01 introduction to microprocessor
DESCRIPTION
aadadaTRANSCRIPT
Odd semester
2013/2014
Mikroprosesor&Mikrokontroler
THE MICROPROCESSOR-
BASED PC SYSTEM
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What is Computer?
Basically, there are 3 components to build a
computer, and those three are interconnected
with wires. Could you name it?
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? ? ?
Most of picture and tables in this slide are taken from “The Intel
Microprocessors 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium,
Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV Architecture,
Programming, and Interfacing”, Seventh Edition, Brey, Barry, B., PHI Inc,
USA, 2006
General Block Diagram of the PC 3
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BUS
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Microprocessor 5
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The Microprocessor
The microprocessor is the controlling element in
a computer system and is sometimes referred to
as the CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Memory and I/O are controlled through
instructions that are stored in the memory and
executed by the microprocessor
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The Microprocessor
The microprocessor performs three main tasks
for the computer system:
Data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O
systems
simple arithmetic & logic operations (Table 1.3)
program flow via simple decisions (Table 1.4)
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Sample of arithmetic and logic operations
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Common flags that are tested before making program decision
Common flags 9
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The Microprocessor
Why the microprocessor is powerful?
Able to execute millions of instructions per second
from a program or software (group of instructions)
stored in the memory system
Able to make simple decision, based upon numerical
facts (slide pg.9)
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Memory 11
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Memory
The memory system is divided into three main
parts:
TPA (Transient Program Area)
system area,
XMS (Extended Memory System) (optional)
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Memory System
The first 1M byte of memory the
real/conventional memory system. Intel mP is
designed to function this area in real mode of
operation
80286 Pentium 4 contain not only real
memory, but also extended memory
The Pentium Pro-based computer system, for
example, can have up to 1M less than 4G or 1 M
less than 64G of extended memory
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Memory Address
In Hexadecimal format
1M Byte Real Memory:
= 220 x 1 Byte
= 1 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 B x 1 Byte
Each block of memory holds 1 Byte (8 bits) data
1MByte memory address:
Starting address (#1) : 00000H
Ending address (#220) : FFFFFH
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Trivia
How if 2MByte Memory? What is the starting and
ending address?
Answer:
2MB = 221
= 1 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 (write 21 x 1)
= 1FFFFF H
Thus:
Starting address = 000000H
Ending address = 1FFFFFH
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Memory Illustration
FFFFFH …
………
…
…
………
…
…
………
…
…
00002H …
00001H 0111 0001 B
00000H 0AH
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Each block of memory contains 1 Byte or 8 bits data
Division of the first 1MB (real) memory
Memory System 17
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Transient Program Area (TPA)
Holds the OS and other program that control the
computer system
Stores any currently active or inactive
application programs
The length of TPA is 640 KB
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Memory map of TPA
The memory
map (fig. 1.4,
in
hexadecimal
addr.) shows
how many
areas of the
TPA are used
for system
programs,
data, and
drivers
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TPA
The interrupt vectors access various features of
the DOS, BIOS (Basic I/O System), and
application
The BIOS and DOS communications areas contain
transient data used by program to access I/O
devices and internal features of the computer
system
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TPA
The IO.SYS is a program that loads into the TPA
from the disk whenever an MSDOS or PC DOS
system is started
The MSDOS (PCDOS) program occupies two areas
of memory
The size of the driver area and # of drivers
change from one computer to another
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TPA
The COMMAND.COM program controls the
operation of the computer from the keyboard
when operated in DOS mode
The free TPA area holds application programs as
they are executed
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System Area
The system area
contains program on
either a read-only
memory or flash
memory and also
areas of read/write
(RAM) memory for
data storage
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EMS
The area at locations
C8000H-DFFFFH is
often open or free
Expanded Memory
System (EMS)
EMS allows a 64 KB
page frame of
memory to be used
by application
programs
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I/O 25
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Input Output (I/O)
I/O space: port 0000H to port
FFFFH.
An I/O port is similar to a
memory address but addresses
an I/O device
The I/O area contains two
major sections
below I/O 0500H system devices
the remaining area for
expansion
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BUS 27
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Buses
A bus is a set of common connections (wires )
that interconnect components in a computer
system and carry the same type of information
Function:
select an I/O or memory device
transfer data between an I/O device or memory and
the microprocessor
control the I/O and memory system
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Three buses exist for the transfer of information:
• address,
• data,
• control
BUSSES 29
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Buses
1. Control bus
Select the memory or I/O and cause them to
perform a read or write operation.
MRDC, MWTC, IORC, IOWC
2. Address bus
Requests a memory location or an I/O location
3. Data bus
To send data to or from microprocessor
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Example the micro-instructions for READ
1. The p reads the contain of memory location
by sending the memory an address through
address bus
2. The p sends the memory read control signal
(MRDC) to cause memory to read data via
control bus
3. The data read from the memory are passed to
the microprocessor through the data bus
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Buses’ size
Data bus size defines the amount of data can be
transferred at a time (8, 16, 32, 64 bit)
Address bus size corresponds to (maximum)
memory size can be attached to the
microprocessor
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Self reading…
Review from Fundamental of Digital Systems
Number systems 34
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Reference/Text Book
“The Intel Microprocessors”, 8th Edition, Brey,
Barry, B., Prentice Hall, USA, 2009
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