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1. pronouns

2. describers / classifiers

2

personal

central reflexive

possessive

indefinite

relative

non-central interrogative

demonstrative

3

personal pronouns speaker only

speaker

speech roles speaker plus

addressee

male

human

singular female

other role non-human

plural

1st

person

2nd person

3rd p e r s o n

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personal pronouns (subject/object)

speaker only I me

speaker

speech roles speaker plus we us

addressee you you

male he him

human

singular female she her

other role non-human it it

plural they them

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e.g.

personal pronouns (subject/object)

I asked him to give me a hand

They told them to hurry

Did she tell you that you could come?

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possessive pronouns (as determiner/head)

speaker only my mine

speaker

speech roles speaker plus our ours

addressee your yours

male his his*

human

singular female her hers

other role non-human its [its]*

plural their theirs

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This is my book; that one is yours

possessive pronouns (as determiner/head)

His car is blue; the black one is not his

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reflexive pronouns

speaker only myself

speaker

speech roles speaker plus ourselves

addressee yourself

male himself

human

singular female herself

other role non-human itself

plural themselves

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pronoun usage

Today in maths class, our teacher read the story of the hungry caterpillar. Then she gave us a problem to solve: we had to find out how many items of food the hungry caterpillar ate before he built a cocoon around himself. We could work it out using any method and materials we wanted.

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interrogative pronouns

personal who; whom; whose (referring to people)

non-personal what; of which (referring to objects/animals)

neutral which

key: Subject usage; Object usage; possessive usage

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indefinite pronouns

personal everyone; someone; no-one everybody; somebody; nobody non-personal everything; something; nothing

neutral* each; all; both; none; neither

(*neutral = may be used with either persons or objects)

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indefinite pronounsThe indefinite pronouns usually take a singular

verb, e.g. The room was crowded and everyone was listening to the speeches.

An interesting linguistic innovation:These days it is common usage to refer to

an indefinite pronoun using a plural pronoun. This is because the indefinite pronouns are gender-neutral like the plural 3rd person pronouns. So the following is quite acceptable:

Someone’s coming. Let’s hide from them.Does anyone want to bring their bags over

here

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relative pronouns personal who; whom/who/that;

non-personal which; of which

neutral* that; whose

key: Subject usage; Object usage; possessive usage

(*neutral = may be used with either persons or objects)

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relative pronounssome examples

The book that I was reading is on the table.

There is the man whom we met last night. (formal)

There is the man who we met last night.There is the man that we met last night.

I saw a child whose beauty amazed me.

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demonstrative pronouns(singular/plural)

near this these far that those

The appropriate usage depends on proximity, i.e. the distance between the speaker and the person/object/wording referred to.

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words which describe and classify a noun

Today in maths class, our new teacher read the story of the hungry caterpillar. Then she gave us a small problem to solve: we had to find out how many items of food the hungry caterpillar ate before he built a little cocoon around himself. We could work it out using any simple method and any old materials we wanted.

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Adjectives can :1. describe a noun, e.g.

an ugly painting;

determiner adjective noun

p r e m o d i f e r s

Head

class label

function label

the happy children

Pointer Describer

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our new teacher

possessive adjective noun

p r e m o d i f e r s

Head

class label

function label

the orphan children

Pointer Classifier

Adjectives can :2. classify a noun, e.g.

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words which describe and classify a noun

Today in maths class, our new teacher read the story of the hungry caterpillar. Then she gave us a small problem to solve: we had to find out how many items of food the hungry caterpillar ate before he built a little cocoon around himself. We could work it out using any simple method and any old materials we wanted.

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2. Adjectives can occur by themselves after certain verbs (be; become; seem; feel; look)

e.g. the painting is ugly. I thought the painting ugly.the children look happy.

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describing adjectives can be intensified; classifying

adjectives cannot

describing

classifying

the very

happy children

the very

ugly painting

the very

French pastry

the very

caesar salad

the very

electric train

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describing

classifying

the happiest children

the ugliest painting

the Frenchest pastry

the caesarest salad

the electricest train

describing adjectives can be compared; classifying

adjectives cannot

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subjective attitude ^ objective properties ^ classifiers ^ Nounsmall attractive well-worn twisted black ebony African walking

stick

size - general description - age shape - colour - material origin - purpose

p r e m o d i f i e r

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an adjective usually premodifies the noun but it may occur,

• as postmodifier, e.g. time immemorial• as object complement in a clause, e.g.

the door slammed shut.• alone in an exclamative, e.g.

Fantastic!

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an adjective can occur as head in an elliptical noun phrase, i.e. when the noun functioning as head is left out, e.g.

the poor (= poor people) the hungry (= hungry people) the aged (= aged people)

determiner head (describer head)

article adjective adjective noun

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a matured persona mature person:a tensed body

a person who is mature

a tense body: a body that is tense

A close shop a closed shop:A manicure garden

a shop that the owner has closed

a manicured garden:

a garden that the gardener has manicured

key: adjective verb

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A I borrowed a …..book called “How to Hug” yesterday.

B Are you enjoying it>A No. It was disappointing. I took it back this

morning.B What was wrong with it?A It was volume 7 of the Encyclopedia

Britannica

insert these adjectives – thick, library, English –

and order them correctly:

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comparisons

A woodpecker was talking to a chicken one day.

“Woodpeckers are very clever birds,” it said.

“Nonsense,” said the chicken. “What’s clever

about banging your head against a tree all

day?” Chickens are much …….. than

woodpeckers.”

“Really?” replied the woodpecker.

“Have you ever heard of Kentucky Fried

Woodpecker?” intelligent

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2a: pronouns in An Historic Speech

That I should have chosen as the title of this address `Are there enough Malaysians to save Malaysia’ is, in itself, an admission of the fact that we are, as surgeons will put it, very near the bone.

First, what is Malaysia; next, who wants Malaysia; next, who is prepared to fight and die for Malaysia?

I would like to start this discussion this evening before Malaysia was formed so that we can get quite clear in our minds who wanted Malaysia and why, because why they wanted Malaysia will decide whether they are prepared to fight for it, and if necessary, die for it.

Key: personal; reflexive; possessive; demonstrative; interrogative;

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2b: identifying the adjectives The truth is: you haven’t seen Singapore if you

haven’t been to Sentosa. With fabulous sun, sand and sea, manicured gardens, rustic ambience, lush natural greenery, historical enclaves, the enchanting Musical Fountain, and a kaleidoscope of exciting attractions – you can have the time of your life. And if you really want to have it all, besides our normal admission rates, try the Sentosa Passport which offers a special two-day discount package to enjoy nine wonderful attractions at only $44.90 (adult) and ($35.00 (child). What’s more: just bring along this brochure and save $9 per adult and $8 per child on each Sentosa Passport. Enquire at any hotel concierge for ticketing information.

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2b: identifying the adjectives The truth is: you haven’t seen Singapore if you

haven’t been to Sentosa. With fabulous sun, sand and sea, manicured gardens, rustic ambience, lush natural greenery, historical enclaves, the enchanting Musical Fountain, and a kaleidoscope of exciting attractions – you can have the time of your life. And if you really want to have it all, besides our normal admission rates, try the Sentosa Passport which offers a special two-day discount package to enjoy nine wonderful attractions at only $44.90 (adult) and ($35.00 (child). What’s more: just bring along this brochure and save $9 per adult and $8 per child on each Sentosa Passport. Enquire at any hotel concierge for ticketing information.

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2b: omitting adjectives

With sun, sand and sea, gardens, ambience, greenery, enclaves, the Fountain, and a kaleidoscope of attractions – you can have the time of your life.

With sun, sand and sea, gardens, ambience, greenery, enclaves, the Fountain, and a kaleidoscope of attractions – you can have the time of your life.

With sun, sand and sea, gardens, ambience, greenery, enclaves, the Fountain, and a kaleidoscope of attractions – you can have the time of your life.

With sun, sand and sea, gardens, ambience, greenery, enclaves, the Fountain, and a kaleidoscope of attractions – you can have the time of your life.