08 articulations general features 1213061568031340 8
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 9
Articulations
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What is a joint?
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Articulations (joints)
frequently allow
movement between
bones. However, not all
joints are flexible or
moveable.
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Arthrology is the study of joints
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Kinesiology is the study of the functional relationship of the
skeleton, joints, muscles, and nerves.
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The structure of a joint greatly
determines the range of movement
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Mobility versus Stability. You cannot have both!
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There are 3 types
of structuraljoints and there
are 3 types of
functional
articulations.
You must know
the terms for all of
them!
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Shown is the fractured humerus of a
Native American that was not
immobilized to allow healing and
fusion. It eventually progressed to
form a false joint (pseudoarthrosis) in
the brachium.
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Brachialpseudoarthosis in an
uncooperative
homeless alcoholic.
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Gomphoses are fibrous synarthrotic joints only found in the maxillae
and mandible where the root of the tooth is attached to the alveolus
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Read about gomphoses and
orthodontic braces in the
clinical view in the text.
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Sutures are initially fibrous synarthrotic joints that are only found in
the skull. They replace the membranous fontanels at about 18 months
of age. In early adulthood the fibrous connective tissue is replaced by
bone so the skull bones are bone fused to bone (a synostosis).
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A syndesmosis also exists between the distal ends of the radius and
ulna. It also allows slight movement (amphiarthrotic).
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A syndesmosis exists between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula
and is permits slight movement (amphiarthrotic)
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Syndesmoses are possible
because of the interosseous
membrane that holds the
bones together, while stillallowing slight movement.
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS CORRECT ABOUT
ORTHODONTIC BRACES?
A APPLIED IN THE BUCCAL CAVITY
B CAUSE TENSION ON PERIODONTALLIGAMENTS
C ALTER FIBROUS JOINTS
D AFFECT SYNARTHROSES
E ALL OF THE ABOVE
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Synchondroses are joined together by hyaline cartilage and, since
they are immovable, they are also synarthroses.
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Synchondroses
have hyaline
cartilage between
the articulatingbone segments.
One example is
epiphyseal
growth plates.These growth
plates eventually
become
synostoses.
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Costal cartilage persists into adulthood and forms sychondroses.
In old age these cartilages do occasionally ossify and form
synostoses.
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Symphyses are joined together by fibrocartilage and, since
they are slightly moveable, they are also amphiarthroses.
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The pubic symphysis is an amphiarthrotic cartilaginous joint that can
be loosened by hormones produced in pregnancy.
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Recall that the
hormone
relaxin loosensthe symphysis
pubis and the
sacroiliac joint
during
pregnancy to
increase the
diameter of the
true pelvis and
the pelvic outletto facilitate
parturition.
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symphysis
Intervertebral joints betweenthe bodies of the vertebrae
and their separating
intervertebral discs form
amphiarthrotic symphyses
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Close-up view of fibrocartilage
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Synovial joints are diarthrotic (freely moveable) joints encased by
joint capsules that contain joint (synovial) fluid.
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Diarthrotic synovial
joints are the most
obvious type ofarticulation in the body.
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A synovial joints
range of motion islimited by the
shape of the
articulating bones,
ligaments, tendons,
the joint capsule,
and by muscles that
span the joint.
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There is tremendous
individual
variability in jointmotility, most of
which is related to
body conditioning.
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Ruby Ring born SLC, UT
1921-2002
8th of 9 children
Left home at 14 yrs old
to be a contortionist
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Read the clinical view in the text about Marfan Syndrome
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Synovial joints are
enclosed by a fibroelastic
joint capsule, which has an
outer layer called the
fibrous capsule and in inner
layer called the synovial
membrane..
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The synovial membrane secretes aviscous oily synovial fluid which
lubricates the articular cartilage and
which brings nutrients and removes
wastes from the chondrocytes
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The popping sound that
occurs when a joint is pulled
or stretched is typicallycaused by gas bubbles that
form in the synovial fluid
and burst (causing the
popping sound) when the
pressure in the synovial
fluid is decreased.
Popping sounds of the
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Popping sounds of the
back when stretched
or pressed can also be
caused by rupturing
gas bubbles in thesynovial fluid or by
sudden repositioning
of articular surfaces
Since articular
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Since articular
cartilage is
avascular, it heals
poorly. In this
endoscopic view of
the knee, the doctor
is drilling holes
through the
damaged articularcartilage into the
bony epiphysis so
blood can reach the
cartilage to affectrepair.
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Articular
cartilage of
the knee after
holes are
drilled into
the bony
epiphysis so
blood canreach the
cartilage to
promote
healing.
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The repititious
compression/relaxation that
occurs during exercise is
vital to the articular
cartilages well-being
because the accompanying
pumping action enhancesits nutrition and waste
removal from thesurrounding synovial fluid.
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Ligaments, which connect bones to bones across a joint, are
composed of dense fibrous connective tissue. The elbow is shown.
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Read article
about Tommy
Johns surgery.
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A CORRECT
STATEMENT?
A A SYMPHYSIS IS FOUND BETWEEN T12 AND L1
B MARFAN SYNDROME IS CAUSED BY DEFECTIVE
FIBRILLIN
C ARTICULAR CARTILAGE IS AVASCULAR
D SYNCHONDROSES MAY BECOME SYNOSTOSES
E ALL OF THE ABOVE
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Bursae are fibrous saclike structures that contain synovial fluid
and are lined with synovial membrane
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Numerous tendon
sheaths are found
spanning the wristand ankle joints
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Tendons, which are not part of
the joint itself, are composed of
dense fibrous connective tissue.Tendons connect muscles to
bones and help stabilize joints.
They sometimes limit the range
of motion of the joint.
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Planar
(gliding) joints
are uniaxial.
Examples are
intercarpal
joints and
intertarsal
joints
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The articulating processes (superior articular processes of one
vertebrae articulate with inferior articular processes of another
vertebrae) of adjacent vertebrae are diarthrotic synovial gliding
(planar) joints.
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Note that that the spine is a synovial gliding (planar)joint between
the vertebral articular processes and an amphiarthroticsymphysis
between the vertebral bodies.
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Hinge joints are
uniaxial joints
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The
interphalangeal
joints are
diarthroticsynovial hinge
joints. They are
uniaxial.
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The proximal articulation
between the head of the
radius and the radial notch
of the ulna is a diarthrotic
synovial pivot joint. It is
uniaxial.
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The atlantoaxial joint is a diarthrotic synovial
pivot joint that allows the head to move side
to side in a no motion. It is uniaxial.
Atlantoaxial joint demonstrating side to side no motion
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Atlantoaxial joint demonstrating side-to-side no motion
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Condyloid joint is when an oval convex surface of one bone
fits into an elliptical concave depression of another bone. It is
biaxial.
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Metacarpophalangeal joints for fingers #2 through #5 are diarthrotic
synovial condyloid joints.
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The radiocarpal joint
is an example of a
diarthrotic synovialcondyloid joint. It is
biaxial.
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Th ti l ti b t th ll d th i i th iddl
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Malleus
Incus
The articulation between the malleus and the incus in the middle
ear is another example of a biaxial saddle joint.
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The acetabulofemoral (hip)joint is a diarthrotic
synovial ball-and-socket
joint. It is multiaxial.
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The
glenohumeral
(shoulder) joint is
a diarthroticsynovial ball-
and-socket joint.
It is multiaxial.
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The ball-and-
socket joints of the
shoulder and hip
provide great
range of motion!
They aremultiaxial.
IN THE ARTICLE CAN HIS HIP BE SAVED? THE
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IN THE ARTICLE CAN HIS HIP BE SAVED? , THE
DOCTOR WAS VERY FEARFUL WHILE TREATING A 25-
YEAR-OLD MALES HIP DISLOCATION. WHY?
A HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
B DEATH OF OSTEOCYTES
C INABILITY TO REMOVE ISINGLASS WITH
BULLDOG ARTERY FORCEPS
D SYNOVIAL FLUID CAVITATION
E ALL OF THE ABOVE
Bones act as levers to help move
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Bones act as levers to help move
the resistance (R), the muscles
provide the force or effort (E), and
the joints act as pivots or fulcra (F).
Ankle
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Ankle
Gliding motion is a simple movement in which two opposing surfaces slideslightly back-and-forth or side-to-side to one another. The angle between the
bones does not change.
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Abducted arm
and abducted
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Adducted arm
and adducted
fingers
Abducted
arm and
adductedfingers
and abducted
fingers
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Despite what is shown in this picture, flexion and extension occur in
an anterior-posterior plane!
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Flexion and of the knee and hip
followed by extension of both
Flexion
Extension
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Flexion of the
vertebral columnby contraction of
the rectus
abdominus
muscles.
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Lateral flexion decreases a joint
angle in a coronal plane. This
type of movement occurs
primarily between the vertebrae
in the cervical and lumbarregions of the vertebral column.
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Despite what is shown in this picture, flexion and extension occur in
an anterior-posterior plane!
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In the anatomical position all of
the joints are fully extended (at
a 180 degrees, except for theankle joint which is at 90
degrees.
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Tetanus is a
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bacterial
infection that
leads to severemuscle
contractions.
The
hyperextended
spine is called
opisthotonos.
Rugby
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Hyperextension of the
knee will cause severe
damage to the joint
capsule and associated
ligaments!
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Circumduction of ball-
and socket joints
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and-socket joints.
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Rotation of head by use of atlantoaxial joint
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Excessive rotation of atlantoaxial joint!
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The rotation shown is possible because of the diarthrotic
synovial pivot joint between the head of the radius and the
radial notch on the nearby ulna
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THE CALF MUSCLES UTILIZE THE ACHILLES TENDON
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THE CALF MUSCLES UTILIZE THE ACHILLES TENDON
TO INSERT ONTO THE CALCANEUS. WHEN THESE
MUSCLES CONTRACT, WHAT WILL OCCUR?
A PLANTARFLEXION
B CIRCUMDUCTION
C ABDUCTION
D DORSIFLEXION
E MOVEMENT OF A CONDYLOID JOINT
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pronated
supinated
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Hugh Grant
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g G a
demonstrating
protraction and
retraction of thepelvic girdle in the
movie Music and
Lyrics.
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