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T I T A N I U M - P R O P E R T IE S , A D V A N T A G E S A N D A P P L IC A T I O N S S O L V I N G T H E C O R R O S I O N

P R O B L E M S I N M A R I N E S E R V IC E

John A. Mountford, Jr .

D i r e c to r o f M a rk e tin g

Tico Titanium, Inc.

52900 Grand River Avenue

N e w H u d so n , MI 4 8 1 6 5

A B S T R A C T

Titanium, at long last , is now being viewed , accep ted and used as a material for the preven tion o f

corrosion, the reduction and el imination o f ma jor corrosion related maintena nce issues and for the

advantages i t offers in weight savings, replacement costs and l ife cycle cost benefi ts .

This presentat ion focu ses on explaining the prop ert ies of t i tanium, the how and the why the metal is

so suitably qualif ied for use in seawater and al l wa ter env ironments, and the advantages that t i tanium

provides in marine service. The discussion will a lso include comparisons against materials currently

being used, where these have or are being replaced, as well as experience and applications for t i tanium's

u s e - bo th in indus tr ial se rv ice and aboard sh ip .

The need to resolve corrosion, maintenance and weight issues is obviously apparent and ever

ongoing. The use o f t i tanium, in i ts many form s and w ith i ts man y benefi ts , is a real , currently available

solution to the corrosion problems in marine service.

I N T R O D U C T I O N

Titan ium is wel l es tab l ished for use in some of the most severe envi ronmem s in many indus t r ies

inc lud ing the Chemica l Process Indu s t ry (CPI) , Energy ( inc lud ing Geothermal) , Pu lp & Paper ,

Desa lination ( in Multi-S tage Flash Desa lination units) , Refineries, and in the Uti l i ty Industry in Uti l i ty

Steam C ondensers. I t is a lso playing a s ignif icant pa rt in Offshore r igs in Ballast T anks, Fire-M ain

1

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Copyright

2002 by NACE International. Requests for permission to publish this manuscript in any form, in part or in whole must be in writing to NACE International,

Publications Division, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084-4906. The material presented and the views expressed in this paper are solely those of the

author(s) and not necessarily endorsed by the Association. Printed in U.S.A.

02170CORROSION2002

Paper No.



sys tems and genera l Se rv ice W ate r p ip ing sys tems , l in ings for F lue Gas Desul fuf i za t ion

(FGD) , among many o the rs .

In the pas t decad e there has been a s ignif icant increase in the usage of t i tanium fo r

mil i tary appl icat ions including armor, protect ive l inings , and especia l ly in naval

appl i ca tions w here seaw ate r is the en vi ronmen t and wh ere cor ros ion , e ros ion and

m ain tenance a re of p r imary concern . W i th in the contex t o f seawate r envi ronments ,

appl i cat ions for ti t an ium inc lude H ea t Exc hanger seawate r cool ing (bo th She ll & T ube

and Pla te /Frame), in service water Lube Oi l Co61ers and other general heat exchanger

sys tems. I t is a lso used, both shipb oard and in land-based plants , in H ot W ater Hea ter

uni ts as wel l as for Refr igerat ion, as Air C hi l lers and a i r-condi t ioning sys tem s ~. I t s

produc t s run the gam ut f rom shee t for hea t exchanger she l ls and ba f f l e s, p la t e for

tubesheets and vessels , tubes for seawater cool ing, pipe , f i t t ings (e lbows, tees , reducers ,

e tc . ), fas teners , f langes , pum ps a nd valves for seaw ater service water input , f i re

protect ion sys tems and drainage.

Ti tanium's vi r tual immuni ty to seawater (and a l l waters ) provides the service

rel iabi l i ty , long-term proven l i fe-cycle cos t economies and reduct ion (or e l iminat ion) of

maintenance that are dr iving i t s usage in solving the corros ion issues in marine service .

Explana t ions w i th regard to som e of the m ore appropr ia te C hemis t r ie s (Grades ) ,

P roper t i e s (Mechanica l & Phys ica l ) , Cor ros ion Res i s tance ( Imm uni ty) , W eight Savings ,

Shock R es i s tance and o the r adv antages tha t th i s me ta l p rovides , a long w i th some of the

mo s t F requent ly Asked Ques t ions and Co ncerns a re addres sed .

C H E M I S T R Y 2

[See Table I ]

Grade 2 i s the mo s t wide ly used o f the CP (Com merc ia l ly Pure ) Grades . P roduc t s

include Tube (welded & seamless) , P ipe , Pla te , Sheet /St r ip , Fas teners , F i t t ings , Pumps

and Valve bodies . I t i s approximately 99.6% pure and is the pr imary mater ia l for marine

applications.

Grade 1 i s sl igh t ly pure r than G rade 2 (a t approximate ly 9 9 .8%) , and the re fore m ore

formab le . I t is used as the surface protect ive ( t itanium) layer in Exp los ively Clad

(bonded) pla te or par ts , and a lso for the complex shaped pla tes in Pla te & Frame heatexchan gers , due to i ts abi li ty to be deep drawn.]

Grad e 5 is a very high s t rength and highly eros ion res is tant a l loy used for valve

internals , part icularly in ball valves.

Grad e 9 is a higher s t rength a l loy, or iginal ly developed for increased corros ion

res is tance for the Chemical Process Indus t ry (CPI) for use in severe corros ive

environments , des igned to wi ths tand crevice corros ion a t low pH levels and a t higher

tem peratu res to 5000 F (260 0 C). I t has appl icat ion in ship service as s tack l iners ,

provid ing cor ros ion res is t ance f rom the h o t com bus t ion g ases and ex tending the (mate ri a l

2

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replacemen t) l ife and por t maintenan ce f rom ev ery 6 m onths to several years .

[Retrof i tt ing D D G 51 vessels ; in service approx. 9 years . ]

Grade 23 is an Ex tra Low Interst i tia l (ELI)v ersio n o f Grade 5. It is used where Stress

Cor ros ion C racking (SCC) i s a concern , in appl ica t ions where the 6A 1- 4V a l loy would

normal ly be though t to be the m ater ia l o f choice, B UT where the appl ica tion i s understress condit ions. The low er intersti t ia ls (Fe , O~ and N2) give s ignif icant im prov em ent to

el iminat ing the SCC concerns.

[Com pare Grade 5 and Grade 23 for these values.]

M E C H A N I C A L & P H Y S I C A L P R O PE R T I ES

[See Table II]

A com par ison of the Mechanica l P roper t ie s be tw een Grade 2 Ti tan ium and the meta ls

(90-1 0 Cu-Ni , 70-30 Cu-Ni , and 316 S ta in less S tee l) mos t comm only used aboard sh ipthat exhibi t corrosion problem s and, in specif ic areas, are being replaced, is show n in

Figure2. S ome o f the mo re appropr ia te com m ents with respect to these proper t ies follow:

Tensi le Strength (TS) m inim um for Grad e 2 Ti (50 ksi) is above that of 90-10 Cu-Ni

(40 ksi), a t that of 70-30 Cu-Ni (52 ksi) , and below that o f 316 Sta inless (75 ksi).

Yield Strength (YS) m inimu m (40 ksi) is well abov e that of both 9 0-10 and 7 0-30 Cu-

Ni (15 and 18 ksi) and som ewh at above 316 Sta inless (35 ksi).

E longa t ion (El) m in imum (20%) i s be low both 90-10 Cu-Ni (30%) and 316 S ta in less(30%) but above 70-30 C u-Ni (15%) . E longa t ion for Grade 2 i s genera l ly a t 25% to 28%

or more . [Elongation for Gr . 1 , the more form able Ti grade, is 24% m inim um and is

typical ly above 30%.]

Elast ic Mo dulu s (16 x 106 psi) is a measu re o f the r igidi ty (s t i ffness) or "f lex" of the

mater ia l ( the low er the value , the greater the f lex). Ti tanium is below that of the Cu-N i

alloys (18 and 2 2 x 106 psi) and we ll belo w tha t o f 316 Stainless (28 x 106 psi) . This is

s ignif icant for sho ck resis tance.

Thermal Expan sion C oeff ic ient (4.8 Micro in/ in °F @ 32°F - 212 °F) def ines the

amount of mo vem ent (expans ion) a s temp era ture inc reases . S ignif ican t ly lower than 90 -

10 and 70-30 Cu-Ni (9.5 and 9.0 Micro in/in °F) and 316 Stainless (8.9 Micro in/in °F).

This is a benef i t for t i tanium since i t is much c loser to that of carbon steel (6.0 M icro

in/ in °F) and equates to lower s tress dur ing thermal f luctuations (expansion) w hen

coupled to or within a system that is made p r imari ly o f carbon steel .

Thermal Conduc t iv i ty (150 BTU/hr f t2 - °F/in) [a lso given as 12 .5 BT U/h r f t2 - °F/if]

was ~roven within the last 10 years to be greater than the Sta inless s teels (@ 95 B TU /hr

i t 2 - ~F/in) . This proper ty is very s ignif icant for tubing applicat ions, where heat t ransfer inheat exchang ers is obviously on e of the pr ime factors for determining cooling capaci ty.

3




Although below that of the 90-10 and 70-30 C u-Ni al loys (348 and 204 BTU /hr i f2_

°F/in), the tube wall thickness of ti tanium can be reduced, since there is no need for a

corrosion allowance. Diameter sizes can also be reduced and flow rates increased due to

ti tanium's significantly higher erosion resistance, making the effective overall heat

transfer difference ne gligible or even hig her for ti tanium. Den sity is one o f the add ed

major benefi ts affecting weight savings when using a t i tanium system. At 0.163 lbs./ in3,

i t is half that o f the Cu-N i al loys (0.323 lbs./in 3) and 56% that of Stainless Steels (0.291

lbs./in3). This is very significant to weigh t reduction fo r piping systems throug hou t the

ship, as well as in tubing and internals for hea t e~ch angers and chil lers.

I S S U E S & B E N E F I T S

A Lis t of the Issues and B enefi t s when us ing t itanium is shown in Figure 1. Each of

these i tems is discussed below:

D E N SIT Y / WE IG H T SA V IN G S 3, 4

[See Tables HI & IV]

Because of the low er densi ty of t itanium, there are s ignif icant weight reduct ions that

accrue whenever or wherever t i tanium is substi tuted for these other metals. Entire

sys tems are reduced by an approximate 50% or more in weight . This not only appl ies to

the tubing or pipe, but a lso to associated fi t tings, flanges and valves. W eigh t com parisons

made betwe en Ti tanium and Copper-Nickel (C u-Ni) p iping are shown in Figures 4 and 5 .

The first (Figure 4) show s a compa rison betwe en l ike Schedule 10 pipe sizes for the

both metals, representing a 49.5% actual weight reduction when using t i tanium. Thesecond comparison

(Figure 5) shows Schedule 10 Ti tanium pipe versus Class 200 C u-Ni , (comm on to these

systems) . This co mparison indicates weight savings of f rom 34% for the smal ler p ipe

sizes, through 50% for the mid range - 6" & 8" nominal pipe sizes, and up to 63% weight

savings for largest size at 12" nominal pipe size. In some cases whe re even he avier pipe

sizes are used, i t is often possible to reduce the gauge, further reducing weight, w hen

using t i tanium.

C O R R O S I O N R E S I S T A N C E / W A T E R I M M U N I T IE S

[See Figure 2 & Table V]

Titanium is virtually immune to seawater. It exhibits complete resistance to General

corrosion and Crevice corrosion in all waters at tempera tures up to 500 o F [260 o C] for

general and to 180o F [82° C] (or som ew hat abov e) for crevice corrosion. 5' 6, 7 Co rrosio n,

in most al l-marine applications, the greatest problem an d the m ost costly, is no lon ger an

issue. T itanium do es not corrod e in this environment!

Not only does t i tanium not corrode in any normal seawater environments, i t also does

not corrode in any polluted waters (ports and harbors are good examples). This can, and

4




usual ly does, have devasta t ing effects on other corrosion resistant mater ia ls , especia l ly

where the pol lut ion is heavy. I t i s current ly being used as a subst i tute tube mater ia l in hot

wa te r hea t exchangers and ch i l le r s in hosp i ta l s and apar tment complexes in N ew Yo rk

Ci ty us ing po l lu ted H udso n River cool ing wa te r (a s we l l a s in Ho ng K ong) . O ther tube

mate r i a l s a re cor rod ing in s ix mo nths to l e ss than tw o yea rs , l e ss t ime than w ar ran ty

periods are val id .

M icrobiolo gical ly Inf luence d C orrosio n (M IC) 8, 9 [microbes, e tc . ] does not affect

t it an ium. Thi s fo rm of cor ros ion i s p resen t in many f resh wa te r sys tems, where cor ros ion

is gen eral ly no t ant ic ipated. I t i s a lso a very ser iou s conc ern during plant layo vers wh ere

S tagnant wa te r can be dea th to m any m ate ri a ls a s bac te r i a and m ic robes mul t ip ly , depo s i t

co~ os iv e mate r i a l and g row rap id ly und er s t agnant condi tions , e spec ial ly in a po l lu ted

envi ronment .

These sam e s t agnant condi t ions ex i s t wh en sh ips anch or in por t fo r ma in tenance and

do no t f lush a ll t he wa te r sys tems. S TA GN AN T W A TE R lef t i n p ipes and tubesaccelera tes pi t t ing corrosion in most meta ls , including Cu-Ni and Sta inless Steels ,

p r imar i ly by a Crev ice Cor ros ion m echani sm. These sy s tems must be f lushed wi th f l e sh

wa te r and dra ined (a cos t ly m a imenan ee agenda) o r be cont inua l ly run to hopefu l ly avoid

s i tua t ions no ted above . Even i f t he wa te r i s fl e sh , bac ter i a wi ll g row under s t agnant wa te r

condi t ions, no mat ter what i t i s . Ti tanium is not affected by Stagnant Water condi t ions.

Shock ch lor ine t rea tmen t s used to prevent fou l ing or to c l ean sys tems do no t p resen t a

problem for T i t an ium e ither .

E R O S I O N R E S I S T A N C E

[See Figure3 ]

Ti tanium's (ceramic- l ike) outer protect ive oxide f i lm (TiO2) a l lows water veloci t ies

above 90 i f /see (27 m/sec ) and h igher in the absence o f suspended so l ids . Und er sand-

l aden condi t ions , f low ra tes can be as h igh as 15-18 if / see (4 .6 - 5 .5 m/see ) wi thout any

erosion effects . T his i s in contrast to l imi ta t ions pu t on som e m ater ia ls to as low as a

range of f rom 7 to 12 i f /see

(2.1 to 3 .7 m/sec) und er ordinary (non si l t/ sand-laden) condi t ions. 5' x0

I t should be rem emb ered tha t w hen mate r ia l i s " trapped" ins ide p ipe or tubes , wa te r

might be di rected against the wal ls a t increased veloci ty . Veloci t ies can a lso be higher

during c leaning or f lushing operat ions. Designed f low condi t ions are not a lways the only

cons ide ra t ion for maximum f low.

Me chanica l sc rapers fo r c l ean ing of ti t an ium tubes or p ipe m ay be used and a re no t

det r imental to t i tanium. While these mayact as corrosion si tes in other metals , t i tanium

instant ly re-heals i t s protect ive oxide layer and mainta ins i t s corrosion immuni ty.

5




P R O P E R T Y A D V A N T A G E S

[See Figure 4]

The specif ic proper t ies o f t i tanium ma ke i t very sui table for applica t ion in marine

environments . Aside f rom i ts corrosion immunity in marine service , i t ' s much lowerdensi ty and h igh strength to we ight ra t io t ransla tes into s ignif icant weig ht savings for

every pou nd of ti tanium used and is a m easure of i ts s t ructura l integr i ty .

The T hermal Exp ans ion Coef f ic ien t o f ti t an ium is lower than tha t o f Cu-Ni a l loys and

Stainless S teels being m uch c loser to that of carbon steel. This m akes i t more co mp atible

equ ating to low er s tress f rom thermal f luctuat ions (expansion) wh en coupled to or within

a system that is made pr im ari ly of carbon steel .

The Thermal Conduc t iv i ty o f ti t an ium be ing h igher than tha t o f s ta in less s tee ls a l lows

greater heat transfer in heat exchangers 1,11,26. I t can a lso be mad e to match that of theCu-Ni a l loys (much more eas ily when compar ing to 70-30 Cu-NI) by reduc t ions in wa l l

thickness (w ith no n eed for a corrosion a l lowance) an d increases in f low ra te (due to i ts

s ignif icantly higher erosion resis tance) , m aking the effect ive overal l heat transfer

dif ference negligible o r even high er for t i tanium.

W hen consider ing the fact that the Elast ic Mod ulus is on the low side , i t mak es

t i tanium m ore f lexible and mo re resis tant to dam age with sup er ior shock tolerance (0.63

x 10 3 in/see Shock Resistance Factor) . The Shock Resistance of t i tanium is s ignificantly

higher than 316 Sta inless Steel, 70-30 C u-Ni and Nick el Base Alloys. (See Table VI)

The Yield Strength (min.), being the highest amo ng i ts comp eting a l loys, makes

t i tanium sui table , s t rength wise , for use in a numb er o f marine applica t ions. I t a lso

provides the potent ia l for l ighter gauges, which transla tes in weight and cost reductions.

Titanium has goo d bal l is t ic proper t ies and is used for armo r for the ground services.

I t is non -mag netic with an Electr ica l Resis t ivi ty of 22 m icro-ohm-in @ RT, a l lowing

no electronic interference.

An extremely t ight adher ing, erosion resis tant outer protect ive layer o f a non- toxic

mater ia l ( i t is used in prosthesis for body par ts) does not re lease any toxic m etals to the

environm ent. I t is ent ire ly Env ironm ental ly Fr iendly.

F A B R I C A T I O N A N D W E L D I N G 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 24, 25

[See Figure 5]

Titanium h as been form ed and we lded since the la te 40 's , pract ica l ly speaking, in the

ear ly 50 ' s . The "In dustr ia l" se gm ent began to em erge in the m id to la te 50 's and i tsintroduction into the Chem ical Process Industry (CPI) took place in the m id 60 's . A t this

6




juncture , t i tanium was used in major chemical appl ications and in the Pulp and P aper

Industry, part icularly in chloride environm ents, due to its superior corrosion resistance in

these app lications and a pro of of i ts imm unities in seawater.

Fabricated parts from the early beginnings to the current day include small to very

large vessels and heads made from formed and welded plate , p ipe (both Press Brakeformed and welded, and later Continuous welded), formed and welded fi t t ings. Added to

these are tubesheets and welded tubes, (presently for condenser applications alone are

well ov er 400 mill ion feet). Inc luded also are tel ls o f mill ions of feet used in an extensive

array of heat exchangers in dozens of Chemical , Refinery , Desal inat ion, Air

Condit ioning, Heater and other applications throughout the world. This and the thousands

of parts cut , mach ined, dri lled and form ed attest to i ts fabricabil i ty. ~:

One fur ther exam ple o f the formabi l i ty o f Grade 2 i s that ends of Sch 10 welded pipe

have be en specially flared to a full 900 to form the e quivalent of Stub End s fo r

accom mod at ing Sl ip-On Flanges for connect ions .

The a bove exam ples also at test to the abil i ty to we ld t itanium. Y et, after al l this t im e

and al l the welded product ion, there remain some w ho doubt and / or refuse to believe

t i tanium is a weldable m etal . There can be no d o u b t- t itanium is weldable . I t has been

done for c lose to 60 years - f rom comm ercial industry to thousands of"g ara ge shops"

throughout the country .

The C om mercial ly Pure (CP) grades are easy to weld. Like other m etals , including the

stainless steels and other Nickel Base Alloy corrosion resistant metals, precautions and

methods need to be applied to yield good results . Compared against these other metals,CP t i tanium is very easy to weld. The CP Grades, being a single phase, do not have the

segrega tion or elemen t loss concerns of these o ther materials . The result is a smo oth

weld, with no roughness and easy to inspect .

The m ost comm on weld m ethod is Tungsten Iner t Gas (TIG) - Gas Tungsten Arc

(GTA ), a l though other methods include Gas Me tal Arc (GM A) - Metal Iner t Gas (MIG ),

Plasma, Resis tance, Fr ict ion, Elect ron B eam, Laser , Pressure and Orbi tal welding is

routinely performed for varying applications.

Certain precaut ions need to be ta k e n - many of these being s tandard to o ther metals as

well . These a re com prised o f using clean stainless tools, [Do Not Carbon Steel tools - a

source o f iron contam ination], wiping surfaces clean o f oil, grease, dirt, etc. Us e an

Ar gon p urge ga s and a trai l ing shield, holding i t over the weld at the end o f the bead for a

period o f t ime to al low the metal to cool to below 8000 F (to avoid oxidation o f the weld).

M A I N T E N A N C E R E D U C T I O N

The fact that t i tanium has the at tributes that m ake i t ideal for seawater service

qualifies i t as a material of choice that wil l not need replacem ent for any o f the types o f

corrosion that affect other metals. Its use el iminates the need for material replacem em ,

7




whether i t i s piping, tubing ~8, duct ing or par ts fabr icated for var ious other operat ions-

l ights , swi tches, and l inin gs. . . I t t ruly i s a mater ia l that wi ll last l i fe times and beyo nd. At

the end o f a ship 's l i fe , i t wou ld be readi ly feasible to cut out or disconn ect the f langed

t i tanium sect ions, c lean and insta l l the sa me mater ia l in a new ship since i t wi l l be as

corrosio n free as wh en i t was f i rs t insta lled. (O ffsho re r igs design in t i tanium as a

mater ia l that wi l l a l low a r ig to a t ta in a 50-year l i fe . Ti tanium out lasts this t imeperiod. )

W i th the e l imina t ion of the need for rep lacement , ma in tenance can be s ign i f i can tly

reduced . S ince i t does no t cor rode, ma in tenance wou ld cons i s t o f the scheduled c l ean ing

of tubes in She l l & T ube hea t exchangers o r p l a tes in P la t e & Fram e hea t exchangers ,

pipes in Service Water piping systems, dra ins, bal last tanks and the l ike . There would be

no. need to sch edule inspec t ions for corros ion-re la ted leaks or ul trasonic inspe ct ions fo r

pi t t ing, we ld fa i lures by corro sion o r integr i ty of the pipe o r tube wal ls .

F R E Q U E N T L Y A S K E D Q U E S T I O N S

W hat s i ze P ipe should be used? W hy se tt le on Schedu le 10?

Al l P ipe s i zes are ava i lab le f rom 3 /8" th rou gh 4 2" Schedule s i zes . The m ost

com mo n p ipe s i zes used wi th in the Navy, a s an example , a re 2" th roug h 12" (with

14" on occasion) . Al l s izes are designated by design by the shipbui lders or

internally.

Schedule 10 (gauge) t i tan ium has been des igned in to Nav y appl i ca t ions for the

fo l lowing reasons:

1 . For m ee t ing the requi rement s o f the "Shock Tes t " which i s a necessa ry

cer t i f ica t ion wi thin the Na vy for use o f a mater ia l on boa rd ship.

[Al though t i t an ium i s much s t ronger than the C u-Ni a l loys , th i s "Sh ock

Tes t " i s des igned based on the mate r i a l ' s i nheren t p roper ti e s . Fo r a

st ronger mater ia l , the requirements are more st r ingent , even though i t i s

ve ry capable o f surpass ing the p a ramete rs o f a weaker m a ter ia l .]

2 . To bes t accom mo da te Bending .

Fo r the var ious spooled c onne ct ions to be m ade, i t was fe l t that the Sch 10

size to

be best (or easiest ) in prevent ing "r ippl ing" during forming,

Unfor tuna te ly , t he

abi l i ty to use thinner wal l sect ions for addi t ional weight savings (corrosion

a l lowance no t be ing requi red) could no t be t aken advantage of.

8




3. W elding preference.

.

In some cases the heavier gauges are preferable for welding and is the

mo re conservat ive approach, part icularly in areas wh ere exp erience is jus t

being es tabl ished.

Fire Test ing indicated that the S ch 10 wa s the preferable s ize and passed

this requirement for Naval p ipe appl icat ions .

For Industr ia l use, the th inner gauge Schedule 5 p ipe can be accommodated in

certain appl icat ions and, in so doing, can further reduce w eight and in i t ia l co st .

Can you weld Ti tanium to Carbon or Stain less Steel or o ther common metals?

No . Ti tan ium can on ly be w elded to t i t an ium (o r o ther Refrac to ry m eta ls l ikeZi rcon ium or Tan ta lum) .

The rea son is that the m el t ing point o f t i tanium is very high at 30400 F

(16700 C) and the o ther metals would al ready have mel ted far ahead of

t i tanium. [The m el t ing point o f H Y 80 s teel is 27000 F (14820 C );

alum inum is 10500 F (5650 C) and Cu-N i is 2100 ° F (11500 C ).]

What about Ti tanium's Suscept ib i l i ty to Hydriding? ~9

Hydriding (Hydrogen absorpt ion) is a very misunders tood concept . I t i s frequent ly

broug ht up by those outs ide the industry m aking i t appea r that t i tanium has a serious

fault , which is totally false.

Hyd r id ing (H ydrogen A bsorp t ion) i s poss ib le in h igh tempera tu re / h igh-p ressu re

anhydrous (no w ater ) s t reams . T he p resence o f 2% mois tu re o r oxygen wi l l

prevent absorption. E ven i f i t we re absorbed onto the surface (which i t i s not in

these appl icat ions) , it wo uld only cause problem s i f i t d i f ~s ed in to the base metal ,

which i t cannot under these operat ing marine environments (condi t ions) . The

factors that have to take place s imultaneously for hydrogen absorpt ion to be a

problem are:

1 . M etal temper ature has to be above 1800 F (820 C). The condi t ions when

d iscuss ing m ar ine env i ronments a re room tempera tu re (RT ) o r well be low

the 1800 F (820 C). Below this tem perature, the w ors t that can happen

would be for Hydrogen to remain on the surface, wi th no effect on

mechanical propert ies .

.

Solut ion pH needs to be less than 3 or m ore than 12 or impressedpotent ials on the metal more negat ive than-0 .7 vol ts (vs . Ag/AgC1).

9




Condit ions in mar ine environments are near neutra l pH, a t approximate ly

7, and there w ould be no n egative potent ia ls applied.

, A m echanism such as a ga lvanic couple needs to be present to genera te

nascent hydrogen. T his could occur through galvanic couples , imp ressed

cathodic current, corrosion o f the t i tanium or constant mechanical abrasionof the meta l .

Hydrogen embr i t t lement i s avoided by d im ina t ion of on of the above th ree

fac tors . In mar ine en vironm ents , the condit ions are not m et and there is no fear of

a Hydriding problem.

Most absorpt ion problems ar ise f rom detr imenta l ga lvanic couples and

overzealous ca thodic protec t ion. Ti tanium should not be coupled to ac t ive meta ls

such as a luminum , z inc and m agnes ium in the presence o f seawa te r bu t on ly a t

tempera tures above1800 F (820 C).

Is Titanium susceptible to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)?

• CP t i tanium, which inc ludes Grades 1,2, 3 and 4 are IM M UN E to SCC in

mar ine /seawa te r envi ronments . [The on ly envi ronments o f concem for the CP

grades

would b e absolute m ethanol , red fuming ni tric ac id, ni t rogen te troxide and

cadmium

metal . ] Chlor ide SCC is not a considera tion for these grades.

NO TE: In cases wh ere the high a l loy 6A1-4V would be looked a t for providing a very

high s trength mater ia l in a seawater applica t ion, i t is ES SE NT IAL that Grade 23 (6A1-4V

EL I) be used and no t the s tandard G rade 5. Grade 23 is the Extra L ow Interst i tia l version

of Grade 5. The low level of intersti t ia l e lemen ts prevents SCC in high s tress condit ions

in seawater applications. (Refer to Figure 1).

1, 2 0 ,

How is the Galvanic s i tua t ion handled between t i tanium and other coupled meta ls?21,22

Titanium is the noble meta l and ac ts as the Ca thode in seawater environments .

Corrosion co nsidera t ions and problem s re la te to the other meta ls (when coupled to

t i tanium) tha t ac t as the A node. This would be typica l in s i tua tions wh ere t i tanium

pipe would be a t tached (coupled) to a 90-10 Cu-Ni valve , as an example .

Galvanic ef fec ts tha t ac t on the less noble meta l can be counter-ac ted by using

insula tors - non-conductive mater ia ls to break the connect ion. T his would be the case

in a f lange-to-flange joining situation. In addition to gaskets, plastic bolt sleeves are

10




~O

also available to provide an insulation barrier betw een t i tanium an d other m etals. This

is the most appropriate method used.

Cathodic protection may also be suitable in certain specific areas where other

me thods are not readily possible. This is generally not the case for piping systems.

Keep the R at io of the t itanium / suscept ib le m etal low. Do not "ov erwhe lm" the

system by having a large amou nt o f t i tanium coupled to a small am ount o f another

susceptible metal . This would be a case where cathodic protection might be

appropriate.

W here G alvanic effects may be present , yet have a gradual ly decreas ing, dow n-

s t ream c orros ion effect on the o ther metal , a very com mo n m ethod for control would

be to instal l a short transit ion sec tion of the al ternate (other) metal . Pre ferably

f langed, th is section can be quickly and cheaply replaced in a set amount of t i m e - 6

months, a year or more, etc. This small section could also be monitored for corrosionto determine a suitable replacement period. (Titanium would not require corrosion

moni tor ing.)

Lastly, an al l t i tanium system would el iminate this concern.

H ow can t i tanium systems be cleaned? Are there any det rimental effects?

The passive fi lm on t i tanium provides a smooth, sl ick surface, which inhibits buildup

for extended periods between cleaning. In marine environments, t i tanium is subject to

Biofou ling, wh ich can be controlled with chlorine injection. T his process is total ly

innocuous to t i tanium. Other chloride or bromine solutions can also be used for

cleaning.

Mechanical cleaning does not affect t i tanium, as the protective surface instantly re-

heals i tself. Scratches are therefore not detrimental and do not prom ote c orrosion

sites, as they m ay for other metals.

Use Clean Stainless Steel equipment only (Carbon steel implements should Not beused [nor should they be used for other metals]. Stainless "bullets" for mechan ical

cleaning are total ly appropriate fo r ti tanium.)

Ul t rasonic Shocking, Ul t raviolet Exp osure (UV), Ozonat ion and high veloci ty water

flushing have all been tried and are all addit ional suitable me thods fo r cleaning.

What about cos t?

11




Com par i sons aga ins t m ater i a l s t ha t do no t per fo rm, co r rode o r a re no t genera l l y

su i t ab l e fo r t he spec i f i c i n t ended use- i n t h i s case a seawater /mar ine env i ronmen t , a re

no t appropr i a t e , bu t t he ques t i on o f in i t ia l cos t a lways com es up .

I t a lso m us t be ke p t i n mind tha t t he d ens i t y o f t i tan ium i s bas i ca l l y h a l f t ha t o f i ts

com pet ing mater i a l s , so cos t s mus t be v i ew ed on a per un it bas is , no t on a p r i ce perpound bas is .

L i fe -C ycle cos t s shou ld be t he cons idera t ion , no t i n it i a l cos t.

T i t an ium i s p robab ly 20% or so h igher t han 90-10 Cu-Ni i n i n i ti a l cos t , bu t i t does no t

need m ain t ena nce an d does no t have t o be r ep l aced th ree o r m ore t imes i n the l i f e o f

the sh ip. Th i s i s wh y t i t an ium i s beg inn ing to r ep l ace Cu-Ni sys t ems . I t wa s es t im ated

tha t t he r e tu rn on i nves tme n t o f a T i t an ium sys t em ver sus a 90 -10 Cu-Ni sys t em i s

800% over t he sh ip ' s l i f e (25% per annum) . 23

Com pared aga ins t 70 -30 Cu-Ni , t i t an ium i s, in mo s t cases , l ower i n cost . I t i s a lso

l o w er i n co s t t h an M o n e lTM.And, t i t an ium does no t need to be r ep l aced over t he l i f e

of the ship .

Weigh t sav ings have va lue and a l l ow add i t i ona l defense r e l a t ed mater i a l on board

ship.

Ti t an ium ' s h igh e ros ion / co r ros ion r es i s t ance enab les h igher ve loc i t i es , t h inner wa l l s

and reduced s i zed P ip ing , whe re des igns a l l ow.

" W h a t P r i ce M a i n t en an ce . W i t h ti t an iu m, ma i n t en an ce i s s u b s tan t ia l ly r ed u ced , an d

in some to ma ny cases i t i s v i r t ua l l y e l imina t ed .

What Spec i f i ca t i ons App ly?

See Tab le VI I ]

Tab le VI I i nc ludes mos t s t andard Indus t r i a l spec i f i ca t i ons used i n Commerc i a l

app l i ca t i ons fo r t he p roduct s i nc luded fo r M ar ine Serv ice . I t i s s ign i f i can t t ha t theNavy , and o ther b ranches , a re now us ing t he s t andard Indus t ri a l spec i f i ca t i ons t ha t

g rea t l y s impl i fy m eet ing r equ i rem en t s t ha t have been t ime t es t ed fo r decades. I t a l so

e l imina t es a s i gn i f i can t amo un t o f e f fo r t i n qua l ify ing t o mi l i t a ry spec i f i ca t ions and

al lows much f l eer compet i t i on and ava i l ab i l i t y f rom the many compan ies t ha t supp ly

the i r p roduc t s t o com me rc i a l spec i f i ca ti ons . I t a lso t ends t o avo id overcom pensa t ing

requ i rem en t s t ha t o f t en t imes d i f f e r from those used i n indus try .

• A S TM A m er i can S o c i e ty f o r Tes t in g an d M a t e r i a ls B s p ecs ( N o n - F e r ro u s )

• A S M E A m er i can S o c i e t y o f M e ch an i ca l En g i n ee r s S B s p ecs ( N o n - F e r r o u s)

• A N S I A m er i can N a t i o n a l S tan d a r d s I n s ti t u te ( A D i v i s io n o f t h e A S M E) B sp ecs

[W r i t t en fo r s t eel s , t hese a re used For D imen s ions On ly - fo r T i tan ium]

12




M SS M anufac tu rers S tandard iza t ion S ocie ty

[W ri t ten for s teels, these are used For Dim ensions Only - for Ti tanium]

W hat a re some Typ ica l App l ica tions tha t use t it an ium in Mar ine Serv ice / Env i ronments?

[See Tab le VII I ]

A l is t of appl icat ions current ly us ing t itanium" for seaw ater/marine use is sho wn in

Tab le VIII . These include those for the Na vy as wel l as those fo r Offshore Platform s (oi l

r igs) . Addi t ional areas where t i tanium would also be appropriate and should be

considered for shipboard use, and for appl icat ions wh ere i t i s used other than by the N av y

are also indicated . The l is t i s by no mea ns co mp lete but serves to show the uses specif ic

to th is area of in teres t. (O ther industrial uses wh ere se aw ater is involved are indicated

th roughou t th is paper .)

S U M M A R Y

Titanium cont inues to see increased usage in naval and commercial and marine

appl icat ions for ma ny reasons . I t i s unsurpassed in i ts corrosion imm unit ies in ma rine

service, i t s low densi ty provides for Significant we ight reduct ions , i t has a h igh s t reng th /

w eight rat io , h igh erosion res is tance and is h ighly shock res is tant. A l l these factors al low

design eng ineers the opportuni ty to provide system s that s ignif icant ly reduce ( or

e l imina te) main tenance t ime and cos t s whi le p rov id ing unexce l led per fo rman ce and a

pract ical ly unl im ited service l ife . I t is avai lable as Fi t t ings , Flanges , Pipe, Tube, P late ,

Sheet , and Fastene rs and is formab le in to most all required forms. I t has a long his tory inHe at Exchanger se rvice (Shell & T ube and P la te & Frame) , in P ipe sys tems , as

components , tanks and vessels . I ts use has become the s tandard in many commercial

m arine a ppl icat ions and i t is seeing greater usage in the Na vy as wel l providing

signif icant l ife cycle cost advantages in solving the corrosion prob lems in marine service.

13




BI BLI OGRAPHY and REFERENCES

° M ountford, J.A., Jr . and Graum an, J.S., "Titanium for Marine A pplications",presented at the International Wo rkshop o n Advanced M aterials for M arine

Construction, N ew Orleans, LA, Feb . 4-7, 1997 , Edited by Edwards, G .R., et al. ,published by American Burea u of Shipping, New York, NY, 1997, pp. 107-128.

, Annual Bo ok o f AS TM Standards, S ection 2, Volum e 2.04, Nonferrous M etals,

Am erican Society for Testing and M aterials, Philadelphia, PA, 2001.

3. Failer, K., M ountford, Jr ., J.A., "Titanium for Cooling And Piping Systems",

Titanium Deve lopm ent As sn. [International Titanium A ssociation], T hird Annual

Corrosion Control Con ference, Louisville, KY , Ju ly 14-1 6, 1992.

. Mo untford, Jr ., J .A. , "Basics and Benefi ts of Titanium for Sea Se rvi ce - A R eview".Presented at the Annual Surface Ships Corrosion Control Con ference, Louisville, KY,

1996.

, ASM M eta ls Handbook , Vol . 1 3 - C o r r o s i o n , 1 9 8 7 Edition, ASM, Metals Park, OH,p. 692

. Schutz, R.W . and G rauman , J.S., "Localized Corrosion Beh avior of Titanium A lloys

in High T emperature Seawater Service" , Paper No. 162 , COR ROSION/88

Conference, NACE International, Houston, TX, 1988

. "Corrosion Resistance o f Titanium", T IME T Corporation Brochure, Denver , CO,

1997

° W agner, P. and Little, B., "Impact o f Alloying on M icrobiologically Influenced

C orr os ion - A Review", M aterials Performance, V ol . 32, No. 9 , Sept . 1993, pp. 65-68

, Lit tle , B. e t a l . , "An Experimental Evaluat ion of Titanium 's Resistance to

M icrobiologically Influenced Corrosion", CO RR OS ION /92, Pape r No. 173,

NACE International, Houston, TX

10. Schutz R.W., Scaturro, M.R., "A n O verview o f Current and C andidate Titanium

Alloy Applications on U.S. Navy Surface Ships" , Naval Engineers Journal, M ay

1991, pp. 175-191.

11. M ountford, J r . , J. A., "Titanium for Cond enser Service". Proceedings o f the 1994

International Titanium C onference on Titanium Products and Applications, Titanium

Developmem Association [International Titanium Association], Broomfield, CO,

1994, PP 333-344.

14




12. "Recom mend ed Practices for Gas Tungsten Arc W elding of Titanium Pipe and

Tubing", An Am erican National Standard, ANSI/AWS D10.6-91, A WS, M iami, FL,1991

13. "Gas Tungsten Arc W elding: It's Built to Ha ndle Titanium", W elding Journal, AW S,

Miami, FL, 1991.

14. "How to Weld Titanium", videocassette, International Titanium Association,Broomfield, CO.

15. We lding Handbook, Seve nth Edition, Volum e 4, American Welding Society, Miam i,FL, 1982.

16. "Titanium Design and Fabrication H andb ook for Industrial Applications", T IMETCorporation Brochure, Denver CO, 1997

17. Pederson, J., Levesen, J., Henon, B.K., "Orbital W elding o f titanium p ipe for T roll

and Heidrun offshore production platforms", STA INLE SS STEEL W OR LD , June1996, pp50-53.

18. McC ue, D.M., and Mountford, J.A . Jr., "Twenty Years S ervice W ith Titanium T ubed

Condensers". Presented at the 48 h U.S. Sea Horse Institute Meeting, T IME T

Corporation Publication, Denver, CO, Au g. 1992.

19. Sch utz, R.W . and G rauman , J . S . , '~Determination of C athodic Potential Lim its for

Prevention of Tube Hydride E mbrittlemen t in S alt W ater", Paper No. 110,CORROSION/89 Conference, NACE International, Houston, TX, April 1989.

20. Hack, H. T., and Ad am son, W .L., "Analysis o f Galva nic Corrosion Betw een a

Titanium Condenser and a C opper-Nickel Piping System ", Report 4553 , Dav id W.

Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center, Bethesda, M D, January 1976.

21. Lee, T. S., "Preventing Galvanic Corrosion in Marine Environments", Chem ical

Eng ineering, A pril 1, 198 5, p. 89.

22. Aylor, D.M. and Hays , R.A., "Galvanic Corrosion Evaluation o f High PerformanceNaval Seawater Valv e Materials in Quiescent, Natural Seawater", COR ROS ION2000

Conference, Paper No. 00 640 , NA CE International, Hou ston, TX, 2000.

23. Re id, J.P., "Time for Titanium Piping on Navy Ship s?", Association of Scientists and

Engineers, 32"a An nual Technical Sym posium , Ap r, 7, 1995.

24. Erskine, R.W., "SHIPYARD FAB RICAT ION OF TITANIUM PIPING SY STEM S",

Ingalls Shipb uilding division of Litton In dustries, presen ted at the International

Wo rkshop on Ad vanc ed Materials for Marine Construction, Ne w O rleans, LA, Feb.

15




4-7, 1997 , Edited by Edwards, G.R., et al., publishe d by Am erican Bureau o fShipping, New York, NY, 1997.

25. Erskine, R.W., "Design, Fabrication, Installation, and Operation of TitaniumSeawater Piping Systems", Presented at the Ship Production Sym posium, New

Orleans, A pril 21-23 , 19 97, Journal of Ship Production, Volume 13, Number 4,Novem ber 1997 PP 270-289.

i

26. Mo untford, Jr., J. A., "Titanium F or Conden ser & Heat Exchanger Service", P W R -

Vol. 30, Proceedings of the International Joint Pow er Gen eration Conference, AS MEInternational, Ne w Y ork, NY , 1996.

27. McCue, D . M ., and Peacock, D. K., "Titanium-First Ch oice for Desalination Plant

Hea t Exchangers", 1996.

28. "Titanium on m ultistage flash evaporators", TITAN IUM EU RO PE, June 1 994, p 7.

29. "Troll tunes to titanium", TITAN IUM EU RO PE, Ju ne 1994, p 7.

30. R.A . W hiteley, '°Titanium for fire systems offshore", TITAN IUM EU RO PE, Jun e

1994, PP 18-23.

31. H ull , T.W., Naval Engineers Jo urnal, July 1987 , pp. 122-124

Other Noteworthy R eference Publications

"Titanium: A T echn ical Guide", 2"d Edition, M .J. Donachie, J r., Editor, ASM

International, 2000

Baker, G. and Gra um an, J., "Solving So m e Seawater Corrosion Problems w ith

Titanium", S ea Technolog y, Ap ril 1991

Schutz, R.W . and S caturro, M.R., "Titan ium : An Improved M aterial for S hipbo ard andOffshore Platform Seawater Systems", UK CORROSIION, Brighton, UK, Oct.3-5, 1988,

pp.285-300

Du st, M.W., Scaturro, M .R., Sc hutz, R.W., "T itanium : Cost Effective Solu tion for the

N av y's Maintenance Blues", Am erican Society of Naval Engineers Fleet Maintenance

Sym posium, Virginia Bea ch Pavilion, O ct. 24 -25 , 1995 pp. 385-398

16




I S S U E S & B E N E F I T Si ,= i i i i

D E N S I T Y / W E I G H T S A V IN G S

O

O

C O R R O S I O N R E S I S T A N C E

[ S E A W A T E R I M M U N I T I E S ]


O P R O P E R T Y A D V A N T A G E S

F A B R I C A T I O N & W E L D I N G

M A I N T E N A N C E R E D U C T I O N

F R E Q U E N T L Y A S K E D Q U E S T I O N S

FIGURE 1

CO RRO S I O N RE S I S T A N CE - S E A W A T E R I M M U N I T I E S

• T i t a n i u m is v i r t u a l ly I M M U N E t o s e a w a t e r (a ll w a t e r s )

C o m p l e t e r e s is t a n c e t o G e n e r a l C o r r o s i o n a n d C r e v i c e C o r r o s i o n i n

a ll w a t e r s a t t e m p e r a t u r e s to 1 80 0 F ( o r s o m e w h a t a b o v e )

. N o C o r r o s i o n in P o l l u t e d W a t e r s ( i .e . p o r t s a n d h a r b o r s )

* N o E f f e c ts f r o m M i c r o b i o l o g i c a l ly I n f l u e n c e d C o r r o s i o n ( M I C )

[microbes e tc . ]* T i t a n i u m is N o t a f fe c te d u n d e r S t a g n a n t W a t e r co n d i ti o n s

. S h o c k c h l o r i n e t r e a t m e n t s c a n b e u s e d t o p r e v e n t / c l e a n f o u l i n g

• C P G r a d e 2 is I m m u n e to S t re ss C o r r o s i o n C r a c k i n g u n d e r s e a

se rv i ce cond i t i ons

• S e a w a t e r c o o le d t u b e s i n s e r v ic e f o r 4 0 y e a r s w i th z e r o c o r r o s i o n

FIGURE 2

17





* T i t a n i u m h a s a " c e r a m i c - l i k e " o u t e r p r o t e c t iv e o x id e f il m ( T iO 2 )

W a t e r v e l oc i ti es o f 9 0 ft /s e c ( 27 m / se c ) a n d h i g h e r in t h e a b s e n c e o f

s u s p e n d e d s o l i d s

• F low ra t e s o f 15 t o 18 f t/ sec (4 .6 t o 5 .5 m/ sec ) an d h ig he r u nd e r

s a n d - l a d e n c o n d i ti o n s

• M e c h a n i c a l C l e a n i n g u s in g S c r a p p e r s a r e n o t h a r m f u l t o t i t a n i u m

• T i t a n i u m ' s S u r f a c e i n s t a n t ly r e - h e a ls i ts e lf

• H i g h to l e r a n c e to p i p e b e n d a r e a s a n d d i r e c t i o n a l f lo w c h a n g e s

FIGURE 3

18




P R O P E R T Y A D V A N T A G E S

O D en s i t y - W e igh t sav ings to 50% (and above)

Low Th e rm a l Expans ion = Les s J o in t S t r es s

Th e rm a l C onduc t i v i ty a llows ma tch ing (o r h igher ) He a t

Trans fe r - i dea l fo r Hea t Exchange r app l i ca t i ons

O Low E la s ti c Mod u lus = H igh Shock To le rance

O High Yie ld S t ren gth (min) = High S t reng th / W eight

Rat io

Exce l len t Ba l li st ic prope r t i es = used for a r m or

Non -Mag net ic = No Elec t ronic in te r fe rence

FIGURE 4

F A B R I C A T I O N & W E L D I N G

• M ac h in in g - S low Speeds , Deep C u t s , H igh C oo ling F lu id

• C ut t in g- Dr i ll , Saw, Shear , W ater - Je t , Oxy-Acety lene or P lasm a

B en d in g- fo rma b le & fo rg iv ing [compens a te fo r s p r ing -back] (P ipe

ends can be f lared 900 to e l imin ate Stub End s)

• S h e a r i n g - S ta n d ar d E q u i p m e n t - m a n u a l & a u to m a t ic

• Tung s t en Ine r t Gas (T IG) , Gas Tungs t en Arc (GTA) , Gas Me ta l Arc

(GMA), Meta l Iner t Gas (MIG) , P lasma, Res i s tance , F r ic t ion ,

E l ec t ron B eam, Las e r and Orb i t a l

• T ra in ing TIG w e l d e r s - 2 weeks o r le ss

• Fluid W elds (CP is s ingle phase)

FIGURE 5

19




T A B L E I

C H E M I S T R Y - W G T . % z

G r a d e 2

G r a d e 9

( 3 A I - 2 . 5 V )

G r a d e 5

( 6 A I - 4 V )

G r a d e 2 3

( 6 A I - 4 V E L I

0 2 Fe H2 C N2

m a x . m a x = m a x. m a x . m a x .

0 . 2 5 0 . 3 0 0 . 0 1 E 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 3

0.15 0.25 0 .01, .= 0 .08 0 .03

A I

2 . 5 - 3 .5

0 . 2 0 0 . 4 0 0 . 0 1 , E 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 5 2 . 5 -3 . 5

0 . 13 0 . 25 0 . 0 1 2 1 0 .0 8 0 . 03 5 . 5 - 6 . 5

V

2 . 0 - 3 . 0

2 . 0 - 3 . 0

3 . 5 - 4 . 5

o t h e r O t h e r

(eTa~>h) (total)max

T i

0 .10 0 .40 Ba l .

0 .10 0 .40 Ba l .

0 .10 0 .40 Ba l .

0 .10 0 .40 Ba i .

EL I = Ex t ra Low In te rs t i t ia ls

20




T A B L E I I

M E C H A N I C A L & P H Y S I C A L P R O P E R T I E S 2

T e n s i le S t r e n g t h ( m !n )

Y ie l d S t ren~ lt h (m in )

Y i e l d S t r e n g t h ( m a x ~

E I 0 n g a t i o n ( m i n )

E las t i c M od u lu s (10 s psi_ )

T h e r m a l E x p a n s i o n C o e f f .

( M ic ro i n / i n ° F )T h e r m a l C o n d u c t i v i t y

,,, (B T U /h r -f t= °F / in

D e n s i t y ( I b s l i n 3

50 345 40 275

4 0 2 7 s t s l o 5

65 450 -

20% 30%

16 18

9.5

150

0.163

348

0.323

4 .8

52

18

15%

22

9.0

204

0.323

Thermal Expansion Coef f ic ient for HY 80 Steel = approx. 6.0 Micro in/ in °F

3 i 3 o

125

75

35

, 5 1 5

240. = . . .

3O%

28i

8.9

i

95

0.286, . . , =

21




T A B L E I I I

! W E I G H T c O M P A R I S O N - T I T A N I U M V S . C O P P E R - N I C K E L I

BASIS : SAME PIP E SIZ E [SCH 10] - T i & Cu-Ni

O D

Nom i n a l

[ in . ]

2

3

4

6

8

10

12

OD

Actua l

[ in . ]

2 .375

3 .500

4 .500

6 .625

8 .625

10 .750

12.750

W A L L

Nomina l

[ in . ]

0 .109

0 .120

0 .120

0 .134

0 .148

0 .165

0 .180

WEIGHT

Gr. 2 Ti

[Ibs./lOOft.]

152

2 4 9

323

534

77 1

1,073

1,390

WEIGHT

Cu-Ni

[Ibs./ lOOfL]

30 1

493

6 40

1,058

1,528

2 ,125

2 ,753

4 9 . 5 0 %WEIGHT

REDUCTION

l ' lbs. l l00f t . ]

1 4 9

2 4 4

317

5 2 4

7 5 7

1 , 0 5 2

22




T A B L E IV

W E IG H T C O M P A R I S O N - T IT A N IU M V S. c o P P E R - N I C K ELi ii

BASIS • TITANIUM [SC H 10] vs . CLASS 200 CU-N I

OD

Nomina l

[in.]

2

3

4

6

8

10

12

OD

Actual

[ i n . ]

2.375

3.500

4.500

6.625

8.625

10.750

12.750

TiWA LL

Nomina l

[ i n . ]

0.109

0.120

0.120

0.134

0 . 1 4 8

0.165

0.180

Cu-Ni.i

WA LL

Nomina l

[ i n . ]

0.083

0.095

0.109

0.134

0.148

0.187

0.250

WEIGHT

Gr. 2Ti

[Ibs./lOOft.]

152

249

323

534

77 1

1,073

1,390

W E I G H T

C u - N i

[ i b s . / l O O f t . ]

229

39 1

583

1,058

1,528

2,405

3,805

WEIGHT

REDUCTION

[ I b s . l l 0 0 f t . ] %

77 34

142 36

260 45

524 5 0

757 5 0

1,332 5 5

2,415 63

23




T A B L E V

C O R R O S I O N R E S I S T A N C E - C O M P A R I S O N S l o

' c o r r o s i o n '

G e n e ra l

Crev ice

Pitt ing

S C C

Fat igue

G a l va n i c

MIC (Mic robes)

Erosion

W e l d / H A Z

I l u l I I I

C u - N i

Resistant / Suscept ib le

Suscep t ib le

Suscep t ib le

Suscep t ib le

Suscep t ib le

Suscep t ib le

Suscep t ib le

Suscep t ib le

Suscep t ib le

3 1 6 S t a i n l e s sI I

Res is tan t

Suscep t ib le

Suscep t ib le

Sus cept ib le (> 1400 F )

Suscep t ib le

Suscep t ib le

Suscep t ib le

" Suscept ib le

Suscep t ib le

' T i t a n i u m c P , 5 , 9 ', 2 3

Res is tan t / Immune

R e s i s t a n t / I m m u n e ( < 20 0 0 F )

I m m u n e

Immu n e (e xce p t G r . 5 )

Res is tan t

I m m u n e

I m m u n e

Res is tan t

Res is tan t / ImmuneI I I I I

24




T A B L E V I

G E N E R A L S H O C K R E S I S T A N C E O F A L L O Y S 31

O ' v / / E p / 3 8 6

( ~ ' y

E

P3 8 6

= Y ie ld S t ress [ ps i] (ac tua l )

= S q u a r e R o o t

= Mo du lu s o f E las t i c i ty

= Den s i t y @ 0 .163 Ibs . / i n . 3

= C o n s t a n t x l / s e c . 2

[ a s s u m e d 5 0 , 0 0 0 p s i f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n ]

[ used 14 .9 x 10 6 ps i ]

M A T E R I A L S H O C K R E S I S T A N C E

[ 1 0 3 i n . / s e c . ]

T i G r a d e 9 [ 3 A I - 2 . 5 V ] 0 .95

T i G r a d e 2 0 .63

Incone l 625 TM 0.55

M o n e l 4 0 0 TM 0.24

3 1 6 S t a i n le s s S t e e l 0.21

7 0 - 3 0 C u - N i 0 .15

25




T A B L E V I I

SPEC I F I C AT I ON S

T I T LE

Ti tanium and T i tanium Al loy

Welded P ipe


Seamless P ipe

Stain less Steel Pipe

Welded and Seamless

WrouQht Steel Pipe

Seamless and Welded


Tubes fo r Condensers and

Heat ExchanQers

Ti tanium and T i tanium Al loyStr ip / Sheet / Plate

Pipe F langes &

Flanged Fit t inQs

Steel Pipel ine F lanQes .

F ac t o r y - M ade W r ough t

Steel ButtweldinQ Fit tinQs

Wrought Sta in less Steel

Bu t t - W e ld ing F i tt ings

Forged F i t t ings , Socket -

Weld ing and Threaded

Ferrous Pipe Plugs,

Bushings, and Locknuts

wi th Pipe Threads

Wrought S tee l

But tweld ing Shor t Radius

Elbows and Returns

A S T M

B 8 6 2

B 8 6 1

B 3 3 8

A S M E A S M E / A N S I M S S 'ill

B 3 6 . 1 0 M

S B 3 3 8

S B 3 3 8

B 16.9

B 1 6 . 1 1

B 1 6 . 1 4 i

B 1 6 . 5

B 1 6 . 5

B 2 6 5

S P - 4 4

SP - 4 3

,

B 1 6 . 2 8 I

AS TM - Am er ican Soc iety for Test ing & Mater ia ls

ASM E - Amedcan Soc ie t y o f Mechan ica l Eng ineers

ANS I -Am er ica n Nat ional S tandards Ins ti tu te [a D iv is ion of AS ME ]

MS S - Man ufac turers Standa rdizat ion Soc iety

C O M M E N T S

Both Pipe Spec i f icat ions

have s igni f icant changes &

r ep l ac e AST M B 337 w h ic h

has been d iscon t inued

D imens ions on ly

D imens ions 0n ly,, ,

Dimens ions on ly

D imens ions on ly

D imens ions on ly

D imens ions on ly

D imens ions on ly

D imens ions on ly

D imens ions on ly

26

amon Salazar - Invoice INV-281249-L3SN7F, downloaded on 11/2/2009 12:41:14 AM - Single-user license only, copying and networking prohibited.



T A B L E V I I I

A P P L I C A T I O N S 4, 10, 23, 24, 25

S H I P B O A R D

Ship Serv ice Turbine Generator

Disti l lat ion Unit Condensers ( S / T )_

CG 47, DDG 51

Disti l lat ion Units Hea ters CG 47, DDG 51

Lube Oi l Coolers CG 47, DDG 51, CVN

.Phalanx & LPA C/HPA C Coolers CG 47, DDG 51, CVN

Aegis Radar Electronics Cooler

(S/T) & (P/F)

D e -Sa l i na t i o n U n i ts (S / T ) 2 7. 2 s

Firemain Sys te ms - P ip ing & F i tt ings LH A2 , LPD-17

Fire Pum ps G rades 2 & 5 CG 47, DDG 51

Serv ice Water Piping

Air Condit ioning Condenser (S/T)

HVA C - Air Vent i lat ion D uct ing

Dist i l lat ion uni t - Br ine Heater

and Br ine P re-Heater (P/F) and (S/T)

O F F S H O R E

Fire Sprinkler Heads, Deluge

Nozzles and Deluge Valves

Lube Oi l Cooler

Compressor Cooler

Bal last Systems and V alves 29

Firemain Systems 30

Serv ice Water Piping

Central Exchang er (P/F)

Discharge Cooler

Direct Low Pressure Crude

Oil Serv ice C ooler (S/T)

(S/T) = Shel l & Tube (Heat Exchanger)

(P/F) = Plate & Frame (Heat Exchanger)

27




T A B L E V ll l c o n t 'd

A P P L I C A T I O N S c o n t 'd .

S H I P B O A R D

E ng i ne J ac k e t C oo l e rs

TAO o i l e rs (P /F)

CG 47 , DDG 51 , CV N

Low P r es s u r e A i r Com pr es s o r Coo l e r

Exha us t Uptakes L iners (Gr . 9) DD G 51 approx . 9 y rs .

L ight Boxes

~' Oi l W aste Sy stem s *

M ag az i ne S pr i nk le r S y s tem s *

Dec k Dr a inage S y s tem s Udna l D r a in P ip i ng LHA 2

B i lges *

Coun te r m eas ur e Was h down P ip i ng *

S eaw ate r Com pens a ted Fue l O i l S y s tem s *

M i s s il e De l uge S y s tem s *

S tanc h i ons *

I I I I

O F F S H O R E

E ng i ne J ac k e t Coo l e r

Quenc h Wate r Coo l e r ( S /T )

P r opane Condens er

Gas Dehy dr a to r Coo l e r ( S /T )

Natura l Gas Cooler (S /T)

Glyco l Cooler (S /T)

F l as h Gas Com pr es s o r

Intercooler (S/T)

In ters tage O i l Cooler (S /T)

* = App l ica t ions for Cons iderat ion

On Board Sh ip

(S/T) = Shel l & Tu be (H. E.)

(P/F) = Plate & Fra me (H. E.)

02170 titanium- properties, advantages and applications solving the corrosion problems in marine...

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