03 wcdma rnp antenna principle and selection
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co., Ltd. Page 1HUAWEI Confidential
WCDMA RNP Antenna Principle and Selection
Internal
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Review
Interface between radio transceiver and outside
propagation environment.
Antenna can transmit and receive radio waves.
Converts the RF currents to electromagnetic (E
M) waves;
Receives radio waves, and converts EM waves t
o RF currents.
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Objectives
Learn the principle and classification of antenna
Know some of characteristics of antenna
Study the rules for antenna selection
Understand the antenna selection for different scenarios
From this course, we will be able to:
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Contents
Antenna Principle and Classification
Primary Technical Performances of the Antenna
Rules for Antenna Type Selection
Antenna Selection for Different Scenarios
Summary
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Antenna location and function
Antenna and feeder system figure
Thunder protector
Feeder(7/8“)
Feeder clip
Feeder ladder
Grounded clip
Connector, insulated airproof tape, PVC insulated tape
Adjustable support
Board antenna
Pole(50~114mm)
Outdoor jumper
Indoor jumper
Feeder window
NodeB
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Based on the polarization mode:
Alternant circuit in the lead will radiate electromagnetic (EM) waves, the
radiation ability is related to the length and shape of lead.
When the length of lead is close to wave length, circuit in the lead will
increase greatly and radiate strong radio wave, we call this direct lead as pole.
Antenna Work Principle
positive
negative
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Antenna Classification According to radiation direction
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According to polarization direction:
Antenna polarization direction: electric field vector is the
polarization direction of EM wave
Antenna Classification
vertical polarization horizontal polarization
+45 polarization -45 polarization
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According to polarization mode: vertical polarization antennas (also called mono-polarization antennas) Cross polarization antennas (also called dual polarization antennas).
Antenna Classification
single polarization (vertical) antennadual polarization(+-45) antenna
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Antenna Classification
According to the outlines
whip antenna plate antenna cap antenna paraboloid antenna
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Contents
Antenna Classification and Classification
Primary Technical Performances of Antenna
Rules for Antenna Type Selection
Antenna Selection for Different Scenarios
Summary
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Working Bands
in China and Europe UL: 1920 ~ 1980 MHz
DL: 2110 ~ 2170 MHz
in North America UL: 1850 ~ 1910 MHz
DL: 1930 ~ 1990 MHz
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Antenna Gain Gain is one of the most important indices of an
antenna. It indicates the antenna’s capability of
centralizing energy to a certain direction
dBi is defined as the energy centralizing capability of the actual directional antenna (including omni antenna) in relation to isotropic antennas, “i” means “isotropic”.
dBd is defined as the energy centralizing capability of the actual directional antenna (including omni antenna) in relation to dipole antennas, “d” means “dipole”.
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Antenna Gain As a passive device, antenna itself cannot
increase the energy of transmitted signals.
It only can centralize the energy to a
certain direction by combining the antenna
dipoles and changing their feeding mode ¸ Isotropic
Dipole
Actual antenna
The actual antenna gain is 11dBi
11dBi
8.85dBd 2.15dB 2.15dBi ERP
EIRP
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Antenna Pattern The graph describes the distribution of EM field of
the antenna transmission along the fixed distance
on the angular coordinates.
A pattern presented by transmission field intensity
is called field intensity pattern, a pattern presented
by power density is called power density pattern,
and a pattern presented by phase is called phase
pattern.
Normally power density pattern is used in Mobile
communication system, it includes vertical pattern
graph and horizontal pattern graph
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Symmetric half-wave dipole PatternTop view side view
directional antenna pattern omni antenna pattern
Antenna Pattern
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Antenna Pattern
Beam width (BW) (called semi-power angle) Front-to-back ratio Zero-point filling Upper side lobe suppression
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Relationship between Wave Width and Gain
Antenna is an energy-centralizing device. The
enhancement of transmission in one direction means
the reduction of transmission in other directions. In
general, we can enhance the transmission strength
in a certain direction by reducing the horizontal lobe
width so as to increase the antenna gain. Under a
given antenna gain, the horizontal BW is in reverse
proportion with the vertical BW:
10 lg 32400aG Ga : antenna gain, dBi;B: vertical BW, degree .Θ : horizontal BW, degree.
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Polarization Mode
Polarization is the transmission
performance describing the vector
direction of EM field intensity. Unless
specific state, the space direction of
electric field vector is the polarization
direction of EM wave. The vector direction
refers to the direction of maximum
transmission of antenna.
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Polarization Mode Single polarization antennas in WCDMA system
adopt vertical polarization, while dual polarization
antennas use polarization diversity to minimize the
negative effect of multi-path fading in the mobile
communication system so as to improve the quality
of receiving signals. Dual polarization antennas in
WCDMA system usually use
± 45° cross polarization mode.
+/- 45°)
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Mechanical Down Tilt and Electric Down Tilt Mechanical Down Tilt and Electric Down Tilt
Mechanical down tilt
electric down tilt
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Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
When the input impedance is not consistent with
the characteristic impedance, the reflected wave
and the incident wave overlap on the feeder and
form standing wave. The ratio between the
maximum value and the minimal value of the
adjacent voltage is VSWR. Big VSWR leads
communications distance shortened, at same time
reflection power returns to power amplifier (PA) of
transmitter. PA might be damaged.
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9.5 W80
ohms50 ohms
Forward: 10W
Reflection: 0.5W
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)If and respectively stand for the input impedance and nominal impedance of the antenna, the reflectance is
, where . The matching
feature of a port can also be indicated by Reflection Loss . If
will be 13.98
AoZ
oA
oA
1
1VSWR
50oZ
1:5.1VSWR
dBLR ..
. .( ) 20 lgR L dB
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Other Technical Performances
Port Isolation
Power Capacity
Input Interface of the Antenna
Passive Inter-modulation (PIM)
Antenna Size and Weight
Wind Load
Working Temperature and Humidity
Lightning Protection
Three-Proof Capability
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Contents
Antenna Classification and Classification
Primary Technical Performances of the Antenna
Rules for Antenna Type Selection
Antenna Selection for Different Scenarios
Summary
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Antenna Working Bands Outdoor Antennas
Both WCDMA and DCS systems
simultaneously
1710 ~ 2170 MHz
Only for WCDMA system
1920 ~ 2170 MHz Indoor Antennas
for GSM/DCS/WLAN/WCDMA
800 ~ 2500 MHz
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Principle for Antenna Beam Width Selection
Selection of beam width
horizontal beam : depends on the type design
of NodeB
vertical beam: depends on antenna gain
In urban areas
3-sector vertex-excited NodeBs, 65° horizontal
beam width
6-sector vertex-excited NodeBs, 33° horizontal
beam width
In suburban areas
3-sector center-excited NodeBs, 90° horizontal
beam width
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Principle for Polarization Mode Selection
urban area
dual polarization antennas
open mountainous areas and rural
areas
vertical single polarization antennas
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Principle for Downtilt Mode Selection Comparison between Mechanical Downtilt and Electric DowntiltComparison between Mechanical Downtilt and Electric Downtilt
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Principle for Downtilt Mode Selection Comparison between Preset Electricity Downtilt and Zero-Point FillingComparison between Preset Electricity Downtilt and Zero-Point Filling
The use of preset electric downtilt can
shorten the coverage range of the main lobe
if the cell coverage is planed to small.
Through zero-point filling, a kind of shaping
technology, we can obtain a good pattern. In
this case, the upper side lobe can be
suppressed, so this kind of antennas will
influence other aspects.
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Principle for Downtilt Mode Selection
Planning and Optimization of Downtilt AnglePlanning and Optimization of Downtilt Angle
For an omni antenna, we cannot adjust the
mechanical downtilt angle, but we can select
preset electricity downtilt angle antennas.
For a directional antenna, in different
occasions, requirements for the downtilt
angle adjustment range are different.
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Principle for Front-to-back Ratio Selection
In occasions where NodeB sites are densely
distributed, if the back lobe is too big, it will be
likely to cause pilot pollution and the network
quality will be influenced. In urban areas, the
antenna front-to-back ratio should be ≥ 25dB. In
suburbs or rural areas, the antenna front-to-back
ratio can appropriately lower.
The front-to-back ratio is in reverse proportion to
the beam width. The narrower the beam is, the
higher the front-to-back ratio is.
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Principle for Antenna Size Selection
Antenna size selection is mainly Antenna size selection is mainly
related to the install abilityrelated to the install ability
Firstly, the antenna size is
related to the technical level of
manufacturers
Secondly, the antenna size is
related to the antenna gain
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Principle for Antenna Impedance Selection
The input impedance of a combiner is 50Ω. In
order to reduce the standing wave ratio, the
characteristic impedance of an antenna should
match with the input impedance, namely, it
should be 50Ω.
General, the characteristic impedance can
meet this requirement, but attention should be
paid to this index during selection or
certification of new antennas.
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Contents
Antenna Classification and Classification
Primary Technical Performances of the Antenna
Rules for Antenna Type Selection
Antenna Selection for Different Scenarios
Summary
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Antenna Selection for Different Scenarios
In WCDMA system, antenna selection is very important.
Antennas should be selected based on the practical
situations such as the NodeB design, network coverage
requirements and interference conditions.
Practical situations
In urban coverage
In sub-urban coverage
In rural coverage
In highway coverage
In indoor coverage
In offshore coverage
In tunnel coverage
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In Urban CoverageIn Urban Coverage
Huawei Recommendation
Frequency range: 1710 ~ 2170
MHz/±45°dual polarization / 65°horizontal
BW/15 dBi gain/preset 6°electrical DT or 0
~ 10°adjustable electrical DT and 0 ~ 15°
adjustable mechanical DT/upper side lobe
suppression and zero-point filling/25dB or
higher front-to-back ratio.
Antenna Selection for Different ScenariosAntenna Selection for Different Scenarios
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In Suburban CoverageIn Suburban Coverage
Huawei Recommendation:
Select the specific antennas by referring to
antenna selection for urban areas and that
for rural areas depending on the distance
between two NodeBs and traffic density.
Antenna Selection for Different ScenariosAntenna Selection for Different Scenarios
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In Rural CoverageIn Rural Coverage
Recommendation (for directional
antennas): Working frequency 1710 ~ 2170
MHz / dual or vertical polarization / 90°
horizontal beam width / 18 dBi antenna gain /
without preset downtilt / zero-point filling
Recommendation (for omni antennas):
Working frequency 1710 ~ 2170 MHz / vertical
polarization / 11 dBi antenna gain / without
preset downtilt / zero-point filling
Antenna Selection for Different ScenariosAntenna Selection for Different Scenarios
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In Highway CoverageIn Highway Coverage
Recommendation (for directional antennas):
Working frequency 1710 ~ 2170 MHz / vertical
polarization / 30° horizontal beam width / high gain
(for example: 21 dBi) / without preset downtilt /
zero-point filling
Recommendation (for 8-figure-shape
antennas): Working frequency 1710 ~ 2170 MHz /
vertical polarization / dual 70° horizontal beam
width / 14 dBi antenna gain / without preset
downtilt / zero-point filling
Antenna Selection for Different ScenariosAntenna Selection for Different Scenarios
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For Highway CoverageFor Highway Coverage
Recommendation (for heart-shape
antennas):
Frequency range: 1710 ~ 2170 MHz/VP/2
10°horizontal BW / 12 dBi gain / without preset
DT
zero-point filling
S0.5/0.5 NodeB configuration with high-gain
directional antennas
8-figure-shape antennas
Antenna Selection for Different ScenariosAntenna Selection for Different Scenarios
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In Indoor CoverageIn Indoor Coverage Recommendation (for omni antennas):
Frequency range: 800 ~ 2500 MHz/vertical
polarization
(VP)/360°horizontal BW, 90° vertical BW/2dBi gain.
Recommendation (for plate directional
antennas): Frequency range: 800 ~ 2500
MHz/vP/90°horizontal BW, 60°vertical BW/7dBi gain.
Recommendation (for log-periodical antennas):
Frequency range: 800 ~ 2500 MHz/VP/55°horizontal
BW, 50° vertical BW/11.5dBi gain.
Antenna Selection for Different ScenariosAntenna Selection for Different Scenarios
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In Offshore CoverageIn Offshore Coverage
Antenna Recommended:
frequency range: 1710 ~
2170 MHz
vertical polarization
30° horizontal BW
gain 21 dBi
without preset DT
zero-point filling
Antenna Selection for Different ScenariosAntenna Selection for Different Scenarios
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In Tunnel CoverageIn Tunnel Coverage
Antenna Recommended
Frequency range: 800 ~ 2200 MHz
vertical polarization
55°/30°horizontal BW
log-periodical type with gain 11.5 dBi
(consider sharing with GSM/DCS
systems).
Leaky cable
Antenna Selection for Different ScenariosAntenna Selection for Different Scenarios
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Contents
Antenna Classification and Classification
Major Technical Performances of the Antenna
Principles for Antenna Type Selection
Antenna Selection for Different Scenarios
Summary
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Summary
This course helps us: To master antenna principle and classification
To master parameters of antenna
To understand the principles of antenna selection
To select antenna focusing on specific working
environments
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