Change in mindset
Power & Propulsion
Materials & Structures
Life Cycle Context
Lease Structure Conclusion
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Aircraft Design Using Cradle to Cradle:
Reality or Utopia?
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46 Introduction Power &
Propulsion Structures &
Materials Operations &
Logistics Conclusion
Reality!
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Questions?
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Initial Sizing
• Requirements as input:
• From customers
• From regulations (CS-23)
• Sizing parameters as output:
• Wing surface 10.4 m2
• Lift coefficient 1.1 in clean configuration
• Airfoil NACA-2412
• Flaps Plain flaps
• Power 103 hp
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Weight Estimation
Empty weight of 407 kg
Take-off weight of 729 kg
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Weight-Range diagram
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Noise Analysis
• 60.4 dB at 610 m
• 610 m needs to be achieved after 6500m
• Can be achieved with the climb rate
• 3 bladed propeller to lower the noise
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Coatings
• Electro-chemical reaction of the aluminium structure with the environment (atmospheric corrosion)
⇒ Corrosion protection required • Two possibilities: anodising and reactive coating • Anodising: reduces the material’s fatigue resistance ⇒ Reactive coating will be used
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Reactive Anti-Corrosion Coating
• Insulates the aluminium to suppress electro-chemical reactions • Today’s used inhibitors: Chromates • Green alternative: Si/Zr/Ce
• Can be implemented within the aircraft’s paint
C.-C. Changa, C.-C. Wang, C.-W. Wuc, S.-C. Liuc, and F.-D. Maid, “Using ToF-SIMS and EIS to Evaluate Green Pretreatment Reagent: Corrosion Protection of Aluminum Alloy by Silica/Zirconium/Cerium Hybrid Coating”, Applied Surface Science, vol. 255, pp. 1531-1533, 2008.
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Primary Structures 3 design options - Monocoque: Low weight, good aerodynamic shape
Difficult replacability of components - Truss structure: Easy manufacturing, maintenance and recycling Heavy, aerodynamically inefficient structure - Semi-monocoque: Low weight, better aerodynamic shape
More complex and less robust Mostly used in today’s aircraft
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Wiring
• Comparison of copper and aluminium • Lighter, cheaper alumiunium core wires • Insulation based on Noryl (modified polyethylene)
• Fully recyclable • No halogens nor pigments (meets WEEE* requirements)
*Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
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Processing of the Materials
Material Recycle Rate [%] Processing
Aluminium 100 Shredding / melting
Steel 100 Shredding / melting
TPC 100 Grinding / melting
Polycarbonate 95 Grinding / melting
Rubber 80 Grinding
Wood 100 Biodegradable
Engine fluids 95 Filtered
Engine block 87 Breakdown in components
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Processing of the Materials
Material Recycle Rate [%] Processing
Electronics 87 Breakdown in components
Instruments 90 Breakdown in components
Lights 95 Breakdown in components
Wiring 100 Stripped
Interior 100 Cradle to Cradle materials
Coatings 0 Chemically removed
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Fuel Price Determination
E100 [€/L] Avgas [€/L]
Base: €0.53 Base: €1.64
Excise tax: €0.75 Excise tax: €0.75
Consumer tax: €0.27 Consumer tax: €0.50
Pump price: €1.55 Pump price: €2.89
Exemption: €0.75 Exemption: €0.00
Fuel cost: €0.80 Fuel cost: €2.89
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Verification & Validation Design Requirements
ü 2 passengers
? $ 150 000
ü 500 units
ü Ready in 2025
? Life span of 30 years / 20 000 flight hours / 12 000 flights
Mission Requirements
ü Range of 1 000 km
ü Cruise speed of 200 km/h @ 3 050 m
ü Take-off length of 500 m
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Verification & Validation
Cradle to Cradle® Requirements
ü At least 90% recyclable
ü Reintegration through technical cycle or biological cycle
ü End-of-life disposal plan
ü < 50 kg/h CO2 emissions
ü Current solar energy shall be used
Additional Requirements
ü Noise level < 62 dB
ü In-flight emergency solution