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1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle • Readings: § Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction • Class organization § Outcomes § Grading • Introduction § What is nuclear forensics • Nuclear material § Types of material § Critical masses • Device development • Forensic goals

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Page 1: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

1-1

Lecture 1: IntroductionNuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle

• Readings: § Nuclear Forensics

Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction

• Class organization§ Outcomes§ Grading

• Introduction§ What is nuclear

forensics• Nuclear material

§ Types of material § Critical masses

• Device development• Forensic goals

Page 2: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

1-2

Introduction

• Course objectives§ Understand and comprehend technical aspects

of nuclear forensics§ Highlight role of radiochemistry in nuclear

forensics§ Apply technical aspects to the nuclear fuel

cycle• Course will emphasize the role of nuclear forensics

in the nuclear fuel cycle§ Evaluate available tools§ Assess applications and limitations

Page 3: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

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Course overview• Course topics

§ Basics of radiochemistry for nuclear forensics§ Role of applications in nuclear forensics§ Chemistry and physics involved in forensics§ Principles of devices§ Sampling§ Laboratory techniques§ Application of signatures§ Signatures from the fuel cycle

• Textbooks and published literature are used a reading material§ Moody, Hutcheon, Grant: Nuclear Forensic

Analysis• http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/forfuel/index.htm

Page 4: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

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Outcomes

1. Understand, utilize, and apply radiochemistry to nuclear forensics§ Bring chart of nuclide to class§ Fission§ Growth and decay

2. Understand how signatures can arise from applications§ Different aspects of the fuel cycle§ Utilization and treatment of material

3. Understand the basic principles of devices§ Types of devices§ Expected signatures

4. Understand types of signatures available from analysis§ Chronometry§ Isotopics§ Standard

Page 5: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

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Outcomes5. Comprehend role of sample collection in

nuclear forensics§ Types of samples available

6. Understand differ laboratory methods for nuclear forensics§ Isotopic analysis§ Microscopy

7. Understand how signatures are used§ Determining source and attribution

Page 6: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

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Grading (nominal)• Homework (15 %)

§ Based upon presented information• Two comprehensive quizzes (35% each)

§ Based on topic covered in lecture and homework

• Class participation (15 %) § Be prepared for discussion

• Goal of quizzes is material comprehension• Nature of comprehensive quizzes

§ Take home§ Lead to ideas for proposal

Page 7: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

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Outline: LecturesDate Topic

Wednesday 23-Jan No Class

Monday 28-Jan No Class

Wednesday 30-Jan Introduction, Radiochemistry In Nuclear Forensics

Monday 04-Feb Radiochemistry In Nuclear Forensics

Wednesday 06-Feb No Class

Monday 11-Feb Signatures From Applications Of Nuclear Material

Wednesday 13-Feb Signatures From Applications Of Nuclear Material

Monday 18-Feb HOLIDAY Chemistry In Nuclear Forensics

Wednesday 20-Feb Chemistry In Nuclear Forensics

Monday 25-Feb Chemistry In Nuclear Forensics

Wednesday 27-Feb Principles Of Devices

Monday 04-Mar Principles Of Devices

Wednesday 06-Mar Chronometry

Monday 11-Mar Small Sample Techniques

Wednesday 13-Mar Sample Collection And Preparation

Monday 18-Mar Sample Collection And Preparation

Wednesday 20-Mar Inorganic Samples (EXAM)

Page 8: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

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Outline: LecturesDate Topic

Monday 01-Apr Inorganic Samples

Wednesday 03-Apr Organic And Other Sample

Monday 08-Apr Laboratory Techniques

Wednesday 10-Apr Laboratory Techniques

Monday 15-Apr Production Estimates, Attribution

Wednesday 17-Apr Attribution

Monday 22-Apr Signatures From Milling And Processing

Wednesday 24-Apr Signatures From Enrichment And Conversion

Monday 29-Apr Signatures From Fuel Production

Wednesday 01-May Signatures From Fuel Burnup

Monday 06-May Separations Signatures

Wednesday 08-May Overview Of Processes For Forensics and Safeguards

Monday 13-May Final Exam

Page 9: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

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Introduction• What is nuclear forensics?

§ A number of different views existà Evidence, analysisà Input into attributionà Focus on tools

• Nuclear Materials§ Material in devices

à Fissile isotopes (special nuclear material)* Enriched in 233U or 235U

Ø 235U level can define material (LEU, HEU)

Ø Oralloy 93.5% 235U* Containing any isotopes 238-242Pu

Ø Weapons grade 93 % 239PuØ Reactor grade 8% < 240Pu

Ø MOX 60 % 239Pu, 25 % 240Pu

Page 10: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

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Nuclear Material

• Other nuclear material§ 237Np

à high energy neutrons for fissionà Protected material under IAEA

§ 241Am§ 252Cf§ 6Li, 2H, 3H

• Source material§ Th and U

• Identify origin and handling of associated material

Page 11: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

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Critical masses

• 1 kg of fissile material releases 17 kt TNT equivalent • Minimum quantity of fissile material for nuclear

explosion is critical mass• Estimate volume of critical mass for 235U and 239Pu

Material Bare, Isolated Sphere (kg) Fully Tampered (Reflected) Sphere (kg)

235U 52 17239Pu (a phase) 10 4239Pu (d phase) 16 6

Civil Pu 13 -233U 15 6

Page 12: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

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Plutonium is a unique element in exhibiting six different crystallographic phases at ambient pressure (it has a seventh phase under pressure). In addition, unlike most metals, plutonium contracts on melting. Transformations to different crystal structures occur readily and are accompanied by very large volume changes. By comparison, aluminum’s behavior is predictable and uneventful. It expands monotonically on heating in the solid phase, and it also expands on melting. The dashed lines show that thermal contraction on cooling the liquid (L) phase of plutonium extrapolates to that of the β-phase; the thermal contraction on cooling the ε-phase extrapolates to that of the γ-phase.

Page 13: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

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Phase never observed, slow kinetics

Page 14: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

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Fissile and fertile material

• Fissile material§ Material that can sustain chain reaction

• Fertile materials§ Source material that can create fissile material§ 232Th, 238U

• Enrichment of U§ Gas, electromagnetic separation

• Related to power production and reactor type§ How can these be different?

à Fast, thermal, CANDU§ 1 GWe burns about 1 ton of fissile material annually

à 200 kg of Pu producedà about 70 t of Pu annually formed in reactor worldwide

Page 15: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

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Device development• Manhattan project to Cold War

§ Little Boy, U deviceà Total mass 4100 kgà 84 % enriched 235Uà 1 % of U fissioned, 13 kt yield

§ Fat Man, Pu deviceà 6 kg, 95 % < 239Puà Total mass 4900 kgà 20 % efficient, 21 kt yield

Page 16: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

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Device development

• Cold war§ Improved design, fission yield

to 500 ktà Blast influence 125 km2

• http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Weapons/Allbombs.html

• Fusion with DT or 6LiD§ Up to 60 Mt yield

• Improved explosive, Ga-Pu alloys• Extensive testing and evaluation• US produced about 100 t 239Pu and

994 t HEU

Page 17: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

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Treaties• Control of weapons based on treaties

§ Between declared nuclear power§ Usage of fission for power

• 100 tons surplus 239Pu in each US and Russian inventory• Nuclear smuggling

§ Range of material

Page 18: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

1-18

Forensic goals

• Determine attributes of material§ Where produced§ What is it§ Transport route

à Legal and safety issues• Traditional forensics

§ Fingerprints, DNA, pollen• Source and route

§ Source from SNM§ Time since separation§ Relate to nuclear fuel cycle

Page 19: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

1-19

Topic review

• Discuss nuclear forensics§ Why does it mean different things to different

groups• What are the different types of nuclear material

§ Types of material § Critical masses§ Production methods and sources

• Device development§ How does this influence forensics

• Define forensic goals

Page 20: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

1-20

Study Questions

• What is Special Nuclear Material?• What is a critical mass?

§ Include volume analysis• Define nuclear forensics• What are the goals of nuclear forensics?

Page 21: 1-1 Lecture 1: Introduction Nuclear Forensics and the Fuel Cycle Readings: §Nuclear Forensics Analysis: Chapter 1 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes

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Pop Quiz

• What are the course outcomes?


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