09b new urbanism - university at buffalobumjoonk/_courses/end_301/lecture... · 11/14/2017 1 smart...
TRANSCRIPT
11/14/2017
1
Smart Growth and New Urbanism
END 301: Perspectives on Land Use and Development
November 7, 2017
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9F4PDPUS24
• 00:01:00~
11/14/2017
2
Responses to Urban Sprawl
• Multi‐modal transportation
• Infill development
• Affordable housing
• More compact, mixed use development
• Public health implications
• Walking, bicycling, and human interaction
• More active, socially engaged lifestyles
• Food security
Planning Trends
• Smart Growth• Smart Growth Ordinances
• Smart Growth Development Codes
• New Urbanism
• Neo‐traditional Planning
• Transit‐oriented Development
• Form‐based Code
• Complete Streets
• …
11/14/2017
3
Good Urban Design / City Form
• One assumption – Form matters.
• Then, how to make city form better?
• Location: Incentives/disincentives
• Community/building design: new marketable design models
• Mobility: Travel mode priority
• Process: Make development review process more predictable
LEED‐ND
11/14/2017
4
Smart Growth
• The term Smart Growth came into use in the 1990s.
• Growth management approach
• Maryland’s state planning efforts.
• Perception of growing suburban sprawl
• Traffic problems
Smart Growth
“[Smart Growth is] development that serves the economy, the community, and the environment. It changes the terms of the development debate away from the traditional growth/no‐growth question to how and where should new development be accommodated.”
Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. About smart growth. http://www.epa.gov/livability/about_sg.
htm#what_is_sg
Specific practices recommended for application at the local level
11/14/2017
5
Example Projects in Smart Growth
• American Planning Association
• Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook: Model Statutes for Planning and the Management of Change, 1997
• Smart Codes: Model Land‐Development Regulations, 2009
Example Projects in Smart Growth
• Natural Resources Defense Council and Surface Transportation Policy Project
• The Tool Kit for Smart Growth, 1997
• Promoting compact growth, mixed land uses, and transit‐oriented development
11/14/2017
6
Example Projects in Smart Growth
• The state of Maryland
• The Smart Growth and Neighborhood Conservation Act, 1997
• Encouraging brownfield redevelopment, living near your work, concentrating infrastructure in priority funding areas, preserving rural legacy lands, and spatially concentrating job creating tax credits
Principles
• Mix land uses
• Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas
• Provide a variety of transportation choices
• Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities
• Take advantage of compact building design
11/14/2017
7
• Population 930,000expected to increase by 200,000 during the next 25 years.
• The county wants to accommodate growth with denser pedestrian‐friendly redevelopment.
• Used Transferable Development Rights to preserve 70,000 acres (90% of the farmland)
• Priority Funding Areas –target areas for spending by state agencies
http://www.mdp.state.md.us/PDF/OurProducts/Publications/OtherPublications/SG_Successes_MONT.pdf
Downtown Silver Spring
• Silver Spring Metro station expended to include MARC commuter rail, bus and bicycle commuters in the new Paul S. Sarbanes Transit Center
• Mix of residential units and retail shops and a hotel
11/14/2017
8
Bethesda Row
• Turn a suburban downtown area into a walkable shopping and restaurant district
Another big issue: Retrofitting dead and dying suburban malls
11/14/2017
9
Demographic Drivers of Suburban Retrofits
• By 2030, half of the buildings will have been built since 2000
• Aging population• % of Americans > 65 will double by 2050
• AARP: 71% of older households want to live within walking distance of transit
• Echo‐boomers (as large as baby boomers) entering housing market
• Growing racial minorities who prefer compact development
11/14/2017
10
New Urbanism
• Began as a more design‐focused concept called Neo‐traditionalism
• Now, many principles are implemented through zoning ordinances (form‐based codes)
• Set of principles for urban design• Layout of the community• Design of buildings• Transportation networks
• Many principles incorporate smart growth guidelines.
Various Concepts under New Urbanism
• Traditional neighborhood concepts of Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater‐Zyberk
• Pedestrian pockets of Kelbaugh
• Transit‐oriented designs of Peter Calthorpeand Shelly Poticha
• ‘Quartiers’ approach of Leon Krier
11/14/2017
11
Transect Model
• Urban‐to‐rural continuum transect
• Form, not use
• Urban planning model by Andrés Duany
• ≠ Euclidean zoning
• Not a single purpose zoning
• Residential + commercial mix
• Gradual density control
11/14/2017
12
Oct 11, 2007 UDP 450/Bae 23
Leon Krier
• 1946
• “I am an architect, because I don’t build.”
• The Intellectual Godfather of New Urbanism
• Anti‐modernist
• Anti‐skyscraper (cf. Le Corbusier)
• Anti‐zoning
• Anti‐American Cities
• Anti‐Industrial Cities
History of New Urbanism
• 1991 a private nonprofit group in Sacramento, CA, Local Government Commission developed a land use planning principles with Calthorpe, Corbett, Duany, Moule, Plater‐Zyberk, Polyzoides, and Solomon
• 1993 Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU)
• 2004 +210 New Urbanist developments in the US
11/14/2017
13
Charter of the New Urbanism
We recognize that physical solutions by themselves will not solve social and economic problems, but neither can economic vitality, community stability, and environmental health be sustained without a coherent and supportive physical framework.
http://www.cnu.org/charter
http://www.cnu.org/sites/www.cnu.org/files/cnubrochure208201.pdf
11/14/2017
14
http://www.cnu.org/sites/www.cnu.org/files/cnubrochure208201.pdf
http://www.cnu.org/sites/www.cnu.org/files/cnubrochure208201.pdf
11/14/2017
15
Differences
Smart Growth
• Environmentalists and policy planners
• Specific term
• Incentive‐ and policy‐based movement
• Economic and ecological perspectives
• Ex: Maryland’s brownfield redevelopment grant, Oregon’s growth boundaries
New Urbanism
• Architects and physical planners
• Umbrella term
• Physical design oriented
• Aesthetic and design philosophy
• Ex: Seaside development, FL
• Seaside, FL• The 1st fully New Urbanist town,• 1981, 80 acres
11/14/2017
16
https://www.wired.com/2012/12/new‐urbanism/
• http://www.zillow.com/homes/for_sale/Santa‐Rosa‐Beach‐FL/13717_rid/any_days/30.330852,‐86.119949,30.314348,‐86.147844_rect/15_zm/
11/14/2017
17
What do you think?
Krieger’s Debates• Marketing strategies that are better suited to real estate entrepreneurs than public officials…
• An increased reliance on private management of communities, not innovative forms of elected local governance
• Densities too low to support much mixed‐use development, not to mention public transportation
• Relatively homogenous demographic enclaves, not rainbow coalitions
Krieger, A. (2002). Arguing the ‘against’ position: New Urbanism as a means of building and rebuilding our cities. Seaside Debates. Florida: Rizzoli International Publications, 51‐58.
11/14/2017
18
Krieger’s Debates• A new, attractive, and desirable form of planned unit development, not yet substantial infill
• A new wave of form‐follows‐function determinism…
• A perpetuation of the myth of being able to create and sustain urban environments in the midst of pastoral settings, with no serious incorporation of environmental strategies
• Carefully edited, rose‐colored evocations of a golden age of small‐town‐dominated real‐estate development
Krieger, A. (2002). Arguing the ‘against’ position: New Urbanism as a means of building and rebuilding our cities. Seaside Debates. Florida: Rizzoli International Publications, 51‐58.
Criticism
• Not adequate to problems of Manhattan, Hong Kong or Mexico City
• Little urbanity in the New Urbanism (Southworth, 1997)Fantasy of small‐town life (?)
• Incompatibility of large‐scale commercial land uses and employment centers (Ehren‐halt, 1996)
• Oriented to the upper middle class (perpetuating segregation by class, race, and ethnicity) (Lehrer & Milgrom, 1996)