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Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude [1]

SECTION A

1. Compassion is more than being empathic and sympathic, but requires both. Substantiateyour view.

Thinking line:

Sympathy is the heightened awareness of another person's plight as something to be alleviated.The emphasis here is on awareness whereas Empathy is the attempt of one who is self-aware to understand and even vicariously experience another person's situation and emotionalstate. The emphasis here is on experience.

But Compassion is taken a step further, where a person feels empathy and then a desire tohelp alleviate the suffering of the other person. The emphasis here is on action i.e. wantingto help. Having compassion for another requires one to put the other person first, imaginewhat the person is going through, then consider ways in which to help the person feel betterand cope.

Compassion does not acknowledge the artificial social, economic, and religious barriers weplace between ourselves and others. It acknowledges the common cry of human longings,aspirations, and tragedies.

It leads a person to help a stranger, with no motivation other than that the person is in need.

2. Dedication and motivation can get people far in life. Motivation turns into dedication anddedication turns into success. List the steps needed to keep the civil servants motivated toachieve the goal of welfare of the society.

Thinking line:

Motivation is the positive attributes that energise, direct and sustain the relevant behaviour.

A motivated and willing civil servant is the best instrument to achieve the outcomes desiredby the state and society. Motivation comes through incentives. Contrary to popular perceptionthat it is monetary incentives which matter the most, the fact is that academic theory as wellas experience both in the Corporate sector and in Government, indicates that it is the non-monetary incentives which are the key factors in motivating employees especially in thecontext of Government.

These returns satisfy the self-esteem and self-satisfaction needs of the employees. They include,for instance, the pride of having an association with an organization, job challenge andsatisfaction, opportunities for learning and advancement, a sense of being part of a nobler

cause, job security and so on.

nswer Hints: Test No.4

Ethics Test Series 2015

www.iasscore.in

09 October, 2015

ETHICS, INTEGRITY AND APTITUDE

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[2] Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude

The steps needed for motivating public servants are:

a) Linking rewards with performance.

b) Utilise performance appraisals that are not just task related but also reflect on

competencies specifically relevant to public service work.c) In matters of promotion, the performance of a candidate should be given due weight.

d) Convey social significance of job, if possible establish opportunities for direct contactbetween employees and beneficiaries of the service.

e) There is need to recognise the outstanding work of serving civil servants includingNational awards. Awards for recognizing good performance should also be institutedat the State and district levels.

f) It should be the responsibility of the head of the office to examine the job content ofeach person working in the organization to ensure that the job content is meaningful

and challenging so that the employee derives a sense of satisfaction in performing thetasks assigned to him/her.

g) Ensure a congenial work environment in the office.

h) Promote value-based leadership.

i) Improve training programs and processes in order to fulfil the expectation of citizensbecause a sense of fulfilment of duty towards society gives a sense of accomplishment.

3. Empathy is necessary for making moral judgments. Discuss with examples.

Thinking line:

The moral actions are expressed with the term good and bad. For example, one mightjudge that charity is good, or that beating is bad.

According to the view under consideration these judgments depend on empathetic responses:we empathize with the positive feelings experienced by the recipients of charity and withthe negative feelings of those who fall prey to domestic violence. It is these empatheticresponse that allow one to see these actions as good and bad respectively.

Without empathy, we could mouth the words that charity is good and abuse is bad, butwe wouldnt speak with true understanding; we wouldnt be grasping the judgments thatsuch sentences have the function of expressing.

Hence Empathy is necessary for making moral judgment and moral) development.4. Outside obligation on the public servant to be ethically and morally correct fails to improve

ethics in public service rather the conscience of individual need to be enlightened. Whatsteps will you take to enlighten your conscience for acting ethically correct while in service?

Thinking line:

Laws and conscience are the two sources of guidance by which human beings can judge themorality of their action.

Laws set out specific conditions or constraints that have to be complied with in pursuing thegoals or in gaining access to the rights whereas Conscience is experienced as an inner

sanctuary or tribunal, rather than something external.

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Conscience gives the power to create a happier and fulfilling life. It's about opening oneself

to newer possibilities, reconnecting with inner self, embracing the divine within and most

importantly, free from the pain and suffering that has been holding the person down.

The steps needed are:

a) Devotion to duty irrespective of circumstances.

b) Reduces areas of conflict of interest mainly between public and private life.

c) Work on improving emotional intelligence to understand one's and others' emotions

properly.

d) Differentiate between "need" and "wants" to maintain integrity in functioning.

5. Social accountability has provided shift from vote to voice to citizens but integrity and

ethicality at individual level decides its success. Do you agree? Substantiate with example.

Thinking line:

In a democratic society administrators are obliged to give a satisfactory account of what they

do and in what manner they exercise the powers conferred on them for the betterment of

society.

Social Accountability is a form of accountability in which citizens, communities, independent

media, and civil society organizations use to hold public officials and public servants

accountable.

It brings transparency in governance and works to enhance and integrate citizen voice into

the everyday work and decision-making processes of the state.

Hence social accountability depends on the principle that more information means more

empowerment, which in the context of greater participation means more voice, which means

greater accountability.

6. Public service must be founded on single most moral virtues of Fulfilment of ones duty,

rest of the foundational values may follow it automatically. Elaborate.

Thinking line:

Successful implementation of public policy and-even more important-maintaining the

principles of democratic government depend on the professionalism of public servants whohave a clear sense of their proper role. This means the dutiful execution of all work even

with which an official may not agree.

If public servants did not fulfil his duty towards the work and society, the result would be

chaos in public administration and a breakdown of democratic accountability.

In public service "Duty" implies individual's wish to help others, to benefit society, or to serve

the public interest.

Hence every duty is holy, and devotion to duty is the highest form of the moral virtue; it is

certainly a source of great help in enlightening and emancipating the person and all other

virtues such as honesty, integrity, selflessness, altruism, etc. flow automatically.

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7. For the common man, bureaucracy denotes routine and repetitive procedures, paper work

and delays. This is despite the fact that the Government and bureaucracy exist to facilitate

the citizens in the rightful pursuit of their legal activities. Discuss the steps needed to make

governance citizen centric.

Thinking line:

Rigidities of the system, over centralization of powers, highly hierarchical and top down

method of functioning with a large number of intermediary levels delaying finalization of

any decision, divorce of authority from accountability and the tendency towards

micromanagement, have led to a structure in which form is more important than substance,

and procedures are valued over end results and outcomes has led to loss of trust of citizens

on bureaucracy.

Thus the steps needed to make governance citizen centric are:

a) Making Institutions Vibrant, Responsive and Accountableb) Active Citizens' Participation through Decentralization and Delegation

c) Transparency in decision making, disclosure of standards of delivery and openness inthe everyday functioning of the administration

d) Ethics in Governance to avoid deviation from norms and procedures.

e) Process Reforms such as well- designed citizens' charters with in-built penalties for non-adherence to commitments made, independent, empowered and effective anti-corruptionagencies and innovative tools to involve citizens in government's functioning.

f) Periodic & Independent Evaluation of the Quality of Governance by citizens, NGOs orthird party.

8. For the proper maintenance of law and order a policeman should consider himself as a

citizen with uniform and a citizen as a policeman without uniform. Discuss.

Thinking line:

The aims and objectives of Police are to act as upholders of law and to protect life, limb and

property of the members of the public.

It signifies that the Police should enforce the Law firmly and impartiality without fear or

favour, malice or vindictiveness, but with strict regard to the preservation of the Human

Rights of the citizens of India.

The Police must recognize that they are members of the public with the only difference that

in the interest of the society and on its behalf they are employed to give full time attention

to duties which are normally incumbent on every citizen to perform.

On the other hand citizens are also obliged to cooperate with police organisation for

maintaining law and order. They should participate in community policing and should

follow rules judiciously.

If everyone performs his/her duty religiously, proper relationship will be maintained between

citizen and government organisations.

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9. The crisis of ethics in public life is more because of attitudinal problem of public servantsrather than organisational ineffectiveness. Critically analyse.

Thinking line:

Effective and efficient institutions form the backbone of a successful development andgovernance process, the laws made by the Legislature, executive or judiciary may be soundand relevant, but they are not properly implemented by government functionaries properly.This results in a mismatch between what is required and what is being provided.

This is because organisation is an amalgamation of material, money and human resourcehence the attitude of people towards organisational vision and mission is more important forthe success of programme and policies.

The public servant's attitude is one of indifference and insensitivity to the needs of citizens.The end result is that officers perceive themselves as dispensing favours to citizens ratherthan serving them.

This restricts the person from fulfilling his/her duty of serving the people and the nation andreduces organisation just to wooden, inflexible, self-perpetuating and inward looking system.

10. Explain the importance of any four attributes with respect of civil services:

a) Adaptability

b) Activism

c) Innovation

d) Courage

e) Humility

Thinking line:

a) Adaptability

It is the ability to change or be changed in order to deal successfully with new situations.Though some individuals allow adversity to bend or break their spirits, other quickly adaptto their surroundings and surmount the opposition. The ability to adapt and make the bestof difficult situations is a sure test of greatness. When encountering opposition, successfulpeople find ways to rise above and make the best of circumstances.

Civil servants should be flexible enough to adapt to various stressful and changing situations.It is essential to enable them to do their duties efficiently in varying situations. Their frequentchange of place and work requires adaptability.

b) Activism

It signifies a bold, fearless and upright civil servant.

A civil servant must have a moral character and strength of conviction to actively pursuethe common good, particularly when his perception is at variance with that of his politicalmaster.

His obligation to the state, the values and principles manifested in the Constitution must

override his loyality to the government of the day.

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c) Innovation

It is the introduction of new things, ideas and ways. The act of innovation can generate

many emotions. It can bring agony, sweat, tears and exhaustion. But it can also bring great

thrills, satisfaction and joy. But innovation does not come without a price.

Innovation is needed in civil services at various stages. It makes the civil services generate

new ideas and thoughts which can then be put into action by civil servants and they can

be trained through various innovative programmes. Innovation helps the civil servant to

improve his performance and overall performance of the team. Every scheme of the

government is a beautiful example of innovative exercise of some one.

d) Courage

Courage is not the absence of fear, but the awareness that something else is more important.

Courage can be displayed in heroic, visible ways or in quiet, private battles we fight when

attempting to conquer inner fears. Courage most often requires us to step out, - out from our

comfort zones, out from our doubts and out into unchartered waters.

Civil servants should be non-fearful and courageous to show heroism at times. There are

times when the civil servants are expected to manage their fears. It is seen that courage

during difficult situations is something that is considered an essential attribute of civil services.

Civil servants are also required to display courage against illegal pressures whether it is from

political executive or from their own seniors. The whole team respects only such civil servants.

e) Humility

It is quality of not thinking that one is better than other people. Though strong self confidence

and high self esteem are healthy personality traits, there is a point when they cease to bevirtues, the point at which a person feels more important than another, or above reproach

and learning. Humility on the other hand, breeds growth and friendship.

It is considered as mother of all virtues. Being humble is very essential for civil servants. They

can turn arrogant because of power and authority so they are expected to be humble. Civil

servants should not think themselves so big that other people look small. They work in a

team, so they should willingly give credit to others who have helped them along the way.

11. What is the difference between a Professional approach and Vocational approach of the

civil services? Of the two, which one will be preferred by you and why?

Thinking line:

Profession is a career guided by a set of norms and procedures which failing to comply with;

invites disciplinary action. On the other side, vocation is not guided by such established

norms. Civil service is a profession which has its own codes, values and set of norms.

In context of civil services, a professional approach is to be preferred. The civil servants who

have to deal with the politicians, general people in the society are expected to possess some

norms which reflect their high standard of conduct.

They should be accountable and responsible keeping in view their power and authority.

Those who do not comply with these standards should be punished with disciplinary

proceedings.

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Making civil services a vocation does not establish these things. So to uphold the values of

civil services, it is essential that the civil servants practice it as a profession rather than a

vocation where there is no set of rules and norms to guide the people who are a part of it.

Vocational approach should be inculcated in the professional approach.

12. What do you mean by Perseverance? Explain with examples. How can you prepare yourself

to achieve this attribute in order to become a successful civil servant?

Thinking line:

Perseverance is the quality of continuing to try to achieve a particular aim despite of the

difficulties. It trumps both failure and fatigue. It is a lense through which people view life

that is focused on succeeding not on failing. eg. it is seen people like Abraham Lincon,

Mahatama Gandhi, have been great personalities as they were never disappointed because

of hardships or failures.

In order to become a successful civil servant, it is essential one is not disappointed or

distressed because of hardships like long working hours, stressful office work and working

in unfavourable conditions. This is possible when the civil servants develop the energy to

overcome fatigue and failure in life. It can be achieved by associating oneself with the

hardships and problems that the common people suffer, developing energy and stamina to

work for long hours and not being disappointed by failures. Along with it, patience; which

is widely expected from a good civil servant at times is a vital component of perseverance.

SECTION B

13. General elections are in progress and you have been appointed as a Sector Magistrate tooversee the free and peaceful election in a sector which has 10 polling stations. In course

of your tour, you notice a powerful minister moving to various polling stations with deadly

weapons. He is accompanied with anti-social elements. The people moving with the minister

are intimidating the voters of SC Community not to dare to go to polling stations and vote.

One of the supporter of the minister informs you on your mobile phone that it is better if

you do not interfere and avoid confrontation.

What will you do in such a situation? Some of the options are given below. Evaluate the

merits and demerits of these options and finally suggest what course of action, would you

like to take giving reasons.

(a) Arrest the minister along with his supporters and sieze his arms, ammunition and

vehicles, and immediately file a criminal case in local police station.

(b) Inform the election control room and seek police reinforcement, and also instructions

as what to do.

(c) Go to villages inhabitated by members of SC community and help them to cast their

votes, by arranging vehicles.

(d) Inform election observer and other senior authorities and seek their help and guidance,

and until then avoid the minister.

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(e) Ignore the minister and his supporters with the hope that they might be caught if they

create any disturbance on the polling stations, because on every polling station a static

arm picket has been stationed.

Thinking line:

(a) It will work as a deterrent and will send a right signal among weaker section of the society.

They will turn up to vote in large numbers. But seizure of arms and ammunition, vehicle,

occupants, will require huge manpower which the Sector Magistrate might not have. If

Sector Magistrate goes for filling FIR in local Police Station then who will take care for his

sector?

(b) It will be a good option, because with reinforcement, additional police force will be available

to the Sector Magistrate and then he can take decisive actions from a position of strength.

Since he will be receiving clear cut guidelines as what to do, he will be in a better position

to take a decision. However, getting into minister issue might take his valuable time. Many

people including people from weaker section of society may prefer to remain inside, thereby

reducing the polling percentage.

(c) Voters from weaker section may like this step and turn up in large number to vote. But

arranging vehicles and transporting them to polling stations is not permitted under the law.

The Sector Magistrate might be accused of indulging in corrupt practices.

(d) There is a merit in this option because Sector Magistrate will involve his seniors including

the representative of Election Commission. But the seniors might reply back why he is not

taking decision and shifting the responsibility? The observer might say it is none of his duty

because as representative of Election Commission his role only is to 'observe' the entireelection process.

(e) Since on every polling station there is a static armed picket hence the minister and his

supporters might be detained and apprehended the moment they create disturbances on a

polling station. In that case they might be caught 'red handed', which might lead to their

conviction. However this step might be construed as dereliction of duty on the part of Sector

Magistrate. The presiding officer, polling personnel and the voter might be scared and

polling might have to be ultimately cancelled.

Under the circumstances stated above, it will be proper to seek police reinforcement to

apprehend the minister, his supporters, seizing arms and ammunition, vehicles, etc. Letthe police officer do all these things and file a criminal case. Couple of visits to villages

inhabited by weaker sections will boost their morale and they will turn up in large numbers

to vote.

14. You are a senior functionary in rural development ministry of Government of India and in

course of your tour in the remote part of the country you want to have a first hand assessment

of rural development programmes and their impact on the socio-economic condition of

people, especially of BPL category. The district officials show you some of the houses

constructed under rural housing schemes. You also talked to the people and local PRI

representatives. The officials gave you a brighter picture of the situation where as people

in general were critical about the attitude and approach of the officials (including elected).

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You were sad when you found that impact of the rural development programmes/schemes

has been far from satisfactory.

(a) Bring out the ethical issues involved in rural development programmes.

(b) What recommendations would you propose to make so as to bring impact on ruraldevelopment programmes?

Thinking line:

(a) The various ethical issues involved in rural development programmes are-

Lack of proper evaluation on part of officials shows acting in an irresponsible way.

Failure to realize the plight of poor reflects the lack of empathy.

The officers are responsible to make sure the benefits of these schemes reach the poorfor whom such schemes are intended. But they are not doing it and moreover givinga different picture in front of senior officials. It reflects negligent attitude on their part.

(b) When it is found that the impact of these programmes is far from satisfactory, it is the dutyof the senior officers to himself conduct an evaluation programme and arrive at the realsolution of the problem.

He should check the records himself rather than believing the officials.

He should set up some monitoring committees, the function of which will be to see ifthe benefits of such schemes are ultimately reaching the poor people or not.

Adequate steps to fill any gap in the results should be taken.

15. You are a senior administrative officer in a district. There is untimely heavy flood in the

district which has threatened the life and property of 70 villages. People have to beimmediately evacuated and brought to safer places. There is shortage of boats and essentialcommodities, besides medical, health, sanitary and hygiene problems. D.M. cum Chairmanof District Disaster Management Authority is on long leave and you are the senior mostofficer in the hierarchy.

What will you do in such situation? Some of the options are given below. Evaluate themerits and demerits of each option and finally suggest what course of action you would liketo take, giving reasons?

(a) Make a request to state government to depute an experienced officer as D.M. as in thissituation an experience senior may guide you better.

(b) Take the problem as a challenge and take all necessary steps to provide relief to people.

(c) Call upon National Disaster Management Authority and State Disaster ManagementAuthority to help the district.

(d) Go on long leave because if you fail to provide relief to the people, you are likely tobe penalized.

(e) Seek instructions and assistance from state government.

Thinking line:

(a) Making a request for the deputation of an experienced officer is a positive action in the sense

it will give an experienced working hand in the management. However, the action will betime consuming and will not be in the best interest of the affected people.

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(b) Accepting the problem as a challenge and taking steps to provide relief gives an opportunityto the officer to show his capabilities. But the demerit lies in the point that he is not the D.M.Hence people might not take him seriously.

(c) Calling upon NDMA and SDMA will no doubt provide a set of professional people and the

resources to handle the problems within a shorter span. But it is a time taking step.(d) Going on a long leave shows the escapist nature of the officer. But if he does so, he won't

be blamed if anything much devastating happens.

(e) Seeking instructions from state government shows his extra conscious nature. However,through this step the state government will also come to know the gravity of situation. Butit will lead to delay and the relief work will suffer in the process.

The best course of action is to take the help of voluntary organizations and provide immediate reliefto the people. Food commodities can be arranged through voluntary help. In the mean time helpfrom authorities like NDMA and SDMA can be sought. In future, adequate steps for effectivemanpower arrangement and training of local people to face such situations should be taken.

16. You are the Municipal Commissioner and with active cooperation of citizens and subordinates,you have prepared a citizen charter for better sanitation in municipal area. You have set outfollowing time bound targets in the charter.

(a) Daily collection of solid waste from each household.

(b) Cleaning of all important drains before monsoon in order to prevent water logging.

(c) Cleaning vegetable wastes from vegetable markets every following morning.

(d) Levying penalty on those who do not use public utilities and openly urinate on publicplaces.

What difficulties Municipal Administration might face in performing afore mentioned worksand how would you take cooperation of people in performing the work efficiently?

Thinking line:

While preparing the Citizen Charter and making specific commitments; Municipal Commissionerand his subordinates should deliberate in detail, the various difficulties that might be faced bycorporation. A suitable mechanism should always be kept handy, so as to face the problem as andwhen it arises.

(a) Following difficulties may arise:

Requirement of huge manpower and transporting the same to dumping ground or torecycling plant.

Segregating different type of solid waste.

Inspite of the best arrangements some of the people still may prefer to dump their solidwaste on public places, like street pavements, in drains, etc.

To overcome these problem people should be made aware to deposit their solid waste only withmunicipal people. They should be persuaded to segregate their domestic solid waste accordingly.

(b) Following problems may be witnessed:

Prioritizing big and small drains.

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Floating solid waste in the drains like plastics.

Encroachments on the drains.

People could be made aware about the difficulties faced when solid wastes like, plastic, etc. arethrown in the drains. Priority should be fixed by first cleaning the main big drains and thereafter

the smaller one. Entire work needs to be over by May-end and all such collected wastes should bedried-up and removed before monsoon.

(c) The cleaning issues in the vegetable markets are:

Problems of sanitation along with the garbage.

Cattles roaming all around the vegetable markets.

Sometimes vegetable wastes are thrown in drains, thus choking it.

Necessary measures need to be taken by calling a meeting of all concerned. Cattle owners should bewarned first and later on the cattle's may be confiscated in they do not mend their way.

(d) The issues are:

Public utilities are not cleaned and maintained.

People may not have adequate information, where they are located.

General habit of people.

A massive awareness drive needs to be put into practice. Advertisement through local newspapersand through poster and banners should be put into practice, cleaning at regular intervals of thepublic utilities must be ensured. Even after that, if few people openly urinate, fine should be imposed.

17. You are senior Civil Servant heading a big organization which has a large public interface.People make various complaints regarding poor sanitary conditions with public utilitiesstinking. Employees report to office quite late and openly ask for bribe in order to clear thepending files. Most of the employees and officers have political backing and patronage.

Having been dissatisfied with the state of affairs you have finally started to take fewinitiatives as follows. What could be merits/demerits of these initiatives?

(a) You personally started cleaning the office on the birth date of father of the nationMahatama Gandhi.

(b) Asking the local anti-corruption unit to organize few traps on corrupt employees tocatch them red handed.

(c) Recommend for transfer of some of the officers and corrupt employees.

(d) Warn the late-comers of serious consequences if they do not mend their ways.

What could be best course of action with justification?

Thinking line:

Poor work culture of the organizations lead to this type of situation when people working in theorganization do not love to work but perform their duties by fulfilling minimum obligations. Poorworking conditions deteriorate situation further and ultimately citizens become victims of poorservice delivery. These things happen because of prolong negligence of leadership role especially by

senior civil servants. In the instant case following are merits and demerits of various initiatives:

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(a) The move will send a right signal within the organization and outside. It would also, lead to a

chain of reaction like better public utilities, better up keeping of files and records, and overall

development of a better working environment in the organization.

However, there could be chances that some of the offices and subordinates may not draw lesson

from personal initiatives of the office head. The head of the organization can single them outand warn them of serious consequences.

(b) Catching some of the corrupt will be a good step, because it will reduce at least open corruption

and bribery. People will also appreciate this initiative and may come out with some specific

instances of bribery to help the head of the organization.

Catching some of the officials' red-handed might demoralize a section of the subordinates and

there could be some murmuring. The head should explain that other people should get lessons

out of it and refrain themselves from corruption.

(c) There are always some bad elements which should be removed from organizations and recriuting

some from outside. Besides it breaks the nexus in the organization which breeds corruption.

But sometimes replacements are not good because they do not have appropriate job experience.

On the job training could be arranged for such people.

(d) Late-coming spoils the overall working of an organization. This step will bring discipline in the

organization which will overall improve its services delivery.

However, some of those who come late may be ring-leaders and might have some political

connections as well and hence they might put some undue pressures, which could be taken care

with the help of conduct rules.

The head of the organizations should take all the above mentioned steps because every initiativehas some benefit. But the most important thing will be by setting personal example on the part ofthe organizational head. Better people interactions and setting out weekly targets to subordinateofficials can also bring good change.

18. In a particular state, flood is a regular phenomenon. Every year some innocent lives are lostapart from damage of properties worth million of rupees. There is a river embankmentwhich protects approximately 75 villages. It has not been repaired since last three years.Unfortunately it has breached causing flood in most of villages where 300 people have losttheir lives besides other damages. After flood recedes, various diseases have broken out andthe district administration was caught unaware.

Ponder over the situation and answer the following questions.

(a) As head of the District Administration, what steps would you take to reduce thesufferings of people? What could be your limitations?

(b) What steps would you take to fix up responsibilities of officials for negligence anddereliction of duties?

Thinking line:

(a) Natural disasters like flood create huge sufferings to people, in the form of loss of property,homes, outbreak of diseases, etc. To reduce sufferings of people as a district administrationhead, one should arrange for boats. One should ensure that to prevent spread of diseases,adequate medical staff is posted and the people are treated. He can also seek the cooperation

of State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA). It will provide experienced staff to dealwith the situation.

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He should see that the people are provided with essential commodities, like food, medicines,etc. In the longer run with the help of state government, rehabilitation measures should betaken.

Since the repair of the river embankment has not been done from last 3 years and now it

is in condition of a major repair, the limitation before the head is to arrange that resourcesfor the purpose.

(b) To seek the cooperation of officials and to fix their responsibility for negligence of duties, he

should himself be a part of the whole supervisions process. He should supervise the repair.

A committee be formed to pinpoint responsibility and on the basis of recommendation of the

committee concerned officials should be proceeded against.

04 - hints ethics (1)

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